interleukin-8 and Temporomandibular-Joint-Disorders

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a type of idiopathic orofacial pain. Inflammation, particularly elevated circulating levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8), has been linked to pain symptoms. The purpose of this study was to compare hs-CRP, IL-6, and IL-8 biomarkers and pain intensity with different treatment strategies (LLLT, standard conservative treatment, and combination) for TMD patients.. A total of 32 participants were randomly included in the study and divided into three groups (Group I, Group II, and Group III) referred from the Dental Clinic, School of Dental Science, HUSM. Patients received LLLT (Groups II and III) in five sessions for the duration of 10 days. Patients in Groups I and III received standard conservative TMD treatment (diet and stress counseling, jaw exercises, physical therapy, which was a hot towel application) by the principal investigator. All blood samples for biomarkers were performed before starting treatments and directly after finishing the treatment protocols, where all results were recorded.. The result showed a significant difference in the mean IL-8 (. A statistically non-significant difference was found in hs-CRP and IL-6 before and after LLLT, conservative, and combined treatment strategies of TMD. A statistically significant difference was observed in the mean levels of IL-8 between the LLLT intervention group and the combined treatment group. Although there was no statistically significant correlation between pain intensity and biomarkers, a statistically significant difference was found in pain intensity before and after LLLT, conservative, and combined treatment strategies. TMJ degeneration could be exacerbated by elevated IL-8 levels. Thus, this can be an important biomarker to mark or identify the painful condition of TMJ.

Topics: Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Conservative Treatment; Facial Pain; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Low-Level Light Therapy; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Treatment Outcome

Our aim was to explore important inflammatory mediators for synovial chondromatosis in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) by analysing synovial fluid. Samples were collected from 10 patients with unilateral synovial chondromatosis of the TMJ. Control samples were obtained from 11 subjects with no symptoms in the TMJ. Concentrations of aggrecan, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A were measured in the samples of synovial fluid, and the results in the two groups compared. The tissues from the affected TMJ were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Of the proteins evaluated, the concentrations of aggrecan, IL-6, and VEGF-A were significantly higher in the group with synovial chondromatosis. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that the synovial cells around the osteocartilaginous nodules were vigorously expressing VEGF-A. IL-6 and VEGF-A are thought to have important roles in the pathology of synovial chondromatosis of the TMJ.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aggrecans; Arthroscopy; Chondromatosis, Synovial; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-5; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Joint Loose Bodies; Male; Middle Aged; Proteins; Synovial Fluid; Synovial Membrane; Temporomandibular Joint; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Therapeutic Irrigation; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Up-Regulation; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

The purpose of this study was to compare the cytokine profiles of the synovial fluid from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) spaces of normal individuals and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients. Thirty-four patients with planned orthognathic surgery did not present abnormalities of the TMJ on magnetic resonance images and radiographs and did not show the symptoms identified by the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC-TMD); as a result, they were assigned to the control group. Twenty-two patients who sought treatment for TMD during the same period were assigned to the TMD group. Synovial fluid was collected from superior TMJ spaces, and cytokine expression was analysed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Significant differences were tested using Fisher's exact test (p<0.05). Granulocyte Macrophage Colony stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), interferon (INF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected in the TMD group, whereas no cytokines were detected in the control group. The most prevalent cytokines in the TMD group were IL-1β, IL-6 and GM-CSF. IL-4 and IL-5 were not detected in either the TMD group or in the control group. None of the cytokines that were detected in patients with TMD were found in the articular spaces of normal individuals.

Topics: Adult; Arthralgia; Cytokines; Female; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-5; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Joint Dislocations; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Paracentesis; Synovial Fluid; Temporomandibular Joint; Temporomandibular Joint Disc; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult

