iodine and Endemic Goiter studies

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"There is epidemiological and clinical evidence that iodine may induce or promote the manifestation of autoimmune thyroiditis."	9.09	[Iodine therapy for iodine deficiency goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis. A prospective study]. ( Behnke, N; Blümel, C; Krabbe, S; Meng, W; Schindler, A; Schulze, W; Spieker, K, 1999)
"The main cause of endemic and sporadic goiter is a deficiency in the dietary supply of iodine."	8.77	[The role of goitrogenic factors distinct from iodine deficiency in the etiology of goiter]. ( Delange, F, 1988)
"Iodine deficiency goiter can develop in children on a restrictive diet and most have normal thyroid function."	8.12	Thyroid function tests of iodine deficiency goiter can mimic thyroid hormone resistance alpha. ( Quintos, JB; Sasidharan Pillai, S, 2022)
"To study the relation between maternal overt hypothyroidism and neurodevelopmental outcome of neonates in iodine-deficient region of Northern India (Kashmir Valley)."	7.81	Maternal Overt Hypothyroidism and Neurobehavioral Outcome of Neonates: A Cohort Study from an Iodine-deficient Area of Northern India. ( Ahmed, A; Bhat, JI; Charoo, BA; Ganaie, MA; Sofi, RA, 2015)
"Piedmont region was reported in the 70s as a mild iodine-deficient area with a goiter prevalence > 10%."	7.73	Goiter prevalence and urinary iodine status in urban and rural/mountain areas of Piedmont region. ( Arecco, F; Deandreis, D; Germano, L; Mussa, A; Origlia, C; Orlandi, F; Rossetto, R; Sacerdote, C; Saggiorato, E, 2006)
"Slovenian adolescents are iodine sufficient and the prevalence of goiter is low, indicating that increased KI supplementation of salt in 1999 was successful."	7.73	Goiter prevalence and urinary iodine concentration in Slovenian adolescents. ( Battelino, T; Kotnik, P; Krzisnik, C; Mis, NF; Sirca Campa, A; Smole, K; Stimec, M; Zupancic, M, 2006)
"Our results indicate that although Isparta is a region with mild iodine deficiency, goiter prevalence remains a serious problem."	7.73	Iodine deficiency and goiter prevalence in Turkey after mandatory iodization. ( Ayata, A; Bilaloglu, E; Cetin, H; Gursoy, A; Kisioglu, AN, 2006)
"By applying staging systems in an endemic goiter region with iodine substitution, the best prognostic information for papillary thyroid carcinoma has been achieved with the MACIS score, while for follicular thyroid carcinoma the EORTC score and the UICC/AJCC system have the best prognostic accuracy."	7.72	Application of staging systems for differentiated thyroid carcinoma in an endemic goiter region with iodine substitution. ( Kaserer, K; Niederle, B; Passler, C; Prager, G; Scheuba, C; Zettinig, G, 2003)
"This study showed that euthyroidism induced by administration of iodised oil in iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism is sustained following the consumption of iodised salt."	7.72	Evaluation of the impact of an iodine supplementation programme on severely iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism. ( Azizi, F; Hedayati, M; Kimiagar, M; Mirmiran, P; Salarkia, N, 2003)
" The aim of this study is to show differences in outcome and specific prognostic factors in an iodine-replete endemic goiter region."	7.72	Prognostic factors of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: differences in an iodine-replete endemic goiter region. ( Kaczirek, K; Kaserer, K; Niederle, B; Passler, C; Prager, G; Scheuba, C; Zettinig, G, 2004)
"1% of iodine induced thyrotoxicosis and 3."	7.72	[Iodine deficiency disorder persistance after introduction of iodized salt in a previously endemic goiter area]. ( Alvarez Castro, P; Argueso Armesto, A; Cordido Carballido, F; Isidro San Juan, ML; Vidal Casariego, A; Vidal Pardo, JI, 2004)
"To validate urinary iodine (I) excretion and the simplified classification of goiter by palpation, comparing them with ultrasound of the thyroid gland as the gold standard, to identify endemic goiter in pregnant women."	7.71	Endemic goiter in pregnant women: utility of the simplified classification of thyroid size by palpation and urinary iodine as screening tests. ( Castañeda, R; Lechuga, D; Magos, C; Martínez, H; Orozco, M; Ramos, RI, 2002)
"Iodine deficiency disorders and endemic goiter are still present in the population of Southern Italy, where the use of iodized salt is not widely diffused because of a lack of information and health education on this problem."	7.70	[European project of structural funds: eradication of endemic goiter and iodine deficiency disorders in Southern Italy]. ( Consiglio, E, 1998)
"Although endemic goiter has been shown to have a high prevalence in Turkey, little is known about the concentration of urinary iodine, plasma selenium (Se), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in these patients."	7.70	Iodine and zinc, but not selenium and copper, deficiency exists in a male Turkish population with endemic goiter. ( Aydin, A; Beyhan, Z; Isimer, A; Oktenli, C; Ozata, M; Ozdemir, IC; Salk, M; Sayin, S, 1999)
"Our results indicate that goiter is endemic in this region of Sudan despite iodine sufficiency and that both anemia and vitamin A deficiency are health problems in the area."	7.70	Endemic goiter with iodine sufficiency: a possible role for the consumption of pearl millet in the etiology of endemic goiter. ( Bourdoux, P; Dramaix, M; Elnour, A; Eltom, M; Hambraeus, L, 2000)
"Excess iodine in household water was the likely cause of endemic goiter and elevated urinary iodine levels in the study area."	7.70	Endemic goiter associated with high iodine intake. ( Maberly, G; Shang, L; Sullivan, KM; van der Haar, F; Wang, P; Zhao, J, 2000)
"Iodine deficiency is well known as the cause of several disorders such as endemic goitre and cretinism, along with a wide spectrum of psychoneurological development disorders including endemic mental deficiency and endemic cognitive deficiency, which are generally correlated to damage to the fetus."	7.69	Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during the first half of gestation in an iodine deficient area with endemic cretinism and related disorders. ( Finocchiaro, MD; Gullo, D; Lo Presti, VP; Scaffidi Argentina, G; Squatrito, S; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 1995)
"Visual perceptual integrative motor ability was investigated in 719 6- to 12-yr-old, presumably normal, primary schoolchildren living in 2 iodine-deficient endemic goiter areas in Sicily, identified on the basis of the presence (area A) or absence (area B) of endemic cretinism, by administrating the Bender Gestalt test."	7.68	Defective neuromotor and cognitive ability in iodine-deficient schoolchildren of an endemic goiter region in Sicily. ( Battiato, S; Benvenga, S; Finocchiaro, MD; Lo Presti, VP; Sidoti, M; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 1990)
"Urinary iodine (I) and serum and urinary thiocyanates (SCN-) were determined in sample groups from 12 areas of endemic goiter in Italy."	7.67	Thiocyanates and iodine in endemic goiter in Italy. ( Barbeni, M; Bestagno, M; Costa, A; De Filippis, V; Giraudi, G; Grillo, C, 1984)
" The area is known as an iodine deficiency one with endemic goiter (glacial downstream)."	7.67	[Manifestation of hyperthyroidism before and following alimentary iodine administration. Follow-up studies in Brandenburg 1983-1988]. ( Schröder, F, 1989)
"During pregnancy the thyroid is subjected to increased demands which is associated with a tendency to endogenous iodine deficiency."	7.67	Thyroid status during pregnancy and post partum in regions of iodine deficiency and endemic goiter. ( Bauch, K; Grosse, E; Kempe, R; Meng, W; Möckel, G; Schönemann, F; Seitz, W; Sterzel, G; Ulrich, FE; Weber, A, 1986)
" However, iodine deficiency was later found to be severe enough to account for endemic goiter, and the presence of cretins in this area."	7.66	Nutrition and iodine versus genetic factors in endemic goiter. ( Cacicedo, L; Escobar del Rey, F; Morreale de Escobar, G; Sánchez Franco, F, 1983)
"Excessive administration of iodine over a long period may cause hypothyroidism in suitably disposed individuals and provoke the formation of a goiter."	7.65	[Iodine-induced hypothyroidism (author's transl)]. ( Breunsbach, J; Dvorák, K; Weidinger, P, 1976)
"Iodine rates in treated drillings water stay during 12 months between 150 and 300 micrograms/l with a minimum intake of 150 micrograms/day/person."	6.67	[Evolution of endemic goiter in Malian women and children after a year of enrichment of drinking water with iodine using diffusers made of silicone]. ( Ag Rhaly, A; Fisch, A; Fongoro, S; Gentilini, M; Maiga, B; Pichard, E; Sebbag, R, 1991)
"Iodine is a fundamental element of diet since it is important in thyroid hormone biosynthesis."	6.39	[Iodine deficiency diseases and pregnancy]. ( Carosa, E; D'Armiento, M; Graziano, FM; Jannini, EA; Piersanti, D, 1994)
"Iodine deficiency is a major health problem worldwide."	5.34	Evaluation of endemic goiter prevalence in Bulgarian schoolchildren: results from national strategies for prevention and control of iodine-deficiency disorders. ( Argirova, M; Gatseva, P; Vladeva, S, 2007)
"At the time after the Second World War, endemic goiter was present in most parts of Croatia with a prevalence of more than 50% and presence of cretinism."	5.33	History of endemic goiter in Croatia: from severe iodine deficiency to iodine sufficiency. ( Jukić, T; Kusić, Z, 2005)
"There is endemic goiter in the region studied."	5.33	[Endemic goiter and iodine deficiency: are they still a reality in Spain]. ( Atienzar Herráez, N; Calvo Rigual, F; López García, MJ; Merchante Alfaro, AA; Peris Roig, B; Selfa Moreno, S; Tenías Burillo, JM, 2006)
"Pregnancy is accompanied by important alterations in the regulation of thyroid function and iodine metabolism."	5.32	Urinary iodine concentration during pregnancy in an area of unstable dietary iodine intake in Switzerland. ( Als, C; Brander, L; Buess, H; Bürgi, U; Gerber, H; Haldimann, F; Hänggi, W; Harder, M; Herrmann, U; Lauber, K; Niederer, U; Zürcher, T, 2003)
"Thus Tyrol is no longer an endemic goiter area."	5.30	Incidence and clinical characteristics of thyroid carcinoma after iodine prophylaxis in an endemic goiter country. ( Bacher-Stier, C; Kemmler, G; Moncayo, R; Oberaigner, W; Riccabona, G; Tötsch, M, 1997)
"In Southern Poland a well defined endemic goiter area has been known since 19th century."	5.29	[Incidence of endemic goiter--environmental factors and iodine prophylaxis in Southern Poland]. ( Lutyński, R, 1995)
"Iodine was also determined in several egg yolks, which were freeze dried before measurements."	5.29	Evaluation of iodine concentration in potable water and selected food specimens from moderate endemic goiter area in Poland. ( Hołyńska, B; Ostachowicz, B; Ostachowicz, J; Szybiński, Z, 1993)
"The cases of hyperthyroidism are transitory, in the course moderate and concern only already preformed, so-called latent form."	5.28	[Incidence of hyperthyroidism in the Halle area before and after introduction of general preventive iodine treatment]. ( Bauch, K; Hänsgen, K; Klaua, M; Ulrich, FE, 1991)
"Iodine prophylaxis was introduced to the moderately severe goitre endemic area in Salta, Argentina, in 1963."	5.27	Thyroid carcinoma and thyroiditis in an endemic goitre region before and after iodine prophylaxis. ( Escalante, DA; Harach, HR; Lederer Outes, J; Onativia, A; Saravia Day, E; Williams, ED, 1985)
"To evaluate the long-term efficacy and possible side effects of low doses of iodized oil on iodine nutrition and thyroid function in endemic goiter in Romania."	5.10	Iodized oil as a complement to iodized salt in schoolchildren in endemic goiter in Romania. ( Delange, F; Gnat, D; Mihaescu, M; Nicolaescu, E; Podoba, J; Simescu, M; Varciu, M, 2002)
" Iron deficiency adversely affects thyroid metabolism and may reduce the efficacy of iodine prophylaxis in areas of endemic goiter."	5.10	Treatment of iron deficiency in goitrous children improves the efficacy of iodized salt in Côte d'Ivoire. ( Adou, P; Hess, SY; Hurrell, RF; Torresani, T; Zimmermann, MB, 2002)
"There is epidemiological and clinical evidence that iodine may induce or promote the manifestation of autoimmune thyroiditis."	5.09	[Iodine therapy for iodine deficiency goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis. A prospective study]. ( Behnke, N; Blümel, C; Krabbe, S; Meng, W; Schindler, A; Schulze, W; Spieker, K, 1999)
" Because iron deficiency can have adverse effects on thyroid metabolism, iron deficiency may influence the response to supplemental iodine in areas of endemic goiter."	5.09	Persistence of goiter despite oral iodine supplementation in goitrous children with iron deficiency anemia in Côte d'Ivoire. ( Adou, P; Hurrell, R; Torresani, T; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, M, 2000)
"Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the result of an inadequate dietary intake of iodine, which physiological consequences are endemic goiter and thyroid dysfunction."	4.91	Iodine nutritional status in Brazil: a meta-analysis of all studies performed in the country pinpoints to an insufficient evaluation and heterogeneity. ( Barreto, Idos S; Campos, Rde O; Cerqueira, TL; Maia, LR; Mendes, CM; Oliveira, CA; Ramos, HE; Rebouças, SC; Santos, CA; Teixeira, LS, 2015)
"Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy seriously influences fetal brain development and in the worst case induces cretinism."	4.86	[Iodine deficiency in infancy - a risk for cognitive development]. ( Gärtner, R; Johner, SA; Kriener, E; Remer, T; Thamm, M, 2010)
"Iodine deficiency is generally recognized as the most commonly preventable cause of mental retardation and the most common cause of endocrinopathy (goiter and primary hypothyroidism)."	4.84	Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations. ( Patrick, L, 2008)
"Severe iodine deficiency was the main cause of endemic goiter and cretinism."	4.83	Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism. ( Vanderpas, J, 2006)
"The most frequent cause of goiter in children is a deficit of iodine, leading to endemia of goiter in the regions with insufficient supplementation of this element."	4.83	[Current views on the etiopathogenesis of goiter in children]. ( Brzozowska, M; Kretowski, A, 2006)
"While traditionally associated with cretinism and goiter, iodine deficiency has broad effects on central nervous system development that can occur in the absence of either condition."	4.82	Iodine deficiency: consequences and progress toward elimination. ( Haxton, DP; Maberly, GF; van der Haar, F, 2003)
"The occurrence of hyperthyroidism in many individuals after introduction of iodine prophylaxis in endemic goiter areas can have dramatic consequences for the affected individuals."	4.80	Autonomy in endemic goiter. ( Bourdoux, P; Corvilain, B; Dumont, JE; Ermans, AM; Van Sande, J, 1998)
"Thirty years ago, iodine deficiency was highly prevalent in Switzerland and, consequently, few people doubted that shortage of this element fully accounted for the very high incidence of nodular goiters."	4.79	[Goiter: from epiphenomenon of iodine deficiency to benign tumor. A 30-year long guided story]. ( Studer, H, 1995)
"The main cause of endemic goiter is iodine deficiency."	4.79	[Etiopathogenesis and therapy of iodine deficiency goiter]. ( Gärtner, R, 1995)
" The intrathyroidal iodine deficiency itself and the increased activity of local growth factors, however, may be the main causes of initiation, promotion and maintenance of hyperplasia."	4.79	Thyroxine treatment of benign goiter. ( Gärtner, R, 1994)
"Persisting dietary iodine deficiency in the Federal Republic of Germany is reflected in endemic goiter, in particular in the elderly."	4.78	[Dietary iodine deficiency. Its consequences in the aged]. ( Hintze, G; Köbberling, J, 1992)
"The main cause of endemic and sporadic goiter is a deficiency in the dietary supply of iodine."	4.77	[The role of goitrogenic factors distinct from iodine deficiency in the etiology of goiter]. ( Delange, F, 1988)
"Iodine prophylaxis, the most cost-effective public health intervention as yet known, has been slow to be adopted even where goiter and cretinism--the most common expressions of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD)--have long been known to be endemic and where underdevelopment cannot explain the absence of prophylaxis."	4.77	Biocultural belief and iodine prophylaxis. ( Lellep Fernandez, R, 1988)
"Iodine deficiency goiter can develop in children on a restrictive diet and most have normal thyroid function."	4.12	Thyroid function tests of iodine deficiency goiter can mimic thyroid hormone resistance alpha. ( Quintos, JB; Sasidharan Pillai, S, 2022)
"Familial aggregation of endemic congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in an iodine-deficient population from northern Congo (Democratic Republic (DR)) was analysed on data collected four decades ago (1979-1980)."	3.96	Familial Aggregation of Endemic Congenital Hypothyroidism Syndrome in Congo (DR): Historical Data. ( Rivera, MT; Vanderpas, J; Weichenberger, CX, 2020)
" The painter was active in a geographical area, where inhabitants often suffered from endemic goiter due to dietary iodine deficiency and could have influenced Moretto."	3.91	The representation of a goiter by Renaissance painter Moretto da Brescia. ( Riva, MA; Trinca, F, 2019)
"The iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) include a variety of disturbances such as decreased fertility, increased perinatal and infant mortality, impaired physical and intellectual development, mental retardation, cretinism, hypothyroidism, and endemic goiter (EG)."	3.85	Boron - A potential goiterogen? ( Ajsuvakova, OP; Popova, EV; Skalnaya, MG; Skalny, AV; Tinkov, AA, 2017)
"Women of group 3 with visible goiter were administered two capsules of iodized oil orally each containing 200 mg of iodine, from weeks 6--8 of pregnancy."	3.81	Effect of maternal iodine supplementation on thyroid function and birth outcome in goiter endemic areas. ( Anees, M; Anis, RA; Arslan, M; Murtaza, I; Shahab, M; Sultan, A; Yousaf, S, 2015)
"To study the relation between maternal overt hypothyroidism and neurodevelopmental outcome of neonates in iodine-deficient region of Northern India (Kashmir Valley)."	3.81	Maternal Overt Hypothyroidism and Neurobehavioral Outcome of Neonates: A Cohort Study from an Iodine-deficient Area of Northern India. ( Ahmed, A; Bhat, JI; Charoo, BA; Ganaie, MA; Sofi, RA, 2015)
"We found that thyrotoxicosis and nodular thyroidal diseases are more important public health issues in moderate iodine deficient geographical areas."	3.80	Spectrum and prevalence of nodular thyroid diseases detected by ultrasonography in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. ( Aydin, L; Aydin, Y; Besir, FH; Coşkun, H; Erkan, ME; Gungor, A; Onder, E; Yazgan, O, 2014)
"The population in district Kangra is possibly in a transition phase from iodine deficient (as revealed by total goiter rate of 15."	3.79	Status of iodine deficiency in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh after 60 years of salt iodization. ( Bhadoria, AS; Jain, V; Kabra, M; Kapil, U; Khenduja, P; Nigam, S; Pandey, RM; Sareen, N; Vijay, J, 2013)
"To reveal the relationship between iodine nutrition and the change of spectrum on thyroid diseases through comparing the different iodine environments pre- and post- the universal salt iodization(USI)campaign."	3.79	[Changes of the spectrum on thyroid disease after the ten-year implementation of universal salt iodization in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]. ( Cen, YZ; Chen, YJ; He, H; He, HY; Huang, YH; Leng, JL; Li, JM; Li, R; Li, SM; Nong, J; Pang, FX; Pu, J; Wei, LN; Zhang, JY, 2013)
"Goiters-measured by palpation-and urinary iodine concentration of children were assessed."	3.78	Eighteen years of continuously sustained elimination of iodine deficiency in the Islamic Republic of Iran: the vitality of periodic monitoring. ( Amouzegar, A; Azizi, F; Delshad, H; Mehran, L; Mirmiran, P, 2012)
"Severe iodine deficiency in pregnancy can result in cretinism."	3.77	Are pregnant women in New Zealand iodine deficient? A cross-sectional survey. ( Croxson, M; Gray, A; Pettigrew-Porter, A; Skeaff, S; Thomson, C, 2011)
"This study was performed to investigate the role of thiocyanate overload in the etiology of endemic goiter in schoolchildren of Semirom, Iran."	3.76	Residual goiter in Semirom; iodine status and thiocyanate overload do not play a role. ( Amini, M; Aminorroaya, A; Hashemipour, M; Kachuei, A; Kelishadi, R; Keshteli, AH; Rezvanian, H; Siavash, M, 2010)
"Changes between the first trimester and later stages of pregnancy of all biochemical variables studied corresponded with those described for other European areas with a comparable iodine nutrition."	3.74	Inadequate iodine nutrition of pregnant women from Extremadura (Spain). ( de Escobar, GM; del Rey, FE; Fariñas-Seijas, H; Sánchez-Vega, J, 2008)
" The main cause of endemic goiter is iodine deficiency, which is also the principal cause of mental retardation and avoidable cerebral palsy throughout the world."	3.74	[Iodine nutritional status in the school-aged population in Alicante (Spain)]. ( Alfayate Guerra, R; Flores Serrano, J; Guirao Carratalá, MD; Pico Alfonso, A; Ruiz Pérez, L; Sánchez Serrano, FJ; Sánchez-Paya, J; Sanguino López, L; Zapico Alvarez-Cascos, MD; Zubiaur Cantalapiedra, A, 2007)
"Most of the Polish territory has been classified as an iodine-deficient and endemic goiter area according to the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency (ICCIDD) criteria."	3.74	Effectiveness of the iodine prophylaxis model adopted in Poland. ( Bandurska-Stankiewicz, E; Bar-Andziak, E; Buziak-Bereza, M; Dorant, B; Golkowski, F; Huszno, B; Kinalska, I; Klencki, M; Lewinski, A; Przybylik-Mazurek, E; Rybakowa, M; Sowinski, J; Szewczyk, L; Szponar, L; Szybinski, Z; Trofimiuk, M; Wasik, R, 2008)
"The aim of the study carried out in 1989-90 and 1998-99 was to define the iodine deficiency state and goiter prevalence in adult population of Cracow."	3.73	[Studies on iodine deficiency in adult population of Cracow]. ( Buziak-Bereza, M; Gołkowski, F; Szybiński, Z, 2005)
"Piedmont region was reported in the 70s as a mild iodine-deficient area with a goiter prevalence > 10%."	3.73	Goiter prevalence and urinary iodine status in urban and rural/mountain areas of Piedmont region. ( Arecco, F; Deandreis, D; Germano, L; Mussa, A; Origlia, C; Orlandi, F; Rossetto, R; Sacerdote, C; Saggiorato, E, 2006)
" A total of 2050 children were clinically examined for goiter and 240 urine samples were analyzed for iodine and thiocyanate respectively; iodine content in 48 water samples and 210 salt samples were also measured."	3.73	Goitre prevalence and the state of iodine nutrition in the sundarban delta of north 24-parganas in West Benegal. ( Chandra, AK; Debnath, A; Ghosh, D; Mukhopadhyay, S; Tripathy, S, 2006)
"Slovenian adolescents are iodine sufficient and the prevalence of goiter is low, indicating that increased KI supplementation of salt in 1999 was successful."	3.73	Goiter prevalence and urinary iodine concentration in Slovenian adolescents. ( Battelino, T; Kotnik, P; Krzisnik, C; Mis, NF; Sirca Campa, A; Smole, K; Stimec, M; Zupancic, M, 2006)
"As apoptosis and necrosis are known to exist during experimental goiter development and involution, we studied them in ten Tunisian multinodular endemic goiters, five of them having received a chronic excess of iodine during six months."	3.73	Chronic iodine overload and apoptosis in cold nodules from endemic multinodular goiters. ( Boubaker, S; El May, A; El May, MV; Ladgham, A; Zekri, S, 2005)
"Our results indicate that although Isparta is a region with mild iodine deficiency, goiter prevalence remains a serious problem."	3.73	Iodine deficiency and goiter prevalence in Turkey after mandatory iodization. ( Ayata, A; Bilaloglu, E; Cetin, H; Gursoy, A; Kisioglu, AN, 2006)
"A sufficient amount of iodine in food is necessary for the thyroid gland to produce hormones during pregnancy."	3.73	Iodine excretion with urine and thyrotrophic hormone concentration in normal and complicated pregnancies in the industrial region of iodine deficiency. ( Bodzek, P; Olejek, A; Zamłyński, J, 2006)
"By applying staging systems in an endemic goiter region with iodine substitution, the best prognostic information for papillary thyroid carcinoma has been achieved with the MACIS score, while for follicular thyroid carcinoma the EORTC score and the UICC/AJCC system have the best prognostic accuracy."	3.72	Application of staging systems for differentiated thyroid carcinoma in an endemic goiter region with iodine substitution. ( Kaserer, K; Niederle, B; Passler, C; Prager, G; Scheuba, C; Zettinig, G, 2003)
"Incidence of nodular thyroid disease as well as that of functioning thyroid nodules (FTN) increases dramatically in iodine deficient (ID) areas."	3.72	Is it useful to routinely biopsy hot nodules in iodine deficient areas? ( Anil, C; Erdoğan, G; Erdoğan, MF; Kamel, N; Ozer, D, 2003)
"This study showed that euthyroidism induced by administration of iodised oil in iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism is sustained following the consumption of iodised salt."	3.72	Evaluation of the impact of an iodine supplementation programme on severely iodine-deficient schoolchildren with hypothyroidism. ( Azizi, F; Hedayati, M; Kimiagar, M; Mirmiran, P; Salarkia, N, 2003)
"A multicentre study to assess iodine deficiency disorders (goitre and deaf-mutism/cretinism) in 1, 45, 264 children (6 - <12 years old) from 15 districts of ten states was carried out during 1997-2000."	3.72	Iodine deficiency disorders in 15 districts of India. ( Dhillon, BS; Saxena, BN; Singh, P; Toteja, GS, 2004)
" The aim of this study is to show differences in outcome and specific prognostic factors in an iodine-replete endemic goiter region."	3.72	Prognostic factors of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: differences in an iodine-replete endemic goiter region. ( Kaczirek, K; Kaserer, K; Niederle, B; Passler, C; Prager, G; Scheuba, C; Zettinig, G, 2004)
"1% of iodine induced thyrotoxicosis and 3."	3.72	[Iodine deficiency disorder persistance after introduction of iodized salt in a previously endemic goiter area]. ( Alvarez Castro, P; Argueso Armesto, A; Cordido Carballido, F; Isidro San Juan, ML; Vidal Casariego, A; Vidal Pardo, JI, 2004)
"Iodine deficiency is a major determinant of endemic goiter which affects bone growth."	3.71	Oral health condition and endemic goitre, in an iodine-deficient area in Bali, Indonesia. ( Bahar, A; Djoharnas, H; Katoh, Y; Koga, T; Kusukawa, Y; Miyazaki, H; Rahardjo, A; Saito, T; Takehara, T, 2001)
