interleukin-8 and Metabolic-Syndrome

It is well-known for a long-time, that intensive exercise is favourable for many metabolic parameters. Up-till now the exact mechanism has not been clarified. Recently it has turned out, that the muscular system is an extended endocrine organ, which, during contraction, secretes many hundred peptides, so called adipomyokines into the blood stream. Many of them improve glucose-utilization of the muscular system, and insulin-sensitivity, via endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine pathways. Worldwide intensive research takes place to clear up the exact pathomechanism of these processes. It came to light: 1. The newly discovered adipomyokine, irisin induces "browning" of beige precursor fat-cells, which are present in white adipose tissue. The developed beige adipose tissue by this way disposes with the advantegous properties of the brown adipose tissue. Taking together these facts, irisin might be a therapeutic choice in treating certain diseases, caused by inactive life-style. 2. Therapeutic application of brown adipose tissue in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes seems to be successful. This mechanism is based on removal of unnecessary calories via thermogenesis. 3. The role of myostatin, which is also produced by muscle contraction, is contradictory. It is not clear, why does the muscle system produce damaging product for the metabolism. On the other hand, inhibition of myostatin might be a therapeutic option. It is still questionable, whether the other hundreds of myokines could possess practicable roles on glucose, lipid, insulin secretion/effects. At present one can establish, that regular exercise is essential for the everyday practise, in order to optimise quality of life.. Régóta ismeretes, hogy az intenzív izommunka számos metabolikus paramétert kedvezően befolyásol. E folyamat mechanizmusa eddig nem volt tisztázott. Újabban kiderült, hogy a vázizomzat kiterjedt endokrin szerv, amely kontrakciója során több száz adipomiokint szekretál a véráramba, amelyek egy része endokrin, parakrin vagy autokrin úton javítja a vázizomzat glükózfelhasználását, fokozza inzulinérzékenységét. Világszerte intenzív kutatás igyekszik e folyamatok pontos mechanizmusát felderíteni. Három fontos területen történt előrehaladás: 1. Az újonnan felfedezett adipomiokin, az irisin a fehér zsírszövetben jelen lévő bézs prekurzor zsírsejtekben „barnásítást” indít meg, és az így létrejött bézs zsírszövet a továbbiakban a barna zsírszövet előnyös anyagcserehatásaival rendelkezik. Az irisin perspektivikusan terápiás opció lehet az inaktív életmód okozta betegségek kezelésében. 2. Kiderült, hogy a barna zsírszövet terápiás alkalmazása obesitasban, metabolikus szindrómában és 2-es típusú diabetesben eredményes, ami a felesleges kalóriák hőtermelés útján való eliminálásán alapszik. 3. Az ugyancsak kontrakció hatására termelődő myostatin szerepe ellentmondásos, nem világos, hogy az izomzat miért expresszál magára az izomzatra és az anyagcserére is káros anyagot, ugyanakkor a myostatin gátlása terápiásan felhasználható lehet. Kérdéses, hogy a többi sok száz miokinnek milyen szerepe lehet a fontos metabolikus paraméterek (glükóz, inzulin, lipidek) szekréciójában és hatásában, azonban a mindennapi gyakorlat számára már most leszögezhető, hogy a mozgás elengedhetetlen az életminőség optimalizálása szempontjából. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(37), 1469–1477.

Topics: Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fats; Energy Metabolism; Fibronectins; Follistatin; Glucose; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Interleukin-15; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Metabolic Syndrome; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Myocardium; Myostatin; Obesity; Physical Exertion; Sedentary Behavior