The objectives of this study were to assay interleukin 8 (IL-8) in synovial tissues of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with symptomatic internal derangement, and to assess its relationship with clinical variables.. Forty-six joints in 44 patients were examined using an immunohistochemical technique. As controls, 8 joints in 7 subjects with habitual dislocation without pain were also examined.. IL-8 was expressed mainly in the blood vessels beneath the lining cells in 37 of the 46 joints (80%) with internal derangement and in 2 of the 8 control joints. The percentage of IL-8-positive cells was significantly higher in the internal derangement group than in the control group (P = .004). The percentage of IL-8-positive cells showed no correlation with joint pain or number of infiltrating cells.. IL-8 was up-regulated in inflamed synovial tissues in patients with internal derangement. Because IL-8 has no significant correlation with clinical variables, IL-8 may play a secondary role in the pathogenesis of the internal derangement of the TMJ.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Humans; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Synovial Fluid; Temporomandibular Joint Disc; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Compressive stress may be involved in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) synovitis, but its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that mechanical stress to the synovial cells of the TMJ potentially causes degenerative changes in temporomandibular joint disease. We examined the effect of cyclic compressive loading on three-dimensionally engineered constructs using human TMJ synovium-derived cells in vitro. Human TMJ synovium-derived cells were cultured onto collagen scaffolds, resulting in three-dimensional constructs. Cyclic compression loading was applied to the constructs by means of a custom-designed apparatus. DNA amount, apoptotic cells, and mRNA levels for inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. The protein expression and activity of MMPs were examined. DNA amount or apoptotic cell number was unchanged by loading. MMP-2, -3, and IL-8 mRNA expression was up-regulated by the compression, and both MMP-1 and -3 protein expression and MMP-2 activity were detected. Thus, compression of human TMJ synovium-derived cells appears to modulate inflammatory cytokines.

Topics: ADAM Proteins; Adult; Apoptosis; Cell Culture Techniques; Cells, Cultured; Collagen; Compressive Strength; Cytokines; Dental Stress Analysis; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-8; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; Middle Aged; Synovial Membrane; Synovitis; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1

This study investigated the correlation of clinical outcomes of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) irrigation with the occurrence and concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-10 in the washed-out synovial fluid (SF) in patients with chronic closed lock (CCL) of the TMJ.. Thirty-six patients underwent a visually guided TMJ irrigation (VGIR). SF samples were collected immediately before VGIR. The patients were divided into either successful (s-group; n = 25) or unsuccessful groups (u-group; n = 11). The detection rates and concentrations of each cytokine per milligram of total protein in the SF were measured, and then compared between the s- and u-groups.. All of the investigated cytokines were detectable with various rates, concentrations, and combination patterns. The detection rate and concentrations of IL-6 were significantly higher in the u-group, and those of IL-10 were significantly higher in the s-group.. The investigated cytokines were suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of TMJ CCL. The results also suggest that IL-6 in the SF is an indicator of an unsuccessful outcome, and that IL-10 is a significant predictor of a successful outcome of TMJ irrigation for CCL.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Arthroscopy; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Joint Dislocations; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Prognosis; Range of Motion, Articular; Statistics, Nonparametric; Synovial Fluid; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Therapeutic Irrigation; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) comprise a group of chronic painful conditions of mastication in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Although the association between TMD and internal derangement of the TMJ is well documented, the functional relevance is still unclear. Increased concentrations of inflammatory mediators have been identified in the synovial fluid of affected patients with TMD, suggesting an underlying degenerative or inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to generate a comprehensive cytokine expression profile in TMD.. 15 samples from patients with internal derangement of TMJ were analysed using a novel cytokine array that enables the analysis of 79 different cytokines simultaneously.. Cytokine levels were correlated with the presence of joint effusion (JE) determined by MRI. In the majority of synovial fluid samples, angiogenin (Ang), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-9, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-3, interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8, inducible protein (IP)-10, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1beta, osteoprotegerin (OPG), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-beta and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detectable. Furthermore, the expression levels of Ang, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), FGF-4, FGF-9, IGFBP-2, IL-8, MIP-1beta, OPG, pulmonary and activation-regulated protein (PARC), TGF-beta2, TIMP-2 and VEGF were significantly associated with the presence of JE; among these, nine cytokines (Ang, BDNF, FGF-4, FGF-9, IGFBP-2, MIP-1beta, PARC, TGF-beta2 and TIMP-2) were hitherto not described in TMD.. This study confirmed previous reports of elevated cytokine levels in TMD. Additionally, we identified previously undescribed cytokines that were upregulated and correlated significantly with the presence of JE. We were able to identify novel cytokines that have hitherto not been described in TMD. Strategies targeting the identified cytokines may represent a novel therapy option in TMD.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Chemokine CCL4; Chemokine CXCL10; Chemokines, CXC; Cytokines; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factor 9; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-1alpha; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoprotegerin; Ribonuclease, Pancreatic; Synovial Fluid; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; Transforming Growth Factor beta2; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Synovitis, which is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells, often accompanies progression of clinical symptoms of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Synovial fibroblasts of the TMJ are believed to play important roles in progression of synovitis. The purpose of this study was to examine production and gene expression of chemokines by synovial fibroblasts stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).. Protein levels of chemokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Gene expression of chemokines was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).. Production of interleukin (IL)-8, growth-related oncogene (GRO)-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) protein by synovial fibroblasts was increased by TNF-alpha. In contrast, stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and -1beta were not detectable in conditioned media of synovial fibroblasts, with or without TNF-alpha treatment. Increases in gene expression of IL-8, GRO-alpha, MCP-1, and RANTES in response to TNF-alpha treatment were detected.. Increased protein production and gene expression of chemokines by synovial fibroblasts in response to TNF-alpha treatment appears to play an important role in recruitment of inflammatory cells into synovium and the progression of synovitis in the TMJ.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chemokine CCL2; Chemokine CCL3; Chemokine CCL4; Chemokine CCL5; Chemokine CXCL1; Chemokine CXCL12; Chemokines; Chemokines, CXC; Disease Progression; Female; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Interleukin-8; Joint Dislocations; Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; Osteoarthritis; Synovial Membrane; Synovitis; Temporomandibular Joint Disc; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

In temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis, knowledge is limited about the source of the inflammatory mediators. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the development of the antigen-induced arthritis of the rabbit TMJ.. Unilateral TMJ arthritis was induced in 28 adult rabbits. From 6 h to 6 weeks after induction of arthritis, the topology of TNF-alpha and IL-8 was observed.. Positive reaction for TNF-alpha of synovial cells was observed within 3 days after induction and at 3 weeks after induction. TNF-alpha positive vascular endothelial cells and chondrocytes were identified throughout the observation period. IL-8 was detected only during the acute stage.. The cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-8 were observed in specific cells depending on the stage. TNF-alpha was particularly related with angiogenesis and cartilage destruction and IL-8 was involved in the acute stage of inflammation.

Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Cartilage, Articular; Chondrocytes; Immunohistochemistry; Interleukin-8; Male; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Rabbits; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The aim of this study was to compare proinflammatory cytokine levels between successful cases and unsuccessful cases of arthrocentesis in patients with internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).. This study involved 73 joints judged as successful and 30 judged as unsuccessful of 103 joints in 100 patients diagnosed with internal derangement of the TMJ and who underwent arthrocentesis. The diluted synovial fluid before undergoing arthrocentesis was aspirated from the superior joint space. The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The differences in the detection rate and concentration of each cytokine between successful cases and unsuccessful cases were analyzed statistically.. There was a statistically significant difference between successful cases (72.2%) and unsuccessful cases (95.5%) in the detection ratio of IL-6 (P <.05). There was a statistically significant difference between successful cases (0.017 pg/100 microg protein) and unsuccessful cases (0.046 pg/100 microg protein) in the concentration of IL-1beta (P <.05).. It has been shown that the presence of IL-1beta and IL-6 in synovial fluid may be indicators of possible unsuccessful treatment following arthrocentesis for internal derangement of the TMJ.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Joint Dislocations; Male; Middle Aged; Paracentesis; Synovial Fluid; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

We sought to clarify the nature of joint effusion (JE) on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) by analysis of the synovial fluid in the superior compartment of patients with internal derangement and osteoarthrosis.. One hundred symptomatic TMJs (100 patients) with 65 internal derangements and 35 osteoarthroses were scanned by means of magnetic resonance imaging, and, the synovial fluid was sampled on the same day. The amount of JE was evaluated on a scale of 0 to 3. Grades 0 and 1 indicated absence of JE or a negligible amount of JE, respectively, and grades 2 and 3 indicated the presence of JE. Correlation was evaluated among the amount of JE and the concentrations of the total protein and interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the synovial fluid.. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the absence of JE in 40 joints (grade 0, 17 joints; grade 1, 23 joints) and the presence of JE in 60 joints (grade 2, 31 joints; grade 3, 29 joints). The joints with JE had, on average, significantly higher concentrations of total protein (1,675 microg vs 714 microg; P = .0001) and IL-6 (42.9 pg vs 10.6 pg; P = .009) than did the joints without JE. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the JE grade and the concentrations of the total protein (P = .0001), IL-6 (P = .001), and IL-8 (P = .004). The detection ratio of cytokines among the presence-absence groups of JE showed a significant difference in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (68.3% vs 47.5%; P = .037) and IL-6 (86.7% vs 67.5%; P = .012). Conclusions. JE may contain the released products when there is pronounced synovitis. It is probably composed of high concentrations of total protein with inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, IL-6 and IL-8 seem to have an important role in the pathogenesis of JE in TMJ disorders.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Arthralgia; Chi-Square Distribution; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Joint Dislocations; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Pain Measurement; Proteins; Range of Motion, Articular; Retrospective Studies; Statistics, Nonparametric; Synovial Fluid; Synovitis; Temporomandibular Joint; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The concentrations of cytokines were measured by an ELISA in the synovial fluid from 117 patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and correlated with degenerative changes of the condyle and clinical symptoms.Fifty-seven patients had degenerative changes of the condyle. The fluid from seven healthy volunteers was used as controls. The concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were significantly higher in the synovial fluid of patients than controls (P<0.05). The concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher in the patients with degenerative changes than in other patients (P<0.05). The detection of IL-8 correlated with the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. However, there was no correlation between the concentrations of any cytokines and symptoms. In conclusion, the cytokines in the synovial fluid may participate in the pathogenesis of TMD. In particular, IL-6 is important and may be associated with the development of osteoarthritis.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Case-Control Studies; Cytokines; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Range of Motion, Articular; Synovial Fluid; Temporomandibular Joint Disc; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