"To validate urinary iodine (I) excretion and the simplified classification of goiter by palpation, comparing them with ultrasound of the thyroid gland as the gold standard, to identify endemic goiter in pregnant women."	3.71	Endemic goiter in pregnant women: utility of the simplified classification of thyroid size by palpation and urinary iodine as screening tests. ( Castañeda, R; Lechuga, D; Magos, C; Martínez, H; Orozco, M; Ramos, RI, 2002)
"To determine the national and state-level prevalence of endemic goiter associated with iodine deficiency in schoolchildren between 6 and 14 years of age in Brazil, based on data from a national survey carried out from 1994 to 1996."	3.71	[Endemic goiter prevalence survey in Brazilian schoolchildren 6 to 14 years old, 1994-1996]. ( Cavalcante, Fdos A; Coelho, GE; Corrêa Filho, HR; Pereira, Mda P; Silva, YS; Vieira, JB, 2002)
"In order to investigate the relations of iodine deficiency and/or goiter with selenium (Se) and antioxidant enzyme (AOE) status, we determined the relevant parameters of goitrous high school children living in an endemic goiter area of Turkey."	3.71	Status of selenium and antioxidant enzymes of goitrous children is lower than healthy controls and nongoitrous children with high iodine deficiency. ( Gedik, Y; Giray, B; Hincal, F; Okten, A; Teziç, T, 2001)
" Because iron (Fe) deficiency can have adverse effects on thyroid metabolism, Fe deficiency may influence response to supplemental iodine in areas of endemic goiter."	3.71	Iron status influences the efficacy of iodine prophylaxis in goitrous children in Côte d'Ivoire. ( Zimmermann, MB, 2002)
" Iodine deficiency and endemic goiter were documented in the entire country."	3.70	[Epidemiology of endemic goiter in Italy]. ( Aghini-Lombardi, F; Antonangeli, L; Vitti, P, 1998)
"Iodine deficiency disorders and endemic goiter are still present in the population of Southern Italy, where the use of iodized salt is not widely diffused because of a lack of information and health education on this problem."	3.70	[European project of structural funds: eradication of endemic goiter and iodine deficiency disorders in Southern Italy]. ( Consiglio, E, 1998)
" In this area endemic goiter was associated to a variable degree of iodine deficiency and, in some places, also to an increased thiocyanate urine excretion."	3.70	[Iodine deficiency and iodine prophylaxis experience in Sicily]. ( Buscema, M; Calaciura, F; La Rosa, GL; Regalbuto, C; Salamone, S; Vigneri, R, 1998)
"Although endemic goiter has been shown to have a high prevalence in Turkey, little is known about the concentration of urinary iodine, plasma selenium (Se), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in these patients."	3.70	Iodine and zinc, but not selenium and copper, deficiency exists in a male Turkish population with endemic goiter. ( Aydin, A; Beyhan, Z; Isimer, A; Oktenli, C; Ozata, M; Ozdemir, IC; Salk, M; Sayin, S, 1999)
"Several groups of Khumbu Sherpas were studied and goitre rate, urinary iodine level and cretinism prevalence were measured as indicators of iodine deficiency."	3.70	Persistence of iodine deficiency 25 years after initial correction efforts in the Khumbu region of Nepal. ( Dunn, JT; Harding, EG; Murdoch, DR, 1999)
"--1) Prevalence evaluation of endemic goiter and urinary iodine excretion in Cerdanya population (> 6 y."	3.70	[An endemic goiter study of a population in the Pyrenees (Cerdanya-Girona)]. ( de Leiva, A; Margalef Mir, N; Subirats Bayego, E; Vallescar, R; Vila Ballester, LL; Vila Subirana, T, 1999)
"Our results indicate that goiter is endemic in this region of Sudan despite iodine sufficiency and that both anemia and vitamin A deficiency are health problems in the area."	3.70	Endemic goiter with iodine sufficiency: a possible role for the consumption of pearl millet in the etiology of endemic goiter. ( Bourdoux, P; Dramaix, M; Elnour, A; Eltom, M; Hambraeus, L, 2000)
"Iodine deficiency is well known as the cause of several disorders such as endemic goitre and cretinism, along with a wide spectrum of psychoneurological development disorders including endemic mental deficiency and endemic cognitive deficiency, which are generally correlated to damage to the fetus."	3.69	Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during the first half of gestation in an iodine deficient area with endemic cretinism and related disorders. ( Finocchiaro, MD; Gullo, D; Lo Presti, VP; Scaffidi Argentina, G; Squatrito, S; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 1995)
"Intelligence in children without iodine supplement during their fetal and infant periods, and in those born three to four years after the implementation of stable supply of iodized salt in the areas with endemic cretinism and goiter was tested with Standord-Binet method."	3.69	[Effects of iodine nutritional status of fetuses, infants and young children on their intelligence development in the areas with iodine-deficiency disorders]. ( Chen, ZH; Deng, LQ; Fu, LX, 1994)
"Iodine deficiency is the most relevant etiologic factor in endemic goiter."	3.69	Thyroglobulin exon 10 gene point mutation in a patient with endemic goiter. ( Corrales, JJ; González-Sarmiento, R; Miralles-García, JM; Mories, MT; Pérez-Centeno, C, 1996)
"Owing to the progressive iodination of salt in Switzerland (5, 10, 20 mg KI/kg in the years 1922, 1965, 1980), iodine deficiency in former endemic goiter regions had nearly disappeared."	3.69	[Why is iodine deficiency once again present in the Berne region?]. ( Als, C; Brander, L; Gerber, H; Lauber, K; Lüscher, D; Rösler, H, 1997)
"Endemic myxoedematous cretinism has been associated with combined selenium and iodine deficiency in several areas of Zaire."	3.69	Selenium status in pregnant women of a rural population (Zaire) in relationship to iodine deficiency. ( Contempré, B; Dikassa, L; Diplock, AT; Dumont, J; Gervy, C; Kashala, TD; Ngo, DB; Okitolonda, W; Peach, S; Vanderpas, J; Vanovervelt, N, 1997)
"To determine the effects of low dose radiation from 131I and 137Cs resulting from the Chernobyl disaster on the expression of endemic goiter in children, we studied children in regions with and without evidence of radiocontamination but comparable iodine insufficiency."	3.69	Effects of low level radiation from the Chernobyl accident in a population with iodine deficiency. ( Bronshtein, MI; Ibragimova, GV; Kasatkina, EP; Matkovskaya, AN; Mursankova, NM; Odoud, EA; Poverenny, AM; Pykov, MI; Rosenbloom, AL; Shilin, DE; Sokolovskaya, VN; Volkova, TN, 1997)
"Low levels of iodine, observed in endemic goiter areas, decrease the synthesis of T3 and T4."	3.68	Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in an area of moderate goiter endemia. ( Gołkowski, F; Kaim, I; Krzyczkowska-Sendrakowska, M; Szybiński, Z; Zdebski, Z, 1993)
"The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of thyroid disease in pregnant and puerperal women and newborns in Pirque (Chile) and its possible relation to iodine intake or autoimmune disease."	3.68	[Autoimmune thyroid pathology of pregnancy and puerperium. Prevalence in a zone of endemic goiter and its impact on the newborn]. ( Estrada, A; Guzmán, MP; Michaud, P; Téllez, A; Téllez, R, 1993)
"Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) activity and TPO protein were analyzed in endemic goiter tissue under iodine deficiency and after iodine supplement."	3.68	Thyroid peroxidase in endemic goiter tissue. ( Kobayashi, A; Kuma, K; Medeiros-Neto, GA; Murakami, S; Sugawara, M; Summer, CN, 1990)
"Visual perceptual integrative motor ability was investigated in 719 6- to 12-yr-old, presumably normal, primary schoolchildren living in 2 iodine-deficient endemic goiter areas in Sicily, identified on the basis of the presence (area A) or absence (area B) of endemic cretinism, by administrating the Bender Gestalt test."	3.68	Defective neuromotor and cognitive ability in iodine-deficient schoolchildren of an endemic goiter region in Sicily. ( Battiato, S; Benvenga, S; Finocchiaro, MD; Lo Presti, VP; Sidoti, M; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 1990)
"Thyroid function and exposure to dietary goitrogenic factors (iodine deficiency and thiocyanate overload) were studied at birth and from birth to 7 years in 200 neonates and 347 children living in the severe endemic goiter area of Ubangi, Northern Zaire."	3.67	Endemic infantile hypothyroidism in a severe endemic goitre area of central Africa. ( Bourdoux, P; Delange, F; Dramaix, M; Ermans, AM; Lagasse, R; Lody, D; Nelson, G; Rivera, M; Thilly, CH; Vanderpas, J, 1984)
"Urinary iodine (I) and serum and urinary thiocyanates (SCN-) were determined in sample groups from 12 areas of endemic goiter in Italy."	3.67	Thiocyanates and iodine in endemic goiter in Italy. ( Barbeni, M; Bestagno, M; Costa, A; De Filippis, V; Giraudi, G; Grillo, C, 1984)
"The effect of iodine prophylaxis on endemic goiter was studied in an adult Finnish population by comparing autopsy records from 1959 and 1984."	3.67	The impact of 25 years of iodine prophylaxis on the adult thyroid weight in Finland. ( Andersson, LC; Lamberg, BA; Lindberg, O, 1989)
" The area is known as an iodine deficiency one with endemic goiter (glacial downstream)."	3.67	[Manifestation of hyperthyroidism before and following alimentary iodine administration. Follow-up studies in Brandenburg 1983-1988]. ( Schröder, F, 1989)
"The prevalence of goiter among schoolchildren and the daily urinary iodine excretion in the general population were evaluated in 4 municipalities in the endemic goiter area in Northeastern Sicily in two different surveys."	3.67	Partial beneficial effects of the so called "silent iodine prophylaxis" on iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in northeastern Sicily endemia. ( Finocchiaro, MD; La Torre, N; Lo Presti, VP; Nucifora, M; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 1989)
"The existence of endemic goiter, caused by iodine deficiency and the presence of a dietary goitrogen, has been noted in eastern Zaire by a number of authors (De Visscher et al."	3.67	Anomalously low endemic goiter prevalence among Efe pygmies. ( Bode, HH; Dormitzer, PR; Ellison, PT, 1989)
" In this area, endemic goiter associated with moderate iodine deficiency [59 +/- 3 (+/- SE) microgram iodine/g creatinine], as defined by WHO criteria, affects 65% of the population."	3.67	Goiter size and thyroid function in an endemic goiter area in northern Italy. ( D'Amato, L; Dallara, G; Gardini, E; Gnudi, A; Guazzi, AM; Manfredi, A; Pino, S; Robuschi, G; Roti, E; Salvi, M, 1986)
"Chinamhora, Zimbabwe is an area of known endemic goiter and iodine deficiency."	3.67	Hearing in primary school children in an iodine-deficient population in Chinamhora, Zimbabwe. ( Chimanyiwa, T; Sanders, D; Todd, CH, 1988)
"During a multicentric pilot screening program for congenital hypothyroidism a comparison between the results obtained from Urbino, an area characterized by low iodine supply and endemic goiter, and Rome, a non-endemic area, has been made."	3.67	Influence of environmental iodine deficiency on neonatal thyroid screening results. ( Carta Sorcini, M; Carta, S; Diodato, A; Donati, L; Fazzini, C; Grandolfo, ME; Guidi, M; Locatelli De Maestri, J; Sabini, G; Vasta, M, 1988)
"During pregnancy the thyroid is subjected to increased demands which is associated with a tendency to endogenous iodine deficiency."	3.67	Thyroid status during pregnancy and post partum in regions of iodine deficiency and endemic goiter. ( Bauch, K; Grosse, E; Kempe, R; Meng, W; Möckel, G; Schönemann, F; Seitz, W; Sterzel, G; Ulrich, FE; Weber, A, 1986)
"Thyroid cancer is characterized by endemic goiter, usually where the insufficiency of iodine has lasted a long time."	3.67	[Cancer of the thyroid in an area of endemic goiter. "Papillarization" with prophylactic iodization]. ( Rolon, PA, 1986)
"Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a rather rare disease in endemic goiter areas like Switzerland, seems to become more frequent under iodine prophylaxis."	3.67	[Hashimoto's lymphomatous thyroiditis and endemic struma]. ( Hedinger, C; Oechslin, E, 1985)
"An attempt was made to classify 326 patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease and due to autonomous goiter in an area of endemic iodine deficient goiter using the following two sets of criteria: Primary criteria: the presence of endocrine ophthalmopathy (Graves' disease) and the absence of endocrine ophthalmopathy and the absence of microsomal antibodies greater than or equal to 1:1600 (autonomous goiter)."	3.67	Hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease and due to autonomous goiter. ( Emrich, D; Schicha, H; Schreivogel, I, 1985)
"Since the main reason of endemic goiter is the avoidable iodine deficiency, this in an unnecessary disease."	3.67	[Should the iodination of table salt be increased in Austria?]. ( Galvan, G, 1985)
" The size and type of goitre was examined, height and body weight and urinary iodine excretion were assessed."	3.67	Goitre prevalence and urinary iodine excretion in school children in an endemic area in Bohemia after twenty years of iodine prophylaxis. ( Bednár, J; Felt, V; Kremenová, J, 1985)
