interleukin-8 and Intestinal-Diseases

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Infections; Diarrhea; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Flagellin; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Models, Biological; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella typhimurium

To evaluate the effect of oral Escherichia coli (E. coli) Nissle application on the outcome of intestinal-borne dermatoses.. In a randomized, controlled, non-blinded prospective clinical trial 82 patients with intestinal-borne facial dermatoses characterized by an erythematous papular-pustular rash were screened. At the initiation visit 37 patients entered the experimental arm and 20 patients constituted the control arm. All 57 patients were treated with a vegetarian diet and conventional topical therapy of the dermatoses with ointments containing tetracycline, steroids and retinoids. In the experimental arm patients received a one month therapy with oral E. coli Nissle at a maintenance dose of 2 capsules daily. The experimental group was compared to a non-treatment group only receiving the diet and topical therapy. The primary outcome parameter was improvement of the dermatoses, secondary parameters included life quality and adverse events. In addition the immunological reaction profile (IgA, interleucin-8 and interferon-α) was determined. Furthermore the changes of stool consistency and the microbiota composition over the time of intervention were recorded.. Eighty-nine percent of the patients with acne, papular-pustular rosacea and seborrhoic dermatitis responded to E. coli Nissle therapy with significant amelioration or complete recovery in contrast to 56% in the control arm (P < 0.01). Accordingly, in the E. coli Nissle treated patients life quality improved significantly (P < 0.01), and adverse events were not recorded. The clinical improvement was associated with a significant increase of IgA levels to normal values in serum as well as suppression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 (P < 0.01 for both parameters). In the E. coli Nissle treated group a shift towards a protective microbiota with predominance of bifidobacteria and lactobacteria (> 10(7) CFU/g stool) was observed in 79% and 63% of the patients, respectively (P < 0.01), compared to no change in the control group without E. coli Nissle. Moreover, the detection rate of a pathogenic flora dropped from 73% to 14 % of the patients in the experimental arm (P < 0.01) with no significant change in the control arm (accounting 80% before and 70% after the observation period, P > 0.05). Accordingly, stool consistency, color and smell normalized in the E. coli Nissle treated patients.. E. coli Nissle protects the mucus barrier by overgrowth of a favorable gut microbiota with less immunoreactive potential which finally leads to clinical improvement of intestinal borne dermatoses.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Adult; Biological Therapy; Capsules; Diet, Vegetarian; Escherichia coli; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Interferon-alpha; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Intestines; Male; Probiotics; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Signal Transduction; Skin Diseases; Treatment Outcome

Approximately half of patients who undergo cardiac surgery develop systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Extracorporeal circulation and intestinal injury may play a role in this inflammatory response, although their relative contributions remain elusive. Moreover, it is largely unknown to what extent these factors contribute to cardiac surgery-induced postoperative organ dysfunction.. In this secondary analysis, we measured circulating levels of the intestinal damage marker intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and of the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1RA, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and MIP-1β in 180 patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery. The average Z-score of levels of the different cytokines was used as an integral measure of the cytokine response. Relationships between duration of extracorporeal circulation, extent of intestinal injury, inflammation, and postoperative organ dysfunction were explored.. Plasma I-FABP levels increased during surgery, with peak levels observed at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Except for TNF-α, the levels of all cytokines increased during surgery, with peak levels observed either 2 (MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β), 4 (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1RA) or 6 (IL-10) hours after the end of CPB. While the duration of CPB significantly correlated with cytokine Z-score (r=0.544, p<0.05), no relationship with I-FABP levels was found. Furthermore, no significant correlations between I-FABP and cytokine levels were observed. The duration of CPB correlated with a deterioration in postoperative kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]) and troponin levels. Cytokine Z-score was associated with postoperative troponin levels, fluid administration, inotropic score, pulmonary alveolar-arterial gradient on the first postoperative morning, and deterioration of kidney function (eGFR). I-FABP levels did not correlate with any of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, or renal parameters.. In patients undergoing low-risk cardiac surgery, the duration of CPB represents an important determinant of the systemic cytokine response, whereas both the CPB duration and the systemic inflammatory response contribute to subsequent organ dysfunction. Intestinal damage does not appear to play a relevant role in the postoperative inflammatory response and development of postoperative organ dysfunction in these patients.

