interleukin-8 and Retinal-Perforations

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is caused by one or more full-thickness retinal breaks. The current RRD treatments have several drawbacks. Chitosan is one of the most commonly used natural polymers for wound healing and has been demonstrated to be biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, bioadhesive, and bioactive. This study aimed to determine the reliability and effectiveness of chitosan for sealing retinal breaks in rabbits.. Eighteen blue purple rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: chitosan (n = 6), RRD (n = 6), and control (n = 6). The RRD model was established using vitrectomy, making retinal holes, and subretinal fluid injection in the RRD and chitosan groups. One week after the establishment of the model, chitosan was applied within the range of the holes in the chitosan group, and the vitreous body was filled with perfusion fluid. Except the chitosan treatment, the RRD group underwent the same procedure. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, fundus photography, B-mode ultrasound, optical coherence tomography (OCT), histology, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed.. Retinas of all eyes in the RRD group were detached, whereas those of all eyes in the chitosan group remained attached. The concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8 in the vitreous fluid of the RRD group were significantly higher than those of the control group (. Chitosan may be a reliable method for sealing retinal breaks. Moreover, chitosan can maintain high levels of growth factors and reduce inflammatory factors in the vitreous, which may reduce and delay the death of retinal cells and help restore visual function after retinal repositioning.

Topics: Animals; Chitosan; Epidermal Growth Factor; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Rabbits; Reproducibility of Results; Retinal Detachment; Retinal Perforations; Retrospective Studies; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of cytokines in the vitreous, and their correlation with the density of inflammatory cells in fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) to evaluate intraocular inflammatory conditions with regard to disease activity.. Thirty-three patients (33 eyes) with PDR requiring vitreoretinal surgery because of FVMs and tractional detachment were enrolled in the study, and compared with 20 patients (20 eyes) with macular hole (MH; control group). All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examinations before surgery. The activity of the disease was noted in patients with PDR. Samples of vitreous and blood were taken, and cytokine (MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, VEGF, IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IL-10, and IL-12) levels were measured using cytometric bead array (CBA). Samples of FVMs were analyzed with immunohistochemical methods for the presence of inflammatory cells (CD45+, CD14+, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells), and the numerical areal density was calculated (N. Patients with active PDR had statistically significantly higher levels of MCP-1 (p = 0.003), VEGF (p = 0.009), and IL-8 (p = 0.02) in the vitreous in comparison with those with inactive PDR. CD45+, CD14+, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells were identified in FVMs for patients with PDR. Statistically significantly higher numerical areal density of T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+) was demonstrated in patients with active PDR in comparison with patients with inactive PDR. Moderate to strong correlations were found between either MCP-1 or IL-8 in the vitreous, and the numerical areal density of cells (CD45+, CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+) in the FVMs, and weaker between either MCP-1 or IL-8 in the vitreous and the numerical areal density of CD14+ cells in the FVMs.. The correlation of cytokine (MCP-1 and IL-8) vitreous levels with the density of inflammatory cells in FVMs, and differences in cytokine levels in the vitreous between patients with active and inactive PDR, and between the vitreous and serum in PDR indicate the importance of local intraocular inflammation in patients with PDR.

Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, CD; Case-Control Studies; Chemokine CCL2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Female; Gene Expression; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Lymphocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Retina; Retinal Perforations; T-Lymphocytes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vitreoretinal Surgery; Vitreous Body

Inflammatory markers have been observed in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). We assessed vitreous concentrations of adhesion molecules and cytokines in PDR and non-diabetic controls and plasma concentrations to differentiate local inflammation from the breakdown of the blood-retina barrier.. 38 patients with PDR and 16 controls with macular hole or epiretinal membrane underwent vitrectomy. Vitreous and plasma soluble adhesion molecules [sE-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 and -3, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (sPECAM)-1, sP-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1] and cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), tumour necrosis factor-α and -β, γ-interferon] were detected by the multiplex assay.. Levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were 26-fold (p = 0.001) and 6-fold higher (p = 0.001) in vitreous than in plasma in PDR. Vitreous IL-10 (p = 0.004), sPECAM-1, sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were higher in PDR than controls (p = 0.001 for all). Adhesion molecule concentrations in vitreous in PDR were less than 10% of those in plasma. IL-10 was lower in vitreous than plasma (3.0 vs. 12.8 pg/ml, p = 0.007), and the vitreous IL-10/IL-8 ratio was significantly lower in PDR than in controls (0.10 vs. 0.55 pg/ml, p = 0.003).. The elevated IL-6 and IL-8 levels in vitreous, but not in plasma, are evidence favouring local over systemic inflammation in PDR. Furthermore, there was imbalance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the vitreous.

Topics: Aged; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Female; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Macular Edema; Male; Middle Aged; Retinal Perforations; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body

The purpose of this study was to compare intravitreous levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14 (sCD14) between patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and nondiabetic subjects.. This study included 19 consecutive Type 2 diabetic patients with PDR in whom a vitrectomy was performed. Sixteen vitreous humors from nondiabetic patients matched by age, with idiopathic macular holes, were selected from our vitreous bank and used as a control group. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and sCD14 by a solid-phase enzyme-amplified sensitive immunoassay.. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and sCD14 levels were significantly higher in patients with PDR than in the control group (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, P < 0.001; sCD14, P < 0.01). After correcting for vitreal proteins, the results remained significantly higher in patients with PDR. No differences in serum levels were observed, and we did not find any correlation between serum and vitreous levels. A direct correlation between lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and sCD14 was detected in the vitreous fluid (r = 0.57; P < 0.001) but not in the plasma. Finally, a significant correlation between intravitreal levels of both lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and sCD14 and interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was also detected.. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and sCD14 are elevated in the vitreous fluid of patients with PDR and thus may play a role in the innate immune response triggered by the inflammatory injury characteristic of PDR.

Topics: Acute-Phase Proteins; Adult; Aged; Carrier Proteins; Case-Control Studies; Chemokine CCL2; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Retinal Perforations; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body