"After 17 years the efficiency of iodine prophylaxis of endemic goiter (1 : 100000) in Austria was checked by control field studies in 3 Tyrolean towns n Austria."	3.66	[Endemic goiter in Austria's youth?]. ( Ehlich, P; Fill, H; Glatzl, J; Obendorf, L; Platzer, S; Riccabona, G, 1981)
"Severe iodine deficiency may lead to endemic cretinism, which is characterized by a number of abnormalities, such as mental retardation, neurological abnormalities and hearing disorders."	3.66	Effects of iodine deficiency on mental and psychomotor abilities. ( Bleichrodt, N; Drenth, PJ; Querido, A, 1980)
"Excessive administration of iodine over a long period may cause hypothyroidism in suitably disposed individuals and provoke the formation of a goiter."	3.65	[Iodine-induced hypothyroidism (author's transl)]. ( Breunsbach, J; Dvorák, K; Weidinger, P, 1976)
"Iodine is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland and is, therefore, essential for mammalian life."	3.01	The Prevention of Iodine Deficiency: A History. ( Pearce, EN; Zimmermann, MB, 2023)
" The smaller rise of TSH after the treatment suggests that the dosage of 75 micrograms levothyroxine + 150 micrograms iodine is to be preferred."	2.70	[Comparison of the effectiveness of two different dosages of levothyroxine-iodide combinations for the therapy of euthyroid diffuse goiter]. ( Hänscheid, H; Kreissl, M; Reiners, C; Rendl, J; Tiemann, M, 2001)
"In contrast with the endemic goiter reported in several African countries, the nomadic Bororos of the Central African Republic have an unexpectedly low prevalence of goiter."	2.69	Influence of dietary habits on thyroid status of a nomadic people, the Bororo shepherds, roaming a central African region affected by severe iodine deficiency. ( Bertocchi, J; Biassoni, P; Bourdoux, P; Ravera, G; Schenone, F, 1998)
" In this study, bioavailability of levothyroxine combined with iodide and the same dose of levothyroxine alone were compared."	2.69	[Bioequivalence of a combination of levothyroxine and iodine in comparison with levothyroxine only. A controlled double-blind study of bioavailability]. ( al-Hakim, K; Beyer, J; Förster, G; Hansen, C; Kahaly, G; Mörsch, F, 1998)
"In patients with euthyroid goitre, the efficacy of treatment with 400 micrograms iodine and 100 micrograms levothyroxine combined with 100 micrograms iodine was compared to that of the previous standard of therapy, individually dosed levothyroxine."	2.68	[Treatment of euthyroid struma. Comparable volume reduction with 400 micrograms iodine, 100 micrograms levothyroxine combined with 100 micrograms iodine or individually dosed levothyroxine]. ( Hackel, D; Peters, H; Schleusener, H, 1997)
"The iodine content was 0."	2.66	Effect of thiocyanate levels in milk on thyroid function in iodine deficient subjects. ( Bergmark, A; Björck, L; Claesson, O; Dahlberg, PA; Eltom, M, 1985)
"Cretinism has not yet appeared among the progeny of the population injected with iodized oil but several instances have appeared in control groups."	2.63	Prophylaxis and treatment of endemic goiter with iodized oil in rural Ecuador and Peru. ( Fierro-Benitez, R; Kevany, J; Pretell, EA; Stanbury, JB, 1969)
"Iodine nutrition is a result of geological conditions, iodine fortification and monitoring strategies within a country together with the dietary habits of the population."	2.55	Iodine deficiency and nutrition in Scandinavia. ( Dahl, L; Heinsbaek Thuesen, B; Hulthén, L; Manousou, S; Nyström Filipsson, H, 2017)
"Severe endemic goiter and cretinism had been almost entirely eliminated from continental Western Europe and Northern America before the 1930's; however large populations elsewhere and even some places in Western Europe (Sicily) were still affected up to the 2000's."	2.55	Historical aspects of iodine deficiency control. ( Moreno-Reyes, R; Vanderpas, JB, 2017)
" As no information on the mobility and bioavailability of iodine of this area is available, a cautious approach is necessary before any assumption is made on the aetiology of endemic goitre."	2.42	Goitre and environmental iodine deficiency in the UK--Derbyshire: a review. ( Carter, JE; Mehra, A; Saikat, SQ; Smith, B; Stewart, A, 2004)
"Fish was not associated with thyroid cancer risk in all studies combined (OR = 0."	2.41	A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. VI. Fish and shellfish consumption. ( Bosetti, C; Dal Maso, L; Franceschi, S; Galanti, MR; Glattre, E; Hallquist, A; Jin, F; Kolonel, L; La Vecchia, C; Land, C; Levi, F; Linos, D; Lund, E; Mark, SD; McTiernan, A; Negri, E; Preston-Martin, S; Ron, E; Wingren, G, 2001)
"Endemic goiter is an adaptive disease produced by the persistent stimulation of the thyroid gland as consequence of the thyrotropin increased secretion due to the iodine deficiency."	2.40	[Endemic goiter: clinical picture and evolution]. ( Fenzi, G; Macchia, PE, 1998)
"Iodine prophylaxis has no side effects, although a transitory increase of hyperthyroidism has been reported in the past and recently in African countries."	2.40	[Efficacy and safety of iodine prophylaxis]. ( Aghini-Lombardi, F; Pinchera, A; Rago, T; Vitti, P, 1998)
"The main etiologic factor in endemic goiter is inadequate dietary intake of iodine."	2.40	[Management strategies for endemic goiter in developing countries]. ( Ake, O; Chaventre, A; Koffi, M; Kouame, P; Nama-Diarra, AJ, 1999)
"Both improve the detectability of thyroid cancer metastasis especially if radioiodine scan is negative."	2.40	Investigations of thyroid diseases--an update on diagnostic methods. ( Khanna, CM, 1998)
"Iodine is a fundamental element of diet since it is important in thyroid hormone biosynthesis."	2.39	[Iodine deficiency diseases and pregnancy]. ( Carosa, E; D'Armiento, M; Graziano, FM; Jannini, EA; Piersanti, D, 1994)
"The main cause of endemic goiter and cretinism is an insufficient dietary supply of iodine."	2.39	The disorders induced by iodine deficiency. ( Delange, F, 1994)
"Iodine deficiency is a problem for almost all countries of the world."	2.39	Seven deadly sins in confronting endemic iodine deficiency, and how to avoid them. ( Dunn, JT, 1996)
"Goiters are most commonly caused by increased, usually nodular growth of thyroid tissue ('simple' goiter), stimulation of thyroid growth by autoantibodies (Grave's disease) or thyroiditis."	2.38	[Neck tumors: struma]. ( Bürgi, U; Comot, MG, 1993)
"2."	2.38	[Disorders due to iodine deficiency]. ( Delange, F, 1990)
" The prevalence of iodine deficiency, adequate iodine nutrition, and either more than adequate or toxic level of Iodine was 26%, 28% and 46 %, respectively."	1.48	Iodine Deficiency and Toxicity Among School Children in Damoh District, Madhya Pradesh, India. ( Bali, S; Nayak, PK; Singh, AR, 2018)
"There were only two females with cretinism and two males affected by "idiocy", so the goiters were probably euthyroid."	1.46	[Iodine prophylaxis, voices from the past after 65 years]. ( Santiago Fernández, P, 2017)
"Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human health."	1.40	Bioavailability of iodine in the UK-Peak District environment and its human bioaccessibility: an assessment of the causes of historical goitre in this area. ( Carter, JE; Mehra, A; Saikat, SQ, 2014)
"Iodine is an essential nutrient for the synthesis of thyroid hormones that are critical for brain development."	1.40	An assessment of iodine nutritional status and thyroid hormone levels in children aged 8-10 years living in Zhejiang Province, China: a cross-sectional study. ( Ding, G; Lou, X; Mao, G; Mo, Z; Zhou, J; Zhu, W; Zou, Y, 2014)
"Iodine is an essential micronutrient needed for the production of thyroid hormones."	1.40	Status of iodine deficiency among pregnant mothers in Himachal Pradesh, India. ( Bhadoria, AS; Kapil, U; Khenduja, P; Nigam, S; Prakash, S; Sareen, N; Vijay, J, 2014)
"Iodine was deficient in Zhejiang province."	1.39	[Analysis of urine iodine level and its influencing factors in Zhejiang from 2009 to 2011]. ( Ding, GQ; Lou, XM; Mao, GM; Mo, Z; Wang, XF; Zhou, JS; Zhu, WM, 2013)
"Five hundred ninety-three thyroid cancers diagnosed from 1958 to2012 were reviewed based mainly on the WHO classification and grouped into three periods, one before and two after iodine prophylaxis."	1.39	Undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma and iodine intake in Salta, Argentina. ( Campero, M; Ceballos, GA; Galíndez, M; Harach, HR, 2013)
"Mild iodine deficiency was present in the subjects studied."	1.39	Increase in iodine deficiency disorder due to inadequate sustainability of supply of iodized salt in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh. ( Bhadoria, AS; Jain, V; Kabra, M; Kapil, U; Khenduja, P; Nigam, S; Pandey, RM; Sareen, N; Vijay, J, 2013)
"Iodine intake was broken down by age and sex in 2009."	1.38	Variable iodine intake persists in the context of universal salt iodization in China. ( Chang, S; Hipgrave, DB; Li, X; Liu, L; Wu, Y; Zou, S, 2012)
"The iodine content was higher in salt sold in sealed packets (PR: 2."	1.36	Limited access to iodized salt among the poor and disadvantaged in North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. ( Biswas, AB; Chakrabarty, I; Das, DK; Mukhopadhyay, S; Roy, R; Sen, TK, 2010)
"The present work was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of goiter, state of iodine nutrition of the population, distribution of iodine through edible salt, bioavailability of iodine, consumption of common goitrogenic food that generally interfere with iodine nutrition in Naugarh sub-division of Siddharthnagar district in Uttar Pradesh, India."	1.35	Goiter prevalence and iodine nutritional status of school children in a sub-Himalayan Tarai region of eastern Uttar Pradesh. ( Bhattacharjee, A; Chandra, AK; Ghosh, S; Malik, T, 2008)
"Iodine content was measured in 140 salt samples and 16 drinking water samples."	1.35	Dietary supplies of iodine & thiocyanate in the aetiology of endemic goitre in Imphal East district of Manipur, north east India. ( Chandra, AK; Debnath, A; Khanam, J; Singh, LH; Tripathy, S, 2008)
"Iodine concentration was measured by the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction."	1.35	Benefits and risks from the national strategy for improvement of iodine nutrition in Bulgaria: study on schoolchildren living in a rural area. ( Argirova, MD; Gatseva, PD, 2009)
"The iodine was measured by the cer-arsenite method."	1.35	[Urinary iodine excretion in German adults in 2005 meets WHO target]. ( Below, H; Bennöhr, G; Gordalla, A; Hampel, R, 2009)
"Iodine deficiency has been identified as a significant public health problem in Iran."	1.35	The role of iron deficiency in persistent goiter. ( Dabbaghmanesh, MH; Ejtehadi, F; Ranjbar-Omrani, G; Sadegholvaad, A, 2008)
"Iodine content was found to be adequate in 54."	1.34	Prevalence of goitre in 6 -12 years school-going children of Panchmahal district in Gujarat, India. ( Damor, JR; Kantharia, SL; Misra, S, 2007)
" To study the etiological factors for the persistence of endemic goitre, bioavailability of iodine and hardness of water used for drinking in the region were evaluated because these common environmental factors are inversely and directly related with goitre prevalence in several geographical regions."	1.34	Bioavailability of iodine and hardness (magnesium and calcium salt) in drinking water in the etiology of endemic goitre in Sundarban delta of West Bengal (India). ( Chandra, AK; Debnath, A; Ghosh, D; Tripathy, S, 2007)
"In 46 subjects with endemic goiter, characteristics of metabolic status were investigated by the method of registration of endogenous intoxication (Malakhova, 1995)."	1.33	Morpho-functional features in adolescent males under iodine deficiency of the Saratov region. ( Khomyakova, I; Kireev, R; Popovsky, A, 2005)
"At the time after the Second World War, endemic goiter was present in most parts of Croatia with a prevalence of more than 50% and presence of cretinism."	1.33	History of endemic goiter in Croatia: from severe iodine deficiency to iodine sufficiency. ( Jukić, T; Kusić, Z, 2005)
"Iodine intake was more than adequate, or excessive, in 29 countries."	1.33	Current global iodine status and progress over the last decade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency. ( Allen, HE; Andersson, M; de Benoist, B; Egli, I; Takkouche, B, 2005)
"Prevalence of endemic goiter in examined population was 62,4% (45,2% in men, 72,1% in women and 62,9% in children)."	1.33	[Epidemiology of endemic goiter in Racha region]. ( Baramidze, L; Kvanchakhadze, R; Sekhniashvili, N; Sekhniashvili, Z; Tsereteli, D, 2005)
" The limestone unit of the study area remains an inhibiting factor in the bioavailability of the iodine because of its alkalinity."	1.33	Assessment of iodine deficiency and goitre incidence in parts of Yewa Area of Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria. ( Gbadebo, AM; Oyesanya, TM, 2005)
"To observe clinical therapeutic effect of auricular acupuncture combined with iodine salt on juvenile endemic goitre, and regulative action on thyroid hormones."	1.33	[Auricular acupuncture combined with iodine salt for treatment of juvenile endemic goitre]. ( Liu, ZY; Yao, XH, 2005)
"We studied all thyroid cancers notified to the Danish Cancer Registry in the period 1973-1997, focusing on the four most frequent subtypes: papillary, follicular, anaplastic and medullary thyroid cancer."	1.33	Iodine intake and incidence of thyroid cancer in Denmark. ( Johansen, C; Knudsen, N; Perrild, H; Sehestedt, T, 2006)