Long chain omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils (O3) are known to have beneficial effects on a number of vascular risk factors in at-risk populations. The effects of a highly bioavailable emulsified preparation on an overweight young adult population are less well known.. Young adults, age 18-30, with body mass indices (BMIs) greater than 23 (average = 28.1) were administered 1.7 g of O3 per day (N = 30) or safflower oil placebo (N = 27) in an emulsified preparation (Coromega, Inc.) for 4 weeks in a double-blind randomized design. Blood was drawn and anthropometric measurements taken before and after dosing. Hemodynamic measures (central pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and aortic systolic blood pressure), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α), red blood cell and plasma phospholipid fatty acid profiles, fasting serum lipids, glucose, and C-reactive protein were measured.. Red cell and plasma phospholipid eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations increased over the four weeks of dosing in the O3 group. Dosing with O3 did not affect central pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, or aortic systolic blood pressure. None of the five American Heart Association metabolic syndrome components improved over the dosing period. None of the inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, or lipids (total or LDL cholesterol) improved over the dosing period.. No salutary effects of O3 were observed in hemodynamic, metabolic syndrome criteria or inflammatory markers as a result of this relatively short period of administration in this relatively overweight, but healthy young adult cohort.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; C-Reactive Protein; Cholesterol; Dietary Supplements; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Double-Blind Method; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Fish Oils; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Phospholipids; Safflower Oil; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult

Inflammation plays an essential role in the atherosclerotic process, and chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) seem to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. A possible common inflammatory basis for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis has been suggested. In this study we investigated the effect of physical exercise and the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor pravastatin on peripheral markers of inflammation in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.. The study was an unmasked randomized 2x2 factorial trial of 12 weeks duration.. In the combined exercise groups there was a significant reduction in MCP-1 and IL-8 of 48 pg/ml (P=0.04) and 1.0 pg/ml (P=0.007), respectively, as compared to the combined non-exercise groups. There was also a significant reduction vs baseline of 50 pg/ml (33%) (P=0.002) and 0.35 pg/ml (13%) (P=0.03) for MCP-1 and IL-8, respectively. Changes in MCP-1 were significantly correlated to changes in visceral fat (r=0.41, P=0.02).. The protective effect of exercise might in part be due to suppression of the inflammatory process.

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Chemokine CCL2; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Lipids; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged

Adiponectin (ADIPO) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are proteins that play a significant, albeit opposing, role in metabolic syndrome (MetS). The reported data on the effect of physical activity on the levels of these hormones in the population of people with MetS are conflicting. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in hormone concentrations, insulin-resistance indices and body composition after two types of training. The study included 62 men with MetS (age 36.6 ± 6.9 years, body fat [BF] = 37.53 ± 4.5%), randomly assigned to: an experimental group EG1 (n = 21) with aerobic exercise intervention, an experimental group EG2 (n = 21) with combined aerobic and resistance exercise intervention, both for 12 weeks, and a control group CG (n = 20) without interventions. Anthropometric measurements and body composition (fat-free mass [FFM], gynoid body fat [GYNOID]), as well as a biochemical blood analysis (adiponectin [ADIPO], interleukin-8 [IL-8], homeostatic model assessment-adiponectin (HOMA-AD) and homeostatic model assessment-triglycerides (HOMA-TG) were performed at baseline, and at 6 and 12 weeks of intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention (follow-up). Intergroup (between groups) and intragroup (within each group) changes were statistically evaluated. In the experimental groups EG1 and EG2, no significant changes were observed in the ADIPO concentration, but a decrease of GYNOID and insulin-resistance indices was confirmed. The aerobic training led to favorable changes in IL-8 concentration. The use of combined resistance and aerobic training led to improved body composition, decreased waist circumference and better insulin-resistance indices in men with MetS.

Topics: Adiponectin; Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Body Mass Index; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Interleukin-8; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity

The aim was to determine the effect of

Topics: Aged; Antioxidants; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Metabolic Syndrome; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Superoxide Dismutase; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The aim of this study was to analyze local and systematic inflammatory status in knee osteoarthritis (KOA), focusing on intra-articular and remote adipose tissue depots, and to explore its potential association with metabolic syndrome (MetS).. Patients (n = 27) with end-stage KOA were enrolled in the study and samples from infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), synovium, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), synovial fluid (SF), and serum were collected. In homogenates from the tissues, mRNA expression of developmental endothelial locus-1 (DEL-1) was determined. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were measured in tissues and SF and serum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.. Fifteen patients fulfilled MetS criteria (w-MetS group) and 12 did not (non-MetS). In the entire population, IL-6 levels were significantly higher in IFP compared to synovium (median (interquartile range), 26.05 (26.16) vs. 15.75 (14.8) pg/mg of total protein, p = 0.043), but not to SAT (17.89 (17.9) pg/mg); IL-8 levels were significantly higher in IFP (17.3 (19.3) pg/mg) and SAT (24.2 (26) pg/mg) when compared to synovium (8.45 (6.17) pg/mg) (p = 0.029 and < 0.001, respectively). Significantly higher IL-6 concentrations in SF were detected in w-MetS patients compared to non-MetS (194.8 (299) vs. 64.1 (86.9) pg/ml, p = 0.027). Finally, DEL-1 mRNA expression was higher in IFP compared to synovium (eightfold, p = 0.019).. Our findings support the critical role of IFP in knee joint homeostasis and progression of KOA. Furthermore, in KOA patients w-MetS, SAT is thought to play an important role in intra-knee inflammation via secretion of soluble inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Metabolic Syndrome; Osteoarthritis, Knee; RNA, Messenger

There is a growinge body of evidence pointing towards an important role for Toll-like receptors (TLR) especially TLR4 in obesity and metabolic syndrome.. Owing to the paucity of data on the effect of the accessory proteins, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) on TLR4 activation, the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of sCD14 and LBP on TLR4 activation in pivotal cells of meta-inflammation, monocytes and adipocytes.. The dose-response effects of sCD14 and LBP on TLR4 protein abundance in monocytes obtained from normal human volunteers was determined by flow cytometry and in human-differentiated adipocytes by western blotting. Additionally, the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 and downstream biomediators interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in the cell culture supernatants by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).. In LPS-primed monocytes, sCD14 but not LBP, augments both TLR4 abundance and inflammatory biomediators (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α).sCD14 also showed a similar effect in LPS-primed human adipocytes by augmenting TLR4 protein expression and activity in terms of NF-κB p65 and downstream biomediators (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α). LBP at the highest concentration only promoted secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α. However in both monocytes and adipocytes, the effect of sCD14 was superior to LBP.. In the present report, we make the novel observation that sCD14 compared with LBP, offers a preferred target to ameliorate TLR especially TLR4-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in human obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Topics: Acute-Phase Proteins; Adipocytes; Carrier Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; Membrane Glycoproteins; Metabolic Syndrome; Monocytes; NF-kappa B; Obesity; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (METS) increases after the menopause; nevertheless, concomitant vascular, inflammatory and endothelial changes have not been completely elucidated.. To measure serum markers of angiogenesis, inflammation and endothelial function in postmenopausal women screened for the METS.. Serum of 100 postmenopausal women was analyzed for angiopoietin-2, interleukin-8 (IL-8), soluble FAS ligand (sFASL), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Comparisons were made in accordance to the presence or not of the METS and each of its components. Modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to define the METS.. Women with the METS (n=57) had similar age and time since menopause as compared to those without the syndrome (n=43). In general, women with the METS displayed a trend for higher levels of the analyzed markers. Nevertheless, only IL-6 levels were found to be significantly higher and uPA levels significantly lower among METS women as compared to those without the syndrome. When analyte levels were compared as to presenting or not each of the diagnostic features of the METS, it was found that IL-6 levels were higher among women with abdominal obesity, low HDL-C and high triglyceride levels. Women with low HDL-C and high triglyceride levels presented significantly lower uPA levels and those with high glucose and low HDL-C displayed significantly higher sCD40L levels.. Postmenopausal women with the METS in this sample displayed higher IL-6 (inflammation) and lower uPA levels (endothelial dysfunction). These were mainly related to metabolic and lipid abnormalities. More research is warranted in this regard.