This study investigated the correlations between the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in synovial fluid and the degree of synovitis on the one hand, and the degree of degeneration of articular cartilage on the other hand, in patients with internal derangement and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint. We measured the concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6 and IL-8 in synovial fluid and the degree of arthroscopic synovitis and degeneration of articular cartilage in 37 joints with internal derangement and osteoarthritis. The correlations between the concentration of each cytokine and the score of each arthroscopic feature were analysed statistically. The detection rates of IL-1beta,TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8 were 57%, 78%, 89% and 70%, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the IL-6 concentration and the synovitis score (P = 0.02). Measurement of IL-6 in synovial fluid might be useful as an indicator of the extent of synovitis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Arthroscopy; Cartilage, Articular; Female; Humans; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Interleukins; Joint Dislocations; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Statistics, Nonparametric; Synovitis; Temporomandibular Joint Disc; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The aims of the present study were to isolate and characterize cultured synovial cells from human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) specimens and to investigate the effect of interleukin (IL)-1beta on IL-8 production and gene expression in those cells.. Synovial cells (HTS cells) were isolated from TMJ synovial tissues using an outgrowth method and then primary cultured. The cells were examined for cell-specific markers of fibroblast, macrophage, and dendritic cells using immunocytochemistry. HTS cells were then treated with IL-1beta, and amounts of IL-8 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-8 production and expression were also investigated using immunocytochemistry and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method.. HTS cells were positive for the fibroblast-specific markers, such as vimentin and propyl 4-hydroxylase. The macrophage or dendritic cell markers and HLA class II antigen were negative. Furthermore, IL-1beta enhanced IL-8 production in HTS cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner and stimulated IL-8 gene expression.. HTS cells may provide important advantages for studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms in the TMJ. In addition, we found that IL-1beta stimulated IL-8 production through an increase in IL-8 gene expression in HTS cells, which may be associated with the increase of infiltrating inflammatory cells seen in the synovial membrane of TMJ disorders.

Topics: Adult; Ankylosis; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Biomarkers; Cells, Cultured; Coloring Agents; Dendritic Cells; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression Regulation; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-8; Joint Dislocations; Macrophages; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Statistics as Topic; Synovial Membrane; Temporomandibular Joint; Temporomandibular Joint Disc; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Time Factors; Vimentin

To measure the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) alpha, IL-8, and interferon- (IFN) gamma in synovial fluid samples taken from patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD).. We studied 6 asymptomatic volunteers and 51 patients with TMD. The IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-8, and IFN-gamma levels in temporomandibular joint synovial fluid were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.. Measurable level of at least one cytokine in the synovial fluid was found in 40 (64.5%) of 62 joints in the patients: IL-1 beta and IFN-gamma were each detected in 18 (29.0%) of 62 joints; IL-6 in 13 (21.0%) of 62 joints; IL-8 in 11 (19.3%) of 57 joints; and TNF-alpha in only 5 (8.1%) of 62 joints. None of these cytokines was detectable in the synovial fluid in the control group. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the detection of IL-1 beta and pain in the joint area.. These data clearly demonstrate increased levels of several proinflammatory cytokines in certain patients with TMD and suggest that these cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of synovitis and degenerative changes of the cartilaginous tissue and bone of the temporomandibular joint.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Joint Dislocations; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Statistics, Nonparametric; Synovial Fluid; Synovitis; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha