Page last updated: 2024-10-18

iodine and Cardiovascular Diseases

iodine has been researched along with Cardiovascular Diseases in 54 studies

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..

Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Review of available literature and experience supports a recommended daily iodine intake of 150 microg for adults, 200 microg during pregnancy, 50 microg for the first year of life, 90 microg for ages 1 to 6, and 120 microg for ages 7 to 12."8.80The prevention and management of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and its cardiac features. ( Delange, F; Dunn, JT; Semigran, MJ, 1998)
"Chronic iodine deficiency (ID) increases thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations and produces a thyroid hormone pattern consistent with subclinical hypothyroidism (ScH)."7.75Iodine treatment in children with subclinical hypothyroidism due to chronic iodine deficiency decreases thyrotropin and C-peptide concentrations and improves the lipid profile. ( Aeberli, I; Bridson, J; Chaouki, N; Grimci, L; Jooste, PL; Mbhenyane, X; Melse-Boonstra, A; Zimmermann, MB, 2009)
" 42 patients with cardiovascular disease (mean age 65 +/- 13 yr, 16 males) were investigated if iodine insufficiency can play a role as a risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases."7.70[Iodine deficiency in cardiovascular diseases]. ( Magyari, M; Molnár, I; Stief, L, 1998)
"Review of available literature and experience supports a recommended daily iodine intake of 150 microg for adults, 200 microg during pregnancy, 50 microg for the first year of life, 90 microg for ages 1 to 6, and 120 microg for ages 7 to 12."4.80The prevention and management of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and its cardiac features. ( Delange, F; Dunn, JT; Semigran, MJ, 1998)
"Based on iodine deficiency in Germany autonomous functioning nodules develop and are loaded with the risk of hyperthyroidism."4.80Evaluation of risk in autonomously functioning thyroid nodules. ( Mann, K, 1998)
" Amiodarone induced hypothyroidism is treated with levothyroxine and amiodarone taking is not interrupted."3.96Pharmacologically induced thyreopathy in patients with cardiovascular disease. ( Brutvan, T; Ježková, J; Krátký, J, 2020)
"Chronic iodine deficiency (ID) increases thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations and produces a thyroid hormone pattern consistent with subclinical hypothyroidism (ScH)."3.75Iodine treatment in children with subclinical hypothyroidism due to chronic iodine deficiency decreases thyrotropin and C-peptide concentrations and improves the lipid profile. ( Aeberli, I; Bridson, J; Chaouki, N; Grimci, L; Jooste, PL; Mbhenyane, X; Melse-Boonstra, A; Zimmermann, MB, 2009)
" 42 patients with cardiovascular disease (mean age 65 +/- 13 yr, 16 males) were investigated if iodine insufficiency can play a role as a risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases."3.70[Iodine deficiency in cardiovascular diseases]. ( Magyari, M; Molnár, I; Stief, L, 1998)
"Thyroid disease and metabolic syndrome are both associated with cardiovascular disease."1.51The Relationship between Thyroid Function and Different Obesity Phenotypes in Korean Euthyroid Adults. ( Jeon, YK; Kim, BH; Kim, EH; Kim, IJ; Kim, JH; Kim, JM; Kim, M; Kim, SS; Kim, YK; Lee, H, 2019)