Topics: Adult; Angiopoietin-2; CD40 Ligand; Endothelium; Fas Ligand Protein; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Linear Models; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; Postmenopause; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator

This study aims to evaluate and validate a periodontitis screening model that includes sociodemographic, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and molecular information, including gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and blood cytokines.. The authors selected 506 participants from the Shiwha-Banwol cohort: 322 participants from the 2005 cohort for deriving the screening model and 184 participants from the 2007 cohort for its validation. Periodontitis was assessed by dentists using the community periodontal index. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in blood and MMP-8, -9, and -13 in GCF were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MetS was assessed by physicians using physical examination and blood laboratory data. Information about age, sex, income, smoking, and drinking was obtained by interview. Logistic regression analysis was applied to finalize the best-fitting model and validate the model using sensitivity, specificity, and c-statistics.. The derived model for periodontitis screening had a sensitivity of 0.73, specificity of 0.85, and c-statistic of 0.86 (P <0.001); those of the validated model were 0.64, 0.91, and 0.83 (P <0.001), respectively.. The model that included age, sex, income, smoking, drinking, and blood and GCF biomarkers could be useful in screening for periodontitis. A future prospective study is indicated for evaluating this model's ability to predict the occurrence of periodontitis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Biomarkers; Cohort Studies; Early Diagnosis; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Humans; Income; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Mass Screening; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Periodontal Index; Periodontitis; Republic of Korea; Sensitivity and Specificity; Smoking; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult

To investigate the protective effects and possible mechanism of Mycelium of Hirsutella hepiali Chen et Shen (MHCS) on metabolic syndromes, free fatty acid and MHCS-treated hepatocytes were used for detecting autophagy-related LC3, p62 and lipid accumulation. Moreover, high fat diet fed mice were used to establish metabolic syndromes model. 50-weeks age mice were randomly divided into: control group, model group and MHCS group. At 80-weeks age, 15 mice were randomly chosen from each group separately for examining oral glucose tolerance, serum insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), hepatic LC3, p62, p-NF-kappaB p65, NF-kappaB p65, IL-6 and CXCL-8. Moreover, insulin resistance index (IRI) was calculated. Hepatic pathological changes, including vacuoles, lipids accumulation and fibrosis were observed. Remaining mice were fed with diet separately to 110 weeks-age for statistics of mortality. MHCS promoted autophagy of free fatty acid treated hepatocytes. Mice fed with high fat plus MHCS diet exhibited improved oral glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, hepatic pathology, inflammation, mortality and activated autophagy. The protective effects of MHCS against metabolic syndroms might be through the activation of hepatic autophagy.

Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Diet, High-Fat; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hepatocytes; Hypocreales; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Liver; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Mycelium; Random Allocation; Transcription Factor RelA; Transcription Factor TFIIH; Transcription Factors

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a common but serious public health problem in developed countries. Chronic inflammation plays a key role in MS. Interleukins (IL)-7 and 8 are considered to have proinflammatory effects and may be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine gene expression level of IL-7 and IL-8 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with MS compared to healthy control subjects.. Using real-time RT-PCR, the relative amounts of IL-7 and IL-8 mRNA were determined in PBMCs from 20 female patients with MS and compared with those of 20 healthy control subjects. Biochemical and anthropometric parameters of MS were also assessed.. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting blood sugar were significantly higher in MS patients compared to healthy subjects. There were no significant differences in HDLc and LDLc between the two groups. IL-8 expression in PBMC was significantly decreased in MS versus control subjects (fold of change was 0.395±0.1824), while no difference in the IL-7 expression was detected between them. IL-8 expression had negative correlation with MS components especially with triglyceride and total cholesterol (r=0.5, P<0.001).. In this preliminary study, no detectable differences were found in IL-7 expression and decreased expression of IL-8 in PBMCs of MS patients as compared to those of control subjects. Study on a larger population and investigating the mechanisms involved can reveal more details.