"There is endemic goiter in the region studied."	1.33	[Endemic goiter and iodine deficiency: are they still a reality in Spain]. ( Atienzar Herráez, N; Calvo Rigual, F; López García, MJ; Merchante Alfaro, AA; Peris Roig, B; Selfa Moreno, S; Tenías Burillo, JM, 2006)
"Iodine is an essential micronutrient for normal human growth and development."	1.33	Iodine deficiency persists in the Zanzibar Islands of Tanzania. ( Abuu, H; Assey, VD; Greiner, T; Kimboka, S; Mgoba, C; Mzee, RK; Peterson, S, 2006)
"Pregnancy is accompanied by important alterations in the regulation of thyroid function and iodine metabolism."	1.32	Urinary iodine concentration during pregnancy in an area of unstable dietary iodine intake in Switzerland. ( Als, C; Brander, L; Buess, H; Bürgi, U; Gerber, H; Haldimann, F; Hänggi, W; Harder, M; Herrmann, U; Lauber, K; Niederer, U; Zürcher, T, 2003)
"Iodine nutrition was studied in 3712 school age Chilean children of primary level in 4 areas (Calama, Santiago, Temuco and Punta Arenas) through palpation of thyroid gland, urinary iodine excretion and iodine concentration in salt for human consumption of the surveyed areas."	1.32	[Iodine nutrition in school children of four areas of Chile during the year 2001]. ( Biolley, E; Carvajal, F; Leiva, L; Muzzo, S; Ramírez, I, 2003)
"Iodine deficiency has been a public health problem in most Latin American countries."	1.32	Iodine nutrition improves in Latin America. ( Altschuler, N; Barragán, D; Barreda, L; Cevallos, JL; Cordero, L; Corigliano, S; Delange, F; Gonzales, O; Higa, AM; Hostalek, U; Jara, JA; Medeiros-Neto, G; Montes, JA; Muzzo, S; Pacheco, VM; Pretell, EA, 2004)
" Drinking water samples were collected to evaluate the bioavailability of iodine in the region."	1.32	Iodine nutritional status of school children in a rural area of Howrah district in the Gangetic West Bengal. ( Chandra, AK; Lahari, D; Mukhopadhyay, S; Tripathy, S, 2004)
"Medical treatment of nodular goiter is aimed at achieving a reduction in size or preservation of the status quo."	1.32	[Medical treatment of nodular goiter]. ( Meng, W, 2004)
"The natural history of thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in relation to iodine prophylaxis in the region of Salta, Argentina, where goiter is common was investigated over a time span of 40 yr."	1.31	Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in Salta, Argentina: a 40-yr study in relation to iodine prophylaxis. ( Day, ES; Escalante, DA; Harach, HR, 2002)
"Iodine excretion was measured in casual urine samples."	1.31	Goitre prevalence and thyroid abnormalities at ultrasonography: a comparative epidemiological study in two regions with slightly different iodine status. ( Bülow, I; Jorgensen, T; Knudsen, N; Laurberg, P; Ovesen, L; Perrild, H, 2000)
"Iodine deficiency is an important public health problem in Himachal Pradesh."	1.31	Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders using the 30 cluster approach in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India. ( Kapil, U; Pathak, P; Sharma, TD; Sohal, KS; Tandon, M, 2000)
"The epidemiology of thyroid cancers in goitre endemic zones has not been recently reviewed, and changes being currently reported have been from studies in non-endemic areas."	1.31	Thyroid malignancy in endemic nodular goitres: prevalence, pattern and treatment. ( Adelusola, K; Agbakwuru, A; Lawal, O; Olayinka, OS, 2001)
"The iodine was measured by the Cer-arsenit method."	1.31	[Urinary iodine levels within normal range in German school-age children]. ( Below, H; Beyersdorf-Radeck, B; Demuth, M; Hampel, R; Seelig, K, 2001)
" Stability of the iron fortified salt (IFS), its bioavailability and organoleptic evaluation of food items containing the IFS have been demonstrated."	1.31	Prospects of fortification of salt with iron and iodine. ( Brahmam, GN; Krishnaswamy, K; Madhavan Nair, K; Ranganathan, S; Sivakumar, B; Vijayaraghavan, K; Vishnuvardhan Rao, M, 2001)
"Thus Tyrol is no longer an endemic goiter area."	1.30	Incidence and clinical characteristics of thyroid carcinoma after iodine prophylaxis in an endemic goiter country. ( Bacher-Stier, C; Kemmler, G; Moncayo, R; Oberaigner, W; Riccabona, G; Tötsch, M, 1997)
"Although endemic goiter is an easily controlled chronic disease, it continues to be a serious global public health problem."	1.30	[Iodine nutrition in school children of four census areas of Chile]. ( Avendaño, M; Biolley, E; Burgueño, M; Carvajal, F; Leiva, L; Muzzo, S; Vargas, S, 1997)
"The iodine supply has been improved."	1.30	[Renal iodine excretion by students in East Germany. A prospective study 1989 to 1996]. ( Horack, S; Lux, E; Meng, W; Muche, A; Schindler, A, 1998)
"Iodine content was measured in water samples collected from 65 wells and 12 springs all around the district."	1.30	[Epidemiologic investigation on the prevalence of goiter and urinary excretion of iodine in the school population of the province of Reggio Emilia]. ( Bertani, A; Cavalchi, B; Poluzzi, V; Portioli, I; Valcavi, R; Zini, M, 1998)
"We conclude that: (i) the persistence of endemic goiter in regional foci despite iodine deficiency correction suggests a possible role for a naturally occurring goitrogen; (ii) ATG is the predominant form of NTG in Greece nowadays; and (iii) the five-fold decrease in the prevalence of NTG during the past 30 years followed by the increase of ATG may support the relative character of the latter."	1.30	The predominant form of non-toxic goiter in Greece is now autoimmune thyroiditis. ( Alevizaki, M; Boukis, MA; Caraiskos, CS; Chatziioannou, S; Doufas, AG; Koutras, DA; Mantzos, E; Mantzos, J; Mastorakos, G; Piperingos, G; Tseleni-Balafouta, S, 1999)
"In Southern Poland a well defined endemic goiter area has been known since 19th century."	1.29	[Incidence of endemic goiter--environmental factors and iodine prophylaxis in Southern Poland]. ( Lutyński, R, 1995)
"This study is an endemic goiter survey of 3476 school children in 13 Local Government Councils (LGCs) and 1004 subjects in a whole community of one LGC, Plateau State, Northern Nigeria, to determine the prevalence of goiter as well as to identify some of the etiological agents involved."	1.29	Endemic goiter in the Jos Plateau region of northern Nigeria. ( Banwo, AI; Das, SC; Egbuta, JO; Isichei, UP; Morimoto, I; Nagataki, S, 1995)
"Iodine in urine was determined in 20% of the students."	1.29	[Endemic goiter in three census areas of Chile]. ( Burgueño, M; Carvajal, F; Leiva, L; Moreno, R; Muzzo, S, 1994)
"One hundred individuals suffering from Endemic Cretinism were studied."	1.29	Clinical study of endemic cretinism in south Sikkim. ( Gyatso, TR; Pulger, T; Rai, B; Rai, BM; Sankar, G; Sankar, R, 1993)
"This area was classified as a mild endemic goiter area."	1.29	Prevalence of goiter, iodine deficiency and iodine prophylaxis in Poland. The results of a nationwide study. ( Szybiński, Z; Zarnecki, A, 1993)
"Iodine deficiency was investigated in 575 women from 12 villages of Pupaman, Si Chomphu and Amphoe Chum Phae in Khon Kaen province in a project survey under Thai-German cooperation entitled "Promotion of Health and Nutrition Status of Rural Women in Northeast Thailand"."	1.29	Urine iodine concentration and prevalence of goiter among rural women of child bearing ages in Northeast Thailand. ( Kassomboon, P; Migasena, P; Pongpaew, P; Prayurahong, B; Sanchaisuriya, P; Saowakontha, S; Schelp, FP; Supawan, V; Tungtrongchitr, R, 1993)
"Hypothyroidism was very frequent in each age group."	1.29	Endemic juvenile hypothyroidism in a severe endemic goitre area of Sudan. ( Boelaert, M; el Badawi, S; Eltom, M; Moreno-Reyes, R; Vanderpas, JB, 1993)
"The iodine concentration was determined in 89 thyroid tissue samples of post-mortem examination material of thyroid healthy persons in dependency to the age."	1.29	[Iodine content of thyroid tissue in the Styrian population]. ( Eber, O; Karpf, E; Langsteger, W; Lax, S; Lorenz, O; Tiran, A; Tiran, B, 1993)
"For the analysis of thyroid cancer the material was divided in two periods."	1.29	Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in the goitrous region of Salta, Argentina, before and after iodine prophylaxis. ( Harach, HR; Williams, ED, 1995)
"Iodine excretion was measured in single morning urine specimens."	1.28	[Evaluation of iodine levels in daily dietary intake and urine of persons participating in epidemiological studies in the Krakow macro-region after the disaster in Czernobyl and level of iodine in drinking water of that region]. ( Baranowska, K; Drozdz, R; Dłuzniewska, K; Hennig, J; Hołyńska, B; Ostachowicz, B; Potocki, A; Pułka, J; Tylek, D; Zysiak, M, 1991)
"The cases of hyperthyroidism are transitory, in the course moderate and concern only already preformed, so-called latent form."	1.28	[Incidence of hyperthyroidism in the Halle area before and after introduction of general preventive iodine treatment]. ( Bauch, K; Hänsgen, K; Klaua, M; Ulrich, FE, 1991)
"It was shown that the inhabitants of the endemic goiter area had subclinical hypothyroidism based on the "ultrasensitive" method for TSH assay."	1.28	Measurement of serum TSH level by ultrasensitive method in inhabitants of endemic goiter area supplied with iodized salt for 25 years. ( An, OY; Hershman, JM; Pang, XP; Su, TS, 1991)
"The iodine level was measured in 168 urinary samples and in the salt and water consumed in the various places investigated."	1.28	[Incidence of endemic goiter on Reunion Island. A search for etiological factors]. ( Baldet, L; Gatina, JH; Jaffiol, C; Manderscheid, JC; Percheron, C, 1991)
"The disappearance of endemic goiter in the younger generations of these villages, is in accordance with previous observations by one of the writers suggesting that sheep represent an important ecologic factor in endemic areas."	1.28	[Survey on goiter in elementary school children in the Bisagno and Trebbia valleys (Liguro-Emilian Apennines)]. ( Fedele, P; Ferrari, E; Magri, F; Marena, C; Mortara, M; Santagostino, M; Vailati, A, 1990)
" Maximal TGI activity in dose-response CBA showed a good relation with clinical goitre size (r = 0."	1.28	Thyroid autoimmunity in endemic goitre caused by excessive iodine intake. ( Bloot, AM; Boyages, SC; Drexhage, HA; Eastman, CJ; Li, M; Liu, DR; Maberly, GF; Qian, QD; van der Gaag, RD, 1989)
"In contrast to thyrotoxicosis in Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism in nodular goitre is a very slowly progressing, insidiously evolving complication."	1.27	Toxic nodular goitre. ( Gerber, H; Peter, HJ; Studer, H, 1985)
" For this purpose, potassium iodate was distributed, free-of-charge, to all salt mills and an iodate dosing spray was supplied without cost to small salt producers."	1.27	Towards the eradication of iodine-deficiency disorders in Brazil through a salt iodination programme. ( Medeiros-Neto, GA, 1988)
"Endemic goitre and cretinism are still a public health problem in China."	1.27	Thyroid function of subjects with goitre and cretinism in an endemic goitre area of rural China after use of iodized salt. ( An, OY; Hershman, JM; Pang, XP; Su, TS, 1988)
"Iodine was and is sometimes used therapeutically in various pathologies where the immune mechanism is known to play a dominant role."	1.27	[Iodine and delayed immunity]. ( Marani, L; Venturi, S, 1986)
"Endemic goiter was thought to essentially spread in the southern part of Cameroun."	1.27	[New area of endemic goiter : the northeast Bénoué, (North Cameroon)]. ( Berthezene, F; Boucherat, M; Hashom, A; Moulin, P; N'Charre, C, 1986)
"After 20 years of prophylaxis, endemic goiter has therefore been partially eradicated."	1.27	[Endemic goiter in school children of Salta Province, Argentina]. ( Córdoba, B; D'Andrea, S; Giménez, G; Katz, R; Morón, C; Nordera, JV; Pérez Somigliana, MC; Virgili, E, 1985)
"Iodine prophylaxis was introduced to the moderately severe goitre endemic area in Salta, Argentina, in 1963."	1.27	Thyroid carcinoma and thyroiditis in an endemic goitre region before and after iodine prophylaxis. ( Escalante, DA; Harach, HR; Lederer Outes, J; Onativia, A; Saravia Day, E; Williams, ED, 1985)
"Inhabitants of many severe endemic goiter areas have low serum T4 and high circulating TSH, despite normal levels of T3."	1.26	Are iodine-deficient rats euthyroid? ( De Escobar, GM; Del Rey, FE; Lamas, L; Obregon, MJ; Rodriguez-Peña, A; Santisteban, P, 1982)
"Iodine deficiency was detected in those with and without goitre, a result expected in view of the known prevalences of endemic goitre in these regions."	1.26	Goitre in Kenya. Quantitative studies of iodine metabolism. ( McGill, PE; Svensson, EO, 1980)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	503 (48.55)	18.7374
1990's	251 (24.23)	18.2507
2000's	193 (18.63)	29.6817
2010's	83 (8.01)	24.3611
2020's	6 (0.58)	2.80

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Study on the Compensatory Mechanism of Iodine Nutrition and the Optimal Intake Level of Lactating Women[NCT04492657]		600 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-01-01	Recruiting
Efficacy of Metformin Versus Sitagliptin on Benign Thyroid Nodules Size in Type 2 Diabetes: a 2-years Prospective Multicentric Study[NCT04298684]	Phase 4	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Not yet recruiting
Clinical Evaluation of a I-124 PET/CT Based Remnant Radioiodine Ablation Decision Concept in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Using PROBE Design[NCT01704586]		340 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Recruiting
Study on Physiologic Requirement and Dietary Recommended Nutrient[NCT04419103]		600 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-07-01	Completed
Study on Dietary Intake Levels of Iodine for 3-6 Years Old Pre-school Children[NCT06074770]		2,650 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-05-05	Recruiting
Five-year Follow up of a Randomized Clinical Trial of Unilateral Thyroid Lobectomy With or Without Levothyroxine Treatment Postoperatively[NCT00941551]		150 participants (Actual)	Observational	2000-01-31	Completed
The Effect of Iodine Intakes on Maternal and Infant Health and the Study of Iodine RNI for Different Stages of Pregnancy[NCT03710148]		2,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2014-01-01	Recruiting
Iodine Nutrition During Pregnancy and Related Neonatal Physical Development[NCT02586220]		250 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-08-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Article	Year
The Prevention of Iodine Deficiency: A History. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2023, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Malnutrition; Pregnancy;	2023
Maternal and Fetal Thyroid Physiology. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 2019, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Autoantibodies; Female; Fetus; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications;	2019
Iodine nutritional status in Brazil: a meta-analysis of all studies performed in the country pinpoints to an insufficient evaluation and heterogeneity. Archives of endocrinology and metabolism, 2015, Volume: 59, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Brazil; Child, Preschool; Female; Geography; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Male; Nut	2015
Iodine deficiency and nutrition in Scandinavia. Minerva medica, 2017, Volume: 108, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Denmark; Dietary Supplements; Female; Geography, Medical; Goiter, Endemic;	2017
Historical aspects of iodine deficiency control. Minerva medica, 2017, Volume: 108, Issue:2 Topics: Congenital Hypothyroidism; Disease Eradication; Europe; Female; Global Health; Goiter, Endemic; Hist	2017
The way forward in Italy for iodine. Minerva medica, 2017, Volume: 108, Issue:2 Topics: Congenital Hypothyroidism; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Italy; Program Development; Sodium Chlor	2017
Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic, 2008, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Developed Countries; Fibrocystic Breast Disease; Goiter, Endemic; Humans;	2008
Thyroid cancer, thyroiditis and dietary iodine: a review based on the Salta, Argentina model. Endocrine pathology, 2008,Winter, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Follicular; Adenoma; Argentina; Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular; Diet; Female; Goit	2008
Salt fortification with iodine: Sudan situation analysis. Nutrition and health, 2009, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Food, Fortified; Goiter, Endemic; Health Policy; Humans; Inc	2009
[Iodine deficiency in infancy - a risk for cognitive development]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2010, Volume: 135, Issue:31-32 Topics: Breast Feeding; Child; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Food, Organic; Germany; Goiter, Endemic; H	2010
Taking a history: the learnings that national health science forgot. The Australian journal of rural health, 2010, Volume: 18, Issue:6 Topics: Australia; Dietary Supplements; Environment; Goiter, Endemic; Health Policy; Humans; Iodine; Regiona	2010
Iodine deficiency in Europe and its consequences: an update. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 2002, Volume: 29 Suppl 2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Congresses as Topic; Europe;	2002
Goitre and environmental iodine deficiency in the UK--Derbyshire: a review. Environmental geochemistry and health, 2004, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Biological Availability; Environment; Geological Phenomena; Geology; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Incide	2004
[An effect of iodine deficiency on neuromental development: a modern view on the problem]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2005, Volume: 105, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Fetal Development; Ge	2005
Thyroid fetomaternal relationship in iodine deficiency. Forum of nutrition, 2003, Volume: 56 Topics: Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid	2003
Experiences in the prevention, control and elimination of iodine deficiency disorders: a regional perspective. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit, 2004, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Feeding Behavior; Food, Fortified; Goiter, Endemic; Health Planning; Humans; Iodine; Iran; Malnutrit	2004
Consequences of iodine deficiency and preventive measures. Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER, 2003, Volume: 1 Suppl 2 Topics: Dietary Supplements; Global Health; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Prevalence	2003
Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism. Annual review of nutrition, 2006, Volume: 26 Topics: Food, Fortified; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Nutritional Requirements; Sentinel	2006
[Current views on the etiopathogenesis of goiter in children]. Endokrynologia, diabetologia i choroby przemiany materii wieku rozwojowego : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Endokrynologow Dzieciecych, 2006, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Child; Environmental Exposure; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; H	2006
[Endemic goiter]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 2006, May-28, Volume: Suppl 1 Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Prognosis; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid	2006
Iodine deficiency: consequences and progress toward elimination. Food and nutrition bulletin, 2003, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Suppl Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition Disorders; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Developi	2003
Goiter and other iodine deficiency disorders: A systematic review of epidemiological studies to deconstruct the complex web. Archives of medical research, 2007, Volume: 38, Issue:1 Topics: Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Sodium Chloride, Dietary	2007
Endemic goiter and cretinism at the dawn of the third millennium. Annual review of nutrition, 1983, Volume: 3 Topics: Adult; Africa; Antithyroid Agents; Child; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Developing Countries; Female; G	1983
TSH secretion and regulation in endemic goiter and endemic cretinism. Progress in clinical and biological research, 1983, Volume: 116 Topics: Adult; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Iodides; Iodine;	1983
Adaptation to iodine deficiency in the light of some newer concepts of thyroid physiology. Progress in clinical and biological research, 1983, Volume: 116 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Female; Fetal Blood; Fetus; Gestational Age; Goiter, Endemic; Hu	1983
The pathogenesis of endemic cretinism. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 1984, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Central Nervous System; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Embryonic and Fetal Developmen	1984
Endemic and sporadic nontoxic goiter. Progress in clinical and biological research, 1981, Volume: 74 Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Thyroid Hormones	1981
[Salt iodization as a forerunner of salt fluoridation]. Schweizerische Monatsschrift fur Zahnheilkunde = Revue mensuelle suisse d'odonto-stomatologie, 1982, Volume: 92, Issue:4 Topics: Dental Caries; Fluoridation; Fluorides; Food Additives; Goiter, Endemic; History, 20th Century; Huma	1982
[Prevalence of endemic goiter in the north western region of Tunisia--1993]. La Tunisie medicale, 1994, Volume: 72, Issue:12 Topics: Child; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Male; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Tunisia	1994
[Iodine and its role in human nutrition (review)]. Voprosy pitaniia, 1995, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Food, Fortified; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Infant	1995
[Goiter: from epiphenomenon of iodine deficiency to benign tumor. A 30-year long guided story]. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1995, Jul-22, Volume: 125, Issue:29 Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Goiter, Endemic; Goiter, Nodular; Growth Substances; Humans; Iodine; Mice;	1995
[Etiopathogenesis and therapy of iodine deficiency goiter]. Zeitschrift fur arztliche Fortbildung, 1995, Volume: 89, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland; Th	1995
[General findings on iodine deficiency and prophylaxis in Italy]. Minerva endocrinologica, 1994, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Italy	1994
[Endemic goiter (iodine deficiency)]. Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu, 1993, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Male; Middle Aged	1993
[Jod-Basedow (iodine-induced hyperthyroidism)]. Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu, 1993, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Animals; Goiter, Endemic; Goiter, Nodular; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine; Middle Aged	1993
[Iodine deficiency diseases and pregnancy]. Minerva endocrinologica, 1994, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyroid	1994
Thyroxine treatment of benign goiter. Acta medica Austriaca, 1994, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Goiter, Endemic; Growth Substances; Humans; Hyperplasia; Iodine; Rats; Thyroid Gland; Thyro	1994
[Goiter--yesterday and today]. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja, 1993, Volume: 109, Issue:5 Topics: Europe; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine	1993
The disorders induced by iodine deficiency. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 1994,Spring, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Democratic Republic of	1994
Iodine deficiency disorders: contemporary scientific issues. The Journal of nutrition, 1994, Volume: 124, Issue:8 Suppl Topics: Child Health Services; Child, Preschool; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Developing Countries; Global Hea	1994
[Iodine deficiency still exists in East Germany]. Zeitschrift fur arztliche Fortbildung, 1993, Dec-12, Volume: 87, Issue:12 Topics: Germany, East; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Sodium Chloride, Dietary	1993
[Drug therapy of goiter. Iodine, thyroid hormones or combined therapy]. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1993, Volume: 48, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Child; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodin	1993
[Neck tumors: struma]. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis = Revue suisse de medecine Praxis, 1993, Dec-14, Volume: 82, Issue:50 Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Goiter, Nodular; Graves Disease; Head and	1993
Clinical review 49: Iodine deficiency disorders. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1993, Volume: 77, Issue:3 Topics: Congenital Hypothyroidism; Goiter, Endemic; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 1	1993
Iodine deficiency disorders and endemic goitre. European journal of clinical nutrition, 1993, Volume: 47, Issue:1 Topics: Deficiency Diseases; Food Additives; Global Health; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Nutritional Req	1993
Seven deadly sins in confronting endemic iodine deficiency, and how to avoid them. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1996, Volume: 81, Issue:4 Topics: Child; Food, Fortified; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Iodine; Nutritional Physiological	1996
[Endemic iodine deficiency in Hungary and possibilities of iodine substitution]. Orvosi hetilap, 1996, Feb-11, Volume: 137, Issue:6 Topics: Food, Fortified; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hungary; Iodine; Milk, Human; Selenium; Thyroid Gland; Thy	1996
Clinical review 84: Thyroid autonomy: mechanism and clinical effects. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1996, Volume: 81, Issue:12 Topics: Animals; Cyclic AMP; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine; Thyroid Gl	1996
Maternal and fetal impact of chronic iodine deficiency. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 1997, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnan	1997
Endemic goiter. Current therapy in endocrinology and metabolism, 1997, Volume: 6 Topics: Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Thyroid Hormones	1997
Teratogen update: iodine deficiency, a community teratogen. Teratology, 1997, Volume: 55, Issue:6 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newbo	1997