Research

Studies (54)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199026 (48.15)18.7374
1990's5 (9.26)18.2507
2000's8 (14.81)29.6817
2010's11 (20.37)24.3611
2020's4 (7.41)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Allphin, AJ1
Mahzarnia, A1
Clark, DP1
Qi, Y1
Han, ZY1
Bhandari, P1
Ghaghada, KB1
Badea, A1
Badea, CT1
D'Elia, L1
Obreja, G1
Ciobanu, A1
Breda, J1
Jewell, J1
Cappuccio, FP1
Brutvan, T1
Krátký, J1
Ježková, J1
Kikano, EG1
Rajdev, M1
Salem, KZ1
Laukamp, K1
Felice, CD1
Gilkeson, RC1
Gupta, A1
Wang, X1
Xian, T1
Zhang, L1
Jia, X1
Man, F1
Liu, L1
Zhang, J1
Zhang, X1
Yu, D1
Sun, L1
Zhou, Q1
Pan, Q1
Guo, L1
Kim, JM1
Kim, BH1
Lee, H1
Kim, EH1
Kim, M1
Kim, JH1
Jeon, YK1
Kim, SS1
Kim, IJ1
Kim, YK1
Azizi, F1
Amouzegar, A1
Delshad, H1
Tohidi, M1
Mehran, L1
Mehrabi, Y1
Salerno, M1
Capalbo, D1
Cerbone, M1
De Luca, F1
Nau, JY1
Alissa, EM1
Ahmed, WH1
Al-ama, N1
Ferns, GA1
Duarte, GC1
Tomimori, EK1
Camargo, RY1
Rubio, IG1
Wajngarten, M1
Rodrigues, AG1
Knobel, M1
Medeiros-Neto, G1
Zimmermann, MB1
Aeberli, I1
Melse-Boonstra, A1
Grimci, L1
Bridson, J1
Chaouki, N1
Mbhenyane, X1
Jooste, PL1
Schenk, M1
Soldin, OP1
Pearce, EN1
Stagnaro-Green, A1
Legetic, B1
Campbell, N1
Basu, S1
Stuckler, D1
Vellakkal, S1
Ebrahim, S1
Al-Attas, OS1
Al-Daghri, NM1
Alkharfy, KM1
Alokail, MS1
Al-Johani, NJ1
Abd-Alrahman, SH1
Yakout, SM1
Draz, HM1
Sabico, S1
CESARMAN, T1
RIBE, A1
DUNCKER, RE1
HACKMACK, V1
ALLISON, HW1
BLISS, TL1
MUNDINGER, F1
PHILIPP, K1
UMBACH, W1
SCHEID, H1
VIDA, F1
SCHOEN, D1
MARMORSTON, J1
HOFFMAN, O1
SOBEL, H1
STARR, P1
BAUER, FK1
MUGLER, FR1
LIEBERMAN, VW1
WESTERGART, JP1
PABST, HW1
CHIAVERINI, P1
DALLI, G1
STERNBERG, J1
AZAR, GJ1
LESHCHINSKII, AF1
KALIUZHNYI, IT1
MASON, DT1
FRYE, RL1
WAGNER, HN1
BIRKHILL, FR1
CORRIGAN, KE1
HAYDEN, HS1
Valentino, R1
Savastano, S1
Tommaselli, AP1
Di Biase, S1
Calvanese, E1
Carbone, D1
Dorato, M1
Orio, F1
Lupoli, G1
Lombardi, G1
YERA PARRA, M1
Dissanayake, C1
Hoption Cann, SA1
Masironi, R1
Shaper, AG1
McNamara, DJ1
Mistretta, CA1
Crummy, AB1
Dunn, JT1
Semigran, MJ1
Delange, F1
Molnár, I1
Magyari, M1
Stief, L1
Mann, K1
Matulessy, PF1
Asumi, R1
Thamrin, MH1
Angeles, TI1
Kariadi, D1
Canigiani, G1
Zorin, PM1
Bastenie, PA1
Ectors, M1
Thys, JP1
Vanhaelst, L1
Guinet, P1
Bory, RM1
Testa, S1
Häsänen, E1
Warembourg, H1
Delomez, M1
Seki, Y1
Nakashima, D1
Shiraishi, Y1
Ryuzaki, T1
Ikura, H1
Miura, K1
Suzuki, M1
Watanabe, T1
Nagura, T1
Matsumato, M1
Nakamura, M1
Sato, K1
Fukuda, K1
Katsumata, Y1
Franz, KB1
Bailey, SM1
Davies, S1
McLaren Howard, J1
Hunnisett, A1
Howard, M1