Topics: Blood Glucose; Case-Control Studies; Cholesterol; DNA Primers; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Interleukin-7; Interleukin-8; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Metabolic Syndrome; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Statistics, Nonparametric; Triglycerides

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been implicated in a number of complications associated with diabetes mellitus including micro- and macrovascular dysfunction. In this study we examine ER stress levels in blood cells isolated from human subjects with metabolic syndrome and in healthy controls. Total RNA and protein were isolated from leukocytes and the levels of specific ER stress markers were quantified by real-time-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Our results indicate that, compared to healthy controls, individuals with metabolic syndrome have elevated mRNA levels of genes indicative of ER stress; including spliced XBP-1 (sXBP-1), Grp78, and CHOP. Induced ER stress levels correlate with blood glucose but not plasma lipid concentration. Furthermore, in healthy individuals, a standard 75 g oral glucose challenge produced a significant elevation in spliced XBP-1 (1.3 fold), Grp78 (2.0 fold), and calreticulin (3.5 fold) mRNA 60 min post challenge and a significant increase in Grp78 (2.0 fold), calreticulin (2.7 fold) protein levels 2 h postchallenge, relative to fasting levels. The UPR was also activated ex vivo, in human leukocytes cultured in the presence of 15 mmol/l glucose, supporting a specific role for glucose. The oral glucose challenge was associated with a significant increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1α/β, IL-6, and IL-8, that may result from ER stress. These findings suggest that there is an association between both acute and chronic dysglycemia and ER stress in humans.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Calreticulin; Case-Control Studies; DNA-Binding Proteins; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Immunoblotting; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Monocytes; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; Transcription Factor CHOP; Transcription Factors; Unfolded Protein Response; X-Box Binding Protein 1

The features of the metabolic syndrome include glucose intolerance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and central obesity, all of which are risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) play a key role in atherosclerosis. We examined the association between chemokines, such as MCP-1 and IL-8, and metabolic syndrome.. The present study was comprised of 54 men and 126 women. Subjects with cardiovascular disease such as myocardial infarction, TIA and cerebral infarction were excluded.. MCP-1 was positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, homocysteine, and mean pulse wave velocity, but IL-8 was not. In multiple regression analysis, age, HOMA-IR and homocysteine were found to be an independent factor associated with MCP-1 adjusted by gender, waist, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and hs-CRP. After adjustment for age and gender, mean MCP-1 was higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome and in subject with high blood pressure among the individual components of the metabolic syndrome.. MCP-1 was associated with a low-grade systemic inflammatory reaction which is often found in the metabolic syndrome.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Atherosclerosis; Chemokine CCL2; Female; Homocysteine; Humans; Interleukin-8; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis

The typical nutritional plan in Ramadan may have beneficial influences on the inflammatory state, as well as on metabolic and anthropometric parameters. We aimed to investigate the effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and hematological parameters and cytokines in healthy and obese individuals.. This study was performed during the Ramadan holy month (September and October 2007). The study group consisted of 10 obese males and the control group consisted of 10 males with a normal body mass index (BMI), who were admitted to the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic of Dicle University Medical Faculty in Diyarbakir, Turkey, and who indicated that they were going to fast throughout the entire month of Ramadan. Individuals with any acute or chronic disease or medication during the study were excluded. Height, weight, BMI, and waist and hip circumferences were measured. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), urea, creatinine, insulin, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and cytokine levels were evaluated.. The average age of the participants was 27.4 ± 5.2 years. Of the study group, 7 fulfilled the criteria of metabolic syndrome. Significant weight reduction, significant decrease in BMI, and significant decrease of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were observed in study group; weight and BMI reduction were insignificant and no significant change was observed in FBG levels, but a significant increase was observed in HOMA-IR in the control group. Post-Ramadan systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, serum white blood cells (WBC) count, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, TG, and ALT levels were significantly lower in both groups compared to pre-Ramadan values.. Ramadan fasting has beneficial influences on the inflammatory state, as well as metabolic and anthropometric parameters.

Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; C-Reactive Protein; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cholesterol, LDL; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fasting; Humans; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-8; Islam; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Religion; Triglycerides; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

CD40L figures prominently in atherogenesis. Recent data demonstrate elevated levels of sCD40L in the serum of patients with the metabolic syndrome (MS). This study investigated the role of CD40L in pro-inflammatory gene expression and cellular differentiation in adipose tissue to obtain insight into mechanisms linking the MS with atherosclerosis. Human adipocytes and preadipocytes expressed CD40 but not CD40L. Stimulation with recombinant CD40L or membranes over-expressing CD40L induced a time- and dose-dependent expression of IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8, and PAI-1. Supernatants of CD40L-stimulated adipose cells activated endothelial cells, suggesting a systemic functional relevance of our findings. Neutralising antibodies against CD40L attenuated these effects substantially. Signalling studies revealed the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NFkB. Furthermore, stimulation with CD40L resulted in enhanced activation of C/EBPa and PPARg and promoted adipogenesis of preadipose cells in the presence and absence of standard adipogenic conditions. Finally, patients suffering from the metabolic syndrome with high levels of sCD40L also displayed high levels of IL-6, in line with the concept that CD40L may induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines in vivo in this population. Our data reveal potent metabolic functions of CD40L aside from its known pivotal pro-inflammatory role within plaques. Our data suggest that CD40L may mediate risk at the interface of metabolic and atherothrombotic disease.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Adipogenesis; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Case-Control Studies; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; CD40 Antigens; CD40 Ligand; Chemokine CCL2; Culture Media, Conditioned; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Metabolic Syndrome; Mice; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; NF-kappa B; Obesity; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; PPAR gamma; Recombinant Proteins; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; Time Factors

It has been suggested that the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risk for heart failure (HF) and progression of HF. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We tested whether the presence of the MetS would be associated with the increased degree of inflammatory state in HF.. Ninety-one eligible consecutive stable HF patients participated in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements were carried out and serum concentrations of lipoproteins, apolipoproteins (apoB, apoAI) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured. The simultaneous measurement of 17 cytokines using bioplex analysis was used.. Thirty-five subjects (39% of total, 48% of males and 31% of females) were classified as having the MetS in total HF patients. Serum concentrations of apoB (p<0.005) were significantly higher and the ratio of apoAI and apoB was significantly lower (p<0.01) in HF patients with MetS than those without MetS. Plasma levels of IL-8 (p<0.05) were significantly higher in HF patients with MetS than those without MetS. In addition, serum concentrations of hsCRP (p<0.005) were significantly higher in HF patients with MetS compared to those without MetS.. The MetS in HF is associated with increased degree of inflammation, which provides information regarding the relationship between inflammation and HF with MetS.

Topics: Blood Glucose; C-Reactive Protein; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Interleukin-8; Lipoproteins; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged

Although many studies have shown that the metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) both are associated with chronic inflammatory state and are risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), it is still unclear which condition is a more important contributor to the increased production of inflammatory chemokines. The purpose of this study was to assess monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels and their association with insulin resistance and adiponectin concentrations in CAD patients, who were categorized as having T2DM, MS, or neither.. CAD male patients were categorized into three groups: 24 non-obese patients with T2DM (D), 24 obese patients with MS (M) and 24 patients without T2DM or MS (W). 20 healthy subjects were selected as controls (C). Insulin resistance was assessed by the HOMA-IR method, but serum MCP-1, IL-8, and adiponectin levels were measured by xMAP technology.. Serum levels of MCP-1 and IL-8 in D and M groups were increased in comparison with W and C groups (p<0.001, p<0.01), but the increase in the M group was significantly higher than that in the D group (p<0.05, p<0,001), besides MCP-1 and IL-8 concentrations were correlated with HOMA-IR indexes (r=0.52; r=0.49, p<0.0001) and adiponectin levels (r=-0.59, p<0.0001). The M group demonstrated a diminution in the adiponectin level (p<0.01) and pronounced increase of HOMA-IR in comparison with the other three groups (p<0.01).. Obese CAD patients with MS have a more pronounced increase of MCP-1, IL-8 and HOMA-IR and more decreased adiponectin levels than non-obese CAD patients without MS.