Iodine deficiency in Belarusian children as a possible factor stimulating the irradiation of the thyroid gland during the Chernobyl catastrophe. Environmental health perspectives, 1997, Volume: 105 Suppl 6 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Environmental Exposure; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Male; Neoplasms,	1997
Autonomy in endemic goiter. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 1998, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine; Mutation; Thyroid Gland	1998
[How does iodine reach the thyroid gland? Recent studies of the sodium-iodide symporter]. Der Internist, 1998, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Carrier Proteins; Cell Membrane; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Ion Transport; Sodium Iod	1998
[From iodine deficiency to goiter. Pathophysiology of iron deficiency goiter]. Der Internist, 1998, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Child; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Growth Substances; Humans; Iodine; Male;	1998
Iodine intake and thyroid carcinoma--a potential risk factor. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 1998, Volume: 106 Suppl 3 Topics: Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Male; Risk Factors; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Thyroid Neopl	1998
[Development of preventive iodine administration in Austria]. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 1998, Nov-13, Volume: 110, Issue:21 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Austria; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Infant; Infant	1998
[Endemic goiter: clinical picture and evolution]. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita, 1998, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Deficiency Diseases; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine	1998
[Efficacy and safety of iodine prophylaxis]. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita, 1998, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism	1998
Genetic factors in iodine deficiency disorders: a general review. Collegium antropologicum, 1998, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine	1998
[Management strategies for endemic goiter in developing countries]. Medecine tropicale : revue du Corps de sante colonial, 1999, Volume: 59, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Developing Countries; Dietary Supplements; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Incidence; Iodine; Nutrit	1999
Investigations of thyroid diseases--an update on diagnostic methods. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 1998, Volume: 46, Issue:11 Topics: Goiter, Endemic; Humans; India; Iodine; Predictive Value of Tests; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Functio	1998
A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. VI. Fish and shellfish consumption. Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2001, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Animals; Case-Control Studies; China; Diet; Europe; Female; Fishes; Goiter, Endemic; Humans;	2001
Endemic goitre. Monograph series. World Health Organization, 1976, Issue:62 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bread; Child; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Food, Fortified; Goiter, E	1976
Endemic goitre and cretinism. Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism, 1979, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Child; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans;	1979
Endemic Cretinism. Contemporary neurology series, 1975, Volume: 12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brain; Child; Child, Preschool; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Congo; Deafness;	1975
[Endemic goiter]. Recenti progressi in medicina, 1975, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Diet Therapy; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Italy; Thyroid Gland	1975
[Dietary iodine deficiency. Its consequences in the aged]. Fortschritte der Medizin, 1992, Apr-10, Volume: 110, Issue:10 Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Diet; Female; Germany; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine; Male; Mi	1992
Endemic goitre--iodine deficiency disorders. Annals of medicine, 1991, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Antithyroid Agents; Child; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Deficiency Diseases; Goiter, Endemic; H	1991
Intervention policy in endemic goitre areas. Thyroidology, 1990, Volume: 2, Issue:3 Topics: Age Factors; Environment; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Nutritional Status; Sex Factors; Socioeco	1990
[Treatment of endemic goiter, hypo- and hyperthyroidism]. Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten, 1991, Volume: 14, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Child; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine	1991
Cretinism, thyroid hormones and selenium. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 1991, Volume: 81, Issue:1-3 Topics: Africa, Central; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Copper; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Nutritional Sta	1991
[Iodine containing drugs and thyroid gland function. A diagnostic and therapeutic problem]. Acta medica Austriaca, 1991, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Amiodarone; Austria; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Sodium Chlori	1991
[Endemic diseases in Lebanon (II): Iodine deficiency]. Harefuah, 1991, Apr-15, Volume: 120, Issue:8 Topics: Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Lebanon	1991
[Disorders due to iodine deficiency]. Acta clinica Belgica, 1990, Volume: 45, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Developing Countries; Female; Goiter, End	1990
[Current problems in the pathogenesis and treatment of endemic goiter]. Vutreshni bolesti, 1990, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodates; Iodine; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Thyro	1990
Diet and epithelial cancer of the thyroid gland. Tumori, 1990, Aug-31, Volume: 76, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Carcinoma; Cricetinae; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans	1990
[Environmental antithyroid chemicals]. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Hygiene und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1988, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Environmental Pollutants; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine	1988
Goiter and iodine deficiency in Europe. The European Thyroid Association report as updated in 1988. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 1989, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Europe; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine	1989
Iodine deficiency disorders in Europe. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1989, Volume: 67, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Europe; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Infant, Newborn	1989
The impact of iodine deficiency on human resource development. Progress in food & nutrition science, 1989, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Developing Countries; Efficiency; Goiter, Endemic; Human Development; Humans; Iodine; Risk Factors;	1989
[Current aspects of the autoimmune thyroiditis problem]. Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 1985, Volume: 57, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Chromosome Aberrations; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Goiter, Nodular; Graves	1985
[Therapy of endemic struma]. Der Internist, 1988, Volume: 29, Issue:8 Topics: Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Thyroid Function Tests	1988
[The role of goitrogenic factors distinct from iodine deficiency in the etiology of goiter]. Annales d'endocrinologie, 1988, Volume: 49, Issue:4-5 Topics: Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Lithium; Thiocyanates	1988
[Treatment of endemic and sporadic goiter]. Annales d'endocrinologie, 1988, Volume: 49, Issue:4-5 Topics: Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Thyroid Hormones	1988
Endemic goitre and iodine deficiency disorders--aetiology, epidemiology and treatment. Bailliere's clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1988, Volume: 2, Issue:3 Topics: Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine	1988
Biocultural belief and iodine prophylaxis. Social science & medicine (1982), 1988, Volume: 27, Issue:6 Topics: Congenital Hypothyroidism; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Risk Factors;	1988
[Relation between endemic goiter and cancer of the thyroid]. Revista clinica espanola, 1987, Volume: 181, Issue:7 Topics: Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Male; Thyroid Neoplasms	1987
[Therapy of iodine-deficiency goiter]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1986, Nov-21, Volume: 111, Issue:47 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Sodium Chloride; Sodium	1986
[Clinical position regarding nodular thyroid pathology]. Medicina clinica, 1985, Feb-23, Volume: 84, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Goiter, Nodular; H	1985
Iodine metabolism in endemic goitre. Annals of clinical research, 1972, Volume: 4, Issue:2 Topics: Female; Food; Goiter, Endemic; Greece; Humans; Iodine; Kidney; Male; Pregnancy; Soil; Thyroid Functi	1972
The cytophysiology of thyroid cells. International review of cytology, 1974, Volume: 38, Issue:0 Topics: Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Basement Membrane; Cell Membrane; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasmic Granules; D	1974
Endemic goiter in Southeast Asia. New clothes on an old body. Annals of internal medicine, 1973, Volume: 78, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Afghanistan; Aged; Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Child; Child, Preschool; Congenit	1973
Iodide goiter and the pharmacologic effects of excess iodide. The American journal of medicine, 1969, Volume: 47, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Child; Female; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Graves Dis	1969
Dietary iodine and goiter in Ceylon. Nutrition reviews, 1969, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cooking; Diet; Drug Stability; Female; Food Analysis; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Huma	1969
The etiology of endemic cretinism. Nutrition reviews, 1971, Volume: 29, Issue:10 Topics: Blood Proteins; Child, Preschool; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Goiter, En	1971
Some recent developments in the physiology of the thyroid gland. Ergebnisse der Physiologie, biologischen Chemie und experimentellen Pharmakologie, 1972, Volume: 65 Topics: Animals; Cyclic AMP; Deafness; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Graves Disease; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Iodine;	1972
Water-borne goitrogens and their role in the etiology of endemic goiter. World review of nutrition and dietetics, 1973, Volume: 17 Topics: Animals; Child; Colombia; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Iodine	1973
[Triiodothyronine, physiological, physiopathological and clinical importance (comprehensive review)]. Vnitrni lekarstvi, 1973, Volume: 19, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Male; Protein Bindi	1973
[Iodine induced thyrotoxicosis]. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja, 1974, Volume: 90, Issue:1 Topics: Goiter, Endemic; Graves Disease; Humans; Iodine; Thyroid Gland	1974
[Recent studies on goiter in Spain]. Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950), 1969, Jun-20, Volume: 111, Issue:25 Topics: Adult; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine;	1969
Iodine fortification and thyrotoxicosis. Nutrition reviews, 1970, Volume: 28, Issue:8 Topics: Australia; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Infant	1970

Article	Year
Iodized oil as a complement to iodized salt in schoolchildren in endemic goiter in Romania. Hormone research, 2002, Volume: 58, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodide Peroxidase; Iodine; Iodized Oil; Male; Ro	2002
Three-year survey of effects of iodized oil injection in schoolchildren with iodine deficiency disorders. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 2002, Volume: 110, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Data Collection; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Goiter, Endemic; Hormones; Humans; Io	2002
[Optimal recurrence prevention of iodine deficiency related goiter after thyroid gland operation. A prospective clinical study]. Der Internist, 2003, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Goiter,	2003
The relationship between iron status and thyroid hormones in adolescents living in an iodine deficient area. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM, 2004, Volume: 17, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Anemia; Child; Comorbidity; Endemic Diseases; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Hemoglobins; Huma	2004
Treatment of iodine deficiency in school-age children increases insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-3 concentrations and improves somatic growth. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2007, Volume: 92, Issue:2 Topics: Albania; Child; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Growth Disorders; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Bindin	2007