Reviews

8 reviews available for iodine and Cardiovascular Diseases

ArticleYear
Utility of Iodine Density Perfusion Maps From Dual-Energy Spectral Detector CT in Evaluating Cardiothoracic Conditions: A Primer for the Radiologist.
    AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 2020, Volume: 214, Issue:4

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Contrast Media; Humans; Iodine; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer

2020
Subclinical hypothyroidism in childhood - current knowledge and open issues.
    Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2016, Volume: 12, Issue:12

    Topics: Anticonvulsants; Antiviral Agents; Asymptomatic Diseases; Atherosclerosis; Bone Diseases, Metabolic;

2016
Hypothesis: dietary iodine intake in the etiology of cardiovascular disease.
    Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2006, Volume: 25, Issue:1

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Hypertension; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Sodium Chlor

2006
Epidemiological studies of health effects of water from different sources.
    Annual review of nutrition, 1981, Volume: 1

    Topics: Cadmium; Calcium; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chromium; Climate; Fluorine; Humans; Iodine; Lithium; Mag

1981
The prevention and management of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and its cardiac features.
    Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 1998, Volume: 8, Issue:1

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine; Pregnancy; Preventive Medicine

1998
Evaluation of risk in autonomously functioning thyroid nodules.
    Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 1998, Volume: 106 Suppl 4

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Goiter, Nodular; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine; Osteoporosis; Risk Factor

1998
[Iodine-bromide waters and their therapeutic application].
    Sovetskaia meditsina, 1974, Volume: 37, Issue:3

    Topics: Arthritis; Balneology; Baths; Bromides; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Gastroin

1974
[Spontaneous hypothyroidism after 50].
    Problemes actuels d'endocrinologie et de nutrition, 1973, Volume: SERIE 17

    Topics: Aged; Aging; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cerebellar Ataxia; Coma; Female; Humans; Hyponatremia; Hypothy

1973

Trials

1 trial available for iodine and Cardiovascular Diseases

ArticleYear
A novel device for detecting anaerobic threshold using sweat lactate during exercise.
    Scientific reports, 2021, 03-02, Volume: 11, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anaerobic Threshold; Cardiovascular Diseases; Exercise Test; Female; Humans; Lactic Aci

2021

Other Studies

45 other studies available for iodine and Cardiovascular Diseases

ArticleYear
Advanced photon counting CT imaging pipeline for cardiac phenotyping of apolipoprotein E mouse models.
    PloS one, 2023, Volume: 18, Issue:10

    Topics: Animals; Apolipoprotein E2; Apolipoprotein E3; Apolipoprotein E4; Apolipoproteins E; Cardiovascular

2023
Sodium, Potassium and Iodine Intake, in A National Adult Population Sample of the Republic of Moldova.
    Nutrients, 2019, Nov-28, Volume: 11, Issue:12

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Creatinine; Data Collection; Diet; Female; Food An

2019
Pharmacologically induced thyreopathy in patients with cardiovascular disease.
    Vnitrni lekarstvi, 2020,Winter, Volume: 65, Issue:12

    Topics: Amiodarone; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism

2020
Associations between urinary iodine concentration, lipid profile and other cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: a cross-sectional, population-based analysis.
    The British journal of nutrition, 2019, Volume: 121, Issue:9

    Topics: Adolescent; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dyslipidemias; Fema

2019
The Relationship between Thyroid Function and Different Obesity Phenotypes in Korean Euthyroid Adults.
    Diabetes & metabolism journal, 2019, Volume: 43, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Iodi

2019
[Expert consensus of contrast applying in cardiovascular disease in 2012].
    Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi, 2013, Volume: 41, Issue:2

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Contrast Media; Humans; Iodine; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Retrospective

2013
Natural course of thyroid disease profile in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran Thyroid Study.
    Archives of Iranian medicine, 2013, Volume: 16, Issue:7

    Topics: Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Humans; Iodine; Iran; Life Style; Lipids; Middle Aged; Risk Fa