Topics: Adiponectin; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Chemokine CCL2; Coronary Artery Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Interleukin-8; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Obesity; Risk Factors

The aim of this study was to compare the use of several biomarkers to identify obese children and adolescents with increased metabolic risk. One hundred sixty-two Caucasian obese children and adolescents (41% males, 9-18 years old) referred to the Istituto Auxologico Italiano between 2003 and 2004 underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Circulating levels of adiponectin (AD), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), interleukin 18 (IL-18), C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, uric acid, lipids and insulin were measured. Twenty five percent of obese children had the MS defined using World Health Organization-derived child specific criteria. MS subjects had significantly lower AD (p<0.01) and higher log-PAI-1 (p<0.001), uric acid (p<0.0001), and IL-18 (p<0.001). Subjects with AD levels

Topics: Adiponectin; Adolescent; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Child; Female; Humans; Insulin; Interleukin-8; Italy; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; Prevalence; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Uric Acid

Several recently published reports, including ours, suggest that adiponectin is a strong proinflammatory agent. Indeed, exposure of human placenta and adipose tissue to adiponectin induces the production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). We have previously shown that adiponectin is a powerful inducer of proinflammatory cytokines production by macrophages. The reported anti-inflammatory effect of adiponectin may be due to the induction of macrophage tolerance to further adiponectin exposure or to other proinflammatory stimuli including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 ligand polyI:C and the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We now present additional data supporting the hypothesis that adiponectin is a strong proinflammatory adipokine. More specifically, we demonstrate that adiponectin induces IL-1beta and IL-8 from THP-1 macrophage cell line. The effect of adiponectin is not restricted to differentiated THP-1 macrophages but it is evident at lower levels in undifferentiated THP-1 monocytes promoting TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 production. Thus, its high levels in the circulation of lean subjects render their macrophages resistant to several proinflammatory stimuli including its own thus acting in effect as an anti-inflammatory agent. Lowering of its high levels, as a consequence of increased body mass index (BMI), renders macrophages sensitive to any proinflammatory insult.

Topics: Adiponectin; Cell Line; Cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Macrophages; Metabolic Syndrome; Monocytes; Obesity; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The complex pathology of disease has sparked the development of novel protein expression profiling techniques that require validation in clinical settings. This study focuses on multiplexed analyses of adipocytokines and biomarkers linked to the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.. Multiplexed immunoassays using fluorescent microspheres and the Luminex-100 system were performed on plasma from 80 obese patients (40 with the metabolic syndrome) before and after 6-8 weeks of diet-induced weight loss. Leptin, insulin, C-peptide, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), eotaxin, interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6 concentrations measured with multiplex panels from 3 different manufacturers were compared with results from commercial ELISAs. Detection limits and between- and within-run imprecision were determined for each analyte. Bland-Altman analysis was used to determine agreement between multiplexed immunoassays and ELISAs.. Correlation between the Luminex multiplexed assays and ELISAs was good for leptin (Linco), insulin (Linco), MCP-1 (Biosource and Upstate), and eotaxin (Biosource) with correlation coefficients of 0.711-0.895; fair for eotaxin (Upstate) and C-peptide (Linco) with correlation coefficients of 0.496-0.582; and poor for TNF-alpha, IL-8, and IL-6 (Linco, Biosource, Upstate, and R&D) with correlation coefficients of -0.107 to 0.318. Within- and between-run imprecision values for the multiplex method were generally <15%. Relative changes in plasma leptin and insulin concentrations after diet-induced weight loss were similar whether assessed by multiplex assay or ELISA.. Although this technology appears useful in clinical research studies, low assay sensitivity and poor correlations with conventional ELISA methods for some analytes with very low plasma concentrations should be considered when using the Luminex platform in clinical studies.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chemokine CCL2; Cytokines; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Immunoassay; Insulin; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leptin; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Microspheres; Middle Aged; Obesity; Risk Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Weight Loss