Treatment of iodine deficiency in school-age children increases insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-3 concentrations and improves somatic growth. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2007, Volume: 92, Issue:2 Topics: Albania; Child; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Growth Disorders; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Bindin	2007
Treatment of iodine deficiency in school-age children increases insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-3 concentrations and improves somatic growth. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2007, Volume: 92, Issue:2 Topics: Albania; Child; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Growth Disorders; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Bindin	2007
Treatment of iodine deficiency in school-age children increases insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein-3 concentrations and improves somatic growth. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2007, Volume: 92, Issue:2 Topics: Albania; Child; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Growth Disorders; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Bindin	2007
Iodine nutritional status among school children in selected areas of Howrah District in West Bengal, India. Journal of tropical pediatrics, 2008, Volume: 54, Issue:1 Topics: Age Distribution; Child; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; India; Iodine; Male; Nutritional Status; P	2008
Dual fortification of salt with iron and iodine in women and children in rural Ghana. East African medical journal, 2007, Volume: 84, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Child; Female; Food, Fortified; Ghana; Goiter, Endemic;	2007
[The results of the "tiromobil" epidemiological trial of pregnant women in the Russian Federation]. Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2008, Volume: 80, Issue:2 Topics: Calorimetry; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Potassium Iodide; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complic	2008
The effects of oral iodized oil on intelligence, thyroid status, and somatic growth in school-age children from an area of endemic goiter. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1982, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Age Factors; Child; Child Development; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Intell	1982
The effect of varying doses of oral iodized oil in the prophylaxis of endemic goitre in elementary schools children. Ethiopian medical journal, 1995, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Food, Fortified; Goiter, Endem	1995
[Prevalence of endemic goiter in the north western region of Tunisia--1993]. La Tunisie medicale, 1994, Volume: 72, Issue:12 Topics: Child; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Male; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Tunisia	1994
Compliance of population groups of iodine fortification in an endemic area of goiter in northeast Thailand. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 1994, Volume: 77, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Male; Middle Aged;	1994
The effect of treatment with levothyroxine or iodine on thyroid size and thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins in endemic goitre patients. Clinical endocrinology, 1993, Volume: 39, Issue:3 Topics: Antibodies; Autoantibodies; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating; I	1993
Goiter incidence in region of Katowice in relation to iodine deficiency and iodine prophylaxis (Katowice coordinating center). Endokrynologia Polska, 1993, Volume: 44, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Incidence; Iodine; Male; Poland; Urban Health	1993
[Therapy of euthyroid iron deficiency goiter. Effectiveness of a combination of L-thyroxine and 150 micrograms iodine in comparison with mono-L-thyroxine]. Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany : 1983), 1996, Aug-15, Volume: 91, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therap	1996
[Treatment of euthyroid struma. Comparable volume reduction with 400 micrograms iodine, 100 micrograms levothyroxine combined with 100 micrograms iodine or individually dosed levothyroxine]. Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany : 1983), 1997, Feb-15, Volume: 92, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Euthyroid Sick Syndromes; Female	1997
[Effectiveness of using processed cheese enriched with iodine in the prevention of endemic goiter]. Voprosy pitaniia, 1997, Issue:1 Topics: Cheese; Food, Fortified; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Students	1997
Iodised rapeseed oil for eradication of severe endemic goitre. Lancet (London, England), 1997, Nov-22, Volume: 350, Issue:9090 Topics: Adult; Brassica; Chad; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; I	1997
Efficacy of different types of iodised oil. Lancet (London, England), 1998, Mar-07, Volume: 351, Issue:9104 Topics: Arachis; Brassica; Child; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Indone	1998
[Combination therapy of endemic goiter with two different thyroxine/iodine combinations]. Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine, 1998, Volume: 37, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hyperthyroidis	1998
Influence of dietary habits on thyroid status of a nomadic people, the Bororo shepherds, roaming a central African region affected by severe iodine deficiency. European journal of endocrinology, 1998, Volume: 138, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Central; Age Distribution; Child; Feeding Behavior; Female; Goiter, Endem	1998
[Bioequivalence of a combination of levothyroxine and iodine in comparison with levothyroxine only. A controlled double-blind study of bioavailability]. Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany : 1983), 1998, Jul-15, Volume: 93, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biological Availability; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Goiter,	1998
Urinary iodine excretion as a predictor of the iodine content of breast milk. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 1999, Volume: 82, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Breast Feeding; Chi-Square Distribution; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Infant;	1999
[Iodine therapy for iodine deficiency goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis. A prospective study]. Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany : 1983), 1999, Nov-15, Volume: 94, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans;	1999
Short-term effectiveness of mandatory iodization of table salt, at an elevated iodine concentration, on the iodine and goiter status of schoolchildren with endemic goiter. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2000, Volume: 71, Issue:1 Topics: Child; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Iodine Compounds; Prevalence; Severity of Illness Index; Sod	2000
Persistence of goiter despite oral iodine supplementation in goitrous children with iron deficiency anemia in Côte d'Ivoire. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2000, Volume: 71, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Child; Cote d'Ivoire; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans	2000
[Statistical analysis in the evaluation of controlled diffusion of iodine in the water in developing countries]. Medecine tropicale : revue du Corps de sante colonial, 2000, Volume: 60, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Analysis of Variance; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Developing Countrie	2000
[Comparison of the effectiveness of two different dosages of levothyroxine-iodide combinations for the therapy of euthyroid diffuse goiter]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2001, Mar-02, Volume: 126, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Germany; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodid	2001
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid in an area of endemic goitre: influence of restored sufficient iodine supplementation on the clinical significance of cytological results. European journal of endocrinology, 2002, Volume: 146, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular; Child; Diet; Female; Goit	2002
Treatment of iron deficiency in goitrous children improves the efficacy of iodized salt in Côte d'Ivoire. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2002, Volume: 75, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Child; Child, Preschool; Cote d'Ivoire; Double-Blind Method; Fe	2002
Efficacy of low oral doses of iodized oil in the control of iodine deficiency in Zaire. The New England journal of medicine, 1992, Jan-23, Volume: 326, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Democratic Republic of the Congo;	1992
Iodine deficiency--the next target for elimination? The New England journal of medicine, 1992, Jan-23, Volume: 326, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Iodized Oil	1992
Course of thyroid iodine concentration during treatment of endemic goitre with iodine and a combination of iodine and levothyroxine. Acta endocrinologica, 1991, Volume: 125, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fluorescenc	1991
[Evolution of endemic goiter in Malian women and children after a year of enrichment of drinking water with iodine using diffusers made of silicone]. Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990), 1991, Volume: 84, Issue:5 Pt 5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Diffusion; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Infant; Iodi	1991
Treatment of endemic goitre due to iodine deficiency with iodine, levothyroxine or both: results of a multicentre trial. European journal of clinical investigation, 1989, Volume: 19, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Male; Middle	1989
A controlled trial of iodinated oil for the prevention of endemic cretinism: a long-term follow-up. International journal of epidemiology, 1987, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Dou	1987
[Therapy of endemic goiter with levothyroxine and iodide. A multicenter study]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1988, Mar-04, Volume: 113, Issue:9 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Potassium Iodi	1988
Thyroid function after surgery for autonomous and non-autonomous nodular endemic goitre--effect of iodide-substitution. Klinische Wochenschrift, 1985, Sep-02, Volume: 63, Issue:17 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Combined Modality Therapy; Goiter, Endemic; Goiter, Nodular; Humans; Iodin	1985
Effect of thiocyanate levels in milk on thyroid function in iodine deficient subjects. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1985, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Cattle; Female; Food Preservation; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Male; Milk;	1985
Therapy of endemic goitre: controlled study on the effect of iodine and thyroxine. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 1985, Volume: 17, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Diiodotyrosine; Double-Blind Method; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Thyrotropin	1985
Prophylaxis and treatment of endemic goiter in Peru with iodized oil. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1969, Volume: 29, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Altitude; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Depression, Chemical	1969
Prophylaxis and treatment of endemic goiter with iodized oil in rural Ecuador and Peru. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1969, Volume: 22, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Proteins; Child; Child, Preschool; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Deficiency Di	1969
The optimal program for prophylaxis of endemic goiter with iodized oil. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1972, Volume: 30 Topics: Absorption; Adipose Tissue; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography; Cli	1972
The epidemiology, pathogenesis and control of endemic goitre and cretinism in New Guinea. The New Zealand medical journal, 1974, Dec-11, Volume: 80, Issue:529 Topics: Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine;	1974

iodine and Endemic Goiter

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (1,036)

Authors

Clinical Trials (8)

Trial Overview

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies

Authors	Studies
Troshina, EA	2
Platonova, NM	2
Makolina, NP	1
Belovalova, IM	1
Senyushkina, ES	1
Melnichenko, GA	1
Dedov, II	3
Yakubouski, SU	1
Kandratsenka, HH	1
Salko, OB	1
Kuz'menkova, EI	1
Sasidharan Pillai, S	1
Quintos, JB	1
Pearce, EN	2
Zimmermann, MB	8
Giordano, C	1
Barone, I	1
Marsico, S	1
Bruno, R	1
Bonofiglio, D	1
Catalano, S	1
Andò, S	2
Weichenberger, CX	1
Rivera, MT	1
Vanderpas, J	5
Singh, LH	2
Chandra, AK	10
Yumnam, SD	1
Sarkar, D	1
Manglem, RK	1
Dhabali, T	1
Mookerjee, S	1
Ray, I	2
Popova, EV	1
Tinkov, AA	1
Ajsuvakova, OP	1
Skalnaya, MG	1
Skalny, AV	2
Ahmad, D	1
Shabbir, H	1