2013
[Not Available].
    Revue medicale suisse, 2016, Jun-08, Volume: 12, Issue:522

    Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Alcoholism; Antidepressive Agents; Autistic Disorder; Cardiovascular Di

2016
Selenium status and cardiovascular risk profile in healthy adult Saudi males.
    Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2008, Dec-31, Volume: 14, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Erythrocytes; Gl

2008
The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in elderly cardiology patients with mild excessive iodine intake in the urban area of São Paulo.
    Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 2009, Volume: 64, Issue:2

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brazil; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cities; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; H

2009
Iodine treatment in children with subclinical hypothyroidism due to chronic iodine deficiency decreases thyrotropin and C-peptide concentrations and improves the lipid profile.
    Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2009, Volume: 19, Issue:10

    Topics: Adolescent; C-Peptide; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Hypothyroid

2009
[Iodine and folic acid in food: prevention or paternalism?].
    Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2009, Volume: 134, Issue:31-32

    Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Food, Fortified; Heart Defects, Congenital; Hu

2009
Dietary salt reductions and cardiovascular disease.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2010, Jun-10, Volume: 362, Issue:23

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Iodine; Maternal Nutritional Phy

2010
Reducing salt intake in the Americas: Pan American Health Organization actions.
    Journal of health communication, 2011, Volume: 16 Suppl 2

    Topics: Argentina; Brazil; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chile; Food Industry; Food, Formulated; Food, Fortified;

2011
Dietary salt reduction and cardiovascular disease rates in India: a mathematical model.
    PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; India; Iodine; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biol

2012
Urinary iodine is associated with insulin resistance in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2.
    Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 2012, Volume: 120, Issue:10

    Topics: Adipokines; Adolescent; Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dia

2012
[Iodine bound to blood proteins, its determination and its application].
    Archivos del Instituto de Cardiologia de Mexico, 1953, Volume: 23, Issue:2

    Topics: Biophysical Phenomena; Blood; Blood Proteins; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Diag

1953
Protein-bound blood iodine in cardiovascular disease.
    Annals of internal medicine, 1953, Volume: 39, Issue:2

    Topics: Blood; Cardiovascular Diseases; Hematologic Diseases; Iodine

1953
[Value and applicability of radioactive clearance methods for evaluation of peripheral circulatory disorders].
    Arztliche Forschung, 1954, Dec-10, Volume: 8, Issue:12

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Radioactivity;

1954
[Iodine therapy in the light of veritol test].
    Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 1955, Aug-19, Volume: 67, Issue:33

    Topics: Balneology; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Iodine; Methamphetamine; Surgical Procedures, Operative

1955
[The treatment of peripheral blood circulation disorders with special reference to the radioiodine resorption test].
    Die Medizinische, 1955, Sep-24, Issue:39

    Topics: Acetylcholine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Hematologic Diseases; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Parasymp

1955
Urinary estrogen and serum protein-bound iodine levels, in a group of postmenopausal women with and without myocardial infarction.
    Minnesota medicine, 1955, Volume: 38, Issue:11

    Topics: Blood Proteins; Cardiovascular Diseases; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Io

1955
Clearance of radioactive iodine from the lower extremities of patients with myocardial infarction.
    The American journal of the medical sciences, 1956, Volume: 232, Issue:1

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Humans; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lower Extremit

1956
[Research with radioactive iodine in diagnosis and therapeutic control of circulation disorders in diabetes mellitus].
    Helvetica medica acta, 1957, Volume: 24, Issue:4

    Topics: Blood Circulation; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Iodin

1957
[Changes in serum cholesterol and lipoproteins during iodine therapy].
    Minerva medica, 1958, Sep-12, Volume: 49, Issue:73

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Humans; Iodine; Lipoproteins

1958
[Use of radioiodine in cardiology].
    L'union medicale du Canada, 1959, Volume: 88

    Topics: Cardiology; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Humans; Iodine; Iodine

1959
THE SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE LEVEL IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
    Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1965, Volume: 13

    Topics: Acute Disease; Blood Proteins; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Iodine; Myocardial Infarction; Thyro

1965
[Radioactive iodine in the diagnosis and therapy of cardiovascular diseases].
    Klinicheskaia meditsina, 1960, Volume: 38

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes

1960
[Use of I-131 for the examination of functional conditions of the thyroid gland in diseases of the cardiovascular system and digestive organs].
    Medical radiology, 1962, Volume: 7

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cardiovascular System; Gastroentero

1962
Radioisotope scanning of the precordial distribution of iodide in patients with myocardial infarction.
    Circulation, 1961, Volume: 24

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Iodides; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Myocardial Infarction; Radio

1961
The metabolism of radioactive iodine (I131) in patients with cardiac disease.
    The American journal of roentgenology, radium therapy, and nuclear medicine, 1952, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Humans; Iodides; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Radioactivit

1952
Screening a coastal population in Southern Italy: iodine deficiency and prevalence of goitre, nutritional aspects and cardiovascular risk factors.
    Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2004, Volume: 14, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet, Mediterranean; Female; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Humans;

2004
[On the efficacy of iodine and its compounds in cardiovascular syphilis].
    Medicamenta, 1949, Dec-10, Volume: 7, Issue:174

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Iodides; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Syphilis, Cardiovascular

1949
Global Voices of Science. Of stones and health: medical geology in Sri Lanka.
    Science (New York, N.Y.), 2005, Aug-05, Volume: 309, Issue:5736

    Topics: Aluminum Silicates; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clay; Environment; Fluorides; Fluorosis, Denta

2005
Diet and hyperlipidemia: a justifiable debate.
    Archives of internal medicine, 1982, Volume: 142, Issue:6

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Dietary Fats; Evaluation Studies as Topi

1982
Diagnosis of cardiovascular disease by digital subtraction angiography.
    Science (New York, N.Y.), 1981, Nov-13, Volume: 214, Issue:4522

    Topics: Angiocardiography; Angiography; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Iodine

1981
[Iodine deficiency in cardiovascular diseases].
    Orvosi hetilap, 1998, Aug-30, Volume: 139, Issue:35

    Topics: Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Iodine; Male; Middle Aged

1998
Nutrition situation in metropolitan Jakarta.
    The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 1992, Volume: 23 Suppl 3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia, Hypochromic; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Chi

1992
[Incidents with contrast media].
    Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1970, Aug-15, Volume: 120, Issue:33

    Topics: Adult; Angiocardiography; Angiography; Calcium; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Cholangiography; Con

1970
[Hyperthyroidism in patients over 65 years].
    Problemes actuels d'endocrinologie et de nutrition, 1973, Volume: SERIE 17

    Topics: Achilles Tendon; Aged; Aging; Autoantibodies; Basal Metabolism; Body Weight; Bone Diseases; Cardiova

1973
[Role of resuscitation in incidents due to iodine contrast media].
    Minerva anestesiologica, 1974, Volume: 40, Issue:4

    Topics: Anaphylaxis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Contrast Media; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Iodine; Kid

1974
Iodine content of drinking water and diseases of the circulatory system.
    Annales medicinae experimentalis et biologiae Fenniae, 1970, Volume: 48, Issue:2

    Topics: Bromine; Calcium; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chlorine; Finland; Fluorine; Food Analysis; Humans; Iodin

1970
[Sodium iodoheparinate; its value in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases].
    Lille medical : journal de la Faculte de medecine et de pharmacie de l'Universite de Lille, 1967, Volume: 12, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticoagulants; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Heparin; Humans; Iodine; Male; Middle

1967
Geographical variations in heart deaths and diabetes: effect of climate and a possible relationship to magnesium.
    Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2004, Volume: 23, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Cardiovascular Diseases; Climate; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Geography;

2004
Age-related decreases in chromium levels in 51,665 hair, sweat, and serum samples from 40,872 patients--implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus.
    Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1997, Volume: 46, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool;

1997