Topics: Adult; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Chemokine CCL4; Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Multiple Organ Failure; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of diarrhea in piglets, which leads to great economic losses. In this study, the ternary crossbred weaned piglets were orally administered with 1.5 × 10

Topics: Animals; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Interleukin-13; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Prebiotics are regarded as the non-digestible food constituents that are selectively consumed by health-promoting bacteria (probiotics). In fact, a number of active metabolites is released due to intensive interaction between prebiotics and probiotics in the gut which exert local and systemic beneficial effects including regulation of intestinal disorders and modulation of host immunity. Turmeric is one of the most important medicinal herbaceous that is derived from Curcuma longa rhizome. Curcumin is a well-recognized component of turmeric which contributes to the prevention of multiple inflammatory diseases. Despite curcumin as a well-known compound, few researches have focused on the turmeric extract (TE) and its potential as prebiotic and anti-inflammatory compound. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prebiotic potential and some functional-structural properties of TE. The Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of TE showed identical peaks that belonged to β configuration in pyranose and glycosidic bonds. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of potent phenolic and flavonoid anti-oxidants and curcuminoids, and some functional monosaccharides. TE demonstrated excellent resistance to artificial human gastric and intestine juice compared to the standard prebiotic (inulin) (p ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, our time course experiment showed that TE not only is digested by probiotics including Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium animalis BB12, but also supports the growth of these bacteria even after 72 h (p ≤ 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first report evaluating prebiotic potential of TE and exploring its suppressive effects on LPS induced IL-8 production in HT29-19A cell line.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bifidobacterium; Cell Line; Curcuma; Humans; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Inulin; Lactobacillus; Lipopolysaccharides; Plant Extracts; Prebiotics; Probiotics

In the swine industry, Lawsonia intracellularis is one of the main enteric pathogens; it causes acute intestinal hemorrhage (proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy) in naïve adult pigs and a wasting disease (proliferative enteropathy) in growing pigs. Among many kinds of cytokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) has previously been reported to play a significant role in limiting intracellular infection and increasing cellular proliferation associated with L. intracellularis. However, the levels of various circulating inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, in animals infected with L. intracellularisis is still an area of considerable interest for understanding immunity against this bacterium. In addition, there has been no information on cytokine response in animals infected with any L. intracellularis isolate of South Korean origin or Asian origin. To determine the relationship between the changes in the systemic inflammatory cytokine response in the peripheral blood of the host after L. intracellularis infection, we measured the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IFN-γ), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)), and a chemokine (IL-8) in pigs infected with L. intracellularis isolated from South Korea. This study demonstrated that a L. intracellularis isolate of South Korean origin induced cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ) responses in infected animals within 15 days post-infection although the circulating levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-8 and TGF-β were induced relatively late.

Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Desulfovibrionaceae Infections; Feces; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Lawsonia Bacteria; Republic of Korea; Swine; Swine Diseases

Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicines. It is used as immune stimulant, tonic, antioxidant, hepatoprotectant, diuretic, antidiabetic, anticancer, and expectorant. The purpose of the study was to investigate the curative effects of the decoction obtained from Astragalus membranaceus root in intestinal mucosal injury induced by LPS in mice. An LPS-induced intestinal mucosal injury mice model was applied in the study.. The mice were post-treated with Astragalus membranaceus decoction (AMD) for 4 days after 3 days LPS induction. ELISA kit was used to detect the content of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4,IL-6 and IL-8 in the serum of each group mice. The morphological changes in intestinal mucosa at the end of the experiments were observed. Both VH (villus height) and CD (crypt depth) were measured using H&E-stained sections.. There were significant differences in IL-1β, IL-4,IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α levels in AMD-treated group on the 7th day compared to the controls group. The VH was lower in duodenum, jejunum and the ileum in LPS-treated mice compared to the control animals. Similarly, there was also decrease in V/C. Compared to the control mice, for AMD-treated mice, VH and CD had no significantly differences.. Astragalus membranaceus reduced intestinal mucosal damage and promoted tissue repair by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokine.

Topics: Animals; Astragalus propinquus; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR

Small bowel injury can occur as the result of a multifaceted process that includes increased acid secretion, generation of reactive oxygen species, and cyclooxygenase inhibition. However, no effective medication for small bowel ulceration is available. Simvastatin is an important lipid-lowering agent with anti-inflammatory activity. We aimed to validate the effects of simvastatin in vitro and in vivo. In presence or absence of simvastatin, IEC-6 small bowel cell line with 50 ng/ml of tumor nectosis factor α (TNF-α) was investigated by western blotting, qRT-PCR, and DCF-DA assay. In addition, an in vivo study of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)-induced small bowel inflammation was performed using 7-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) male C57BL/6 mice. Simvastatin treatment reduced the mRNA levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 by approximately 50% in TNF-α-stimulated IEC-6 cells. Treatment with a combination of 50 ng/ml TNF-α and μM simvastatin decreased activation of Akt, IκBα, and nuclear factor-κB p65 level in IEC-6 cells. By DCF-DA staining, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was increased in TNF-α-stimulated cells, and treatment with simvastatin decreased the level of ROS. In addition, in vivo mouse model of NSAID-induced small bowel inflammation, the administration of simvastatin reduced the number of small bowel hemorrhagic lesions and the level of ROS production as determined by gross examination and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine immunohistochemistry of small bowel tissue, respectively. Simvastatin reduced NSAID-induced injuries by both suppression of ROS generation and modulation of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has potential as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for NSAID-induced small bowel injury.

Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Deoxyguanosine; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Indomethacin; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Intestine, Small; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; Simvastatin; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, both extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and intraoperative mesenterial hypoperfusion may account for increased cytokine levels and lead to postoperative gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.. We investigated levels of the intestinal damage markers intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP in plasma [n = 72] and urine [n = 37]), citrulline (in plasma [n = 35]), and claudin-3 (in urine [n = 37]) in patients undergoing aortic or mitral valve surgery with or without coronary artery bypass grafting. Furthermore, the relationship between these markers and the surgery-induced cytokine response was explored by measuring serial plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 (n = 35). Finally, the relationship between markers of intestinal damage and GI-symptoms (abdominal pain, ileus, vomiting, diarrhea, time to first defecation) was assessed.. Plasma and urinary I-FABP levels, and urinary claudin-3 levels peaked at the end of surgery, while citrulline levels were not influenced by surgery. ECC duration correlated with plasma I-FABP levels (r = 0.31, P = 0.007). Plasma levels of all measured cytokines increased during surgery, with peak levels observed either at the end of surgery or on the first postoperative day. While ECC duration correlated with IL-6 and IL-8 release (r = 0.43, P = 0.01 and r = 0.36, P = 0.04 respectively), there was no direct relationship between I-FABP and claudin-3 levels and cytokine concentrations. No patients developed significant GI or non-GI complications, and I-FABP and claudin-3 release appeared not to be related to postoperative GI symptoms, although the incidence of these symptoms may have limited a reliable assessment.. Longer duration of ECC is associated with a more pronounced release of intestinal injury markers and inflammatory cytokines, but intestinal injury markers are not directly related to the observed increase in cytokine levels or GI-symptoms. These findings indicate that ECC duration contributes to the cytokine response observed in cardiac surgery patients and that intestinal injury itself is not a causative factor for this response.

Topics: Aged; Citrulline; Claudin-3; Cytokines; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Female; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Male; Thoracic Surgery

Intestinal injury is thought to play a central role in the occurrence of multiorgan dysfunction after on-pump coronary surgery. Clinical benefits of off-pump revascularisation remain, however, controversial.. Hepatic enzymes and plasmatic IL-6, IL-8 and intestinal-type fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) were determined in 20 patients (age 65-75) undergoing either on-pump (n = 10) or off-pump (n = 10) coronary surgery. Haemodynamic and biochemical parameters, catecholamine and volume therapy were monitored.. Central venous pressure (CVP) was significantly higher in the off-pump group during and 12h after operation (9.5 ± 1.35 vs. 6.21 ± 0.63 mmH2O, p = 0.012). Higher GGT and GLDH levels occurred in the off-pump group and correlated with the elevated I-FABP levels at 24h (935.8 ± 83.7 vs. 370.4 ± 67.7 pg/mL, p<0.001). CVP correlated with I-FABP peak values (Pearson's coefficient 0.852). IL-6 and IL-8 were released to a lower extent in the off-pump group compared to on pump (p<0.05) at 24h (139.3 ± 27.7 vs. 279.4 ± 56.2 and 15.3 ± 7.4 vs. 38.5 ± 13.8 pg/mL) and at 72 h post-operatively (4.5 ± 2.1 vs. 30.1 ± 12.1 and 7.8 ± 1.2 vs. 17.1 ± 5.2 pg/mL).. While inflammatory activation is reduced with CPB avoidance, elevated CVP during off-pump surgery is followed by temporary postoperative enterocyte damage that may threaten the normal function of the gastrointestinal system and lead - in certain groups of high risk patients--to irrecoverable injury.

Topics: Aged; Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Hemodynamics; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Male

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains are causative agents of diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis, both diseases associated with intestinal inflammation and cell damage. Several studies have correlated EHEC virulence factors to high levels of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and we have previously described that the Long polar fimbriae (Lpf) is involved in the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and up-regulation of genes belonging to the NF-κB pathway using non-polarized epithelial intestinal T84 cells. In the current study, we evaluated the two EHEC O157 Lpf fimbriae (Lpf1 and Lpf2) for their ability to induce intestinal secretion of IL-8 and the activation of IL8, CCL20, and ICAM1 genes on polarized T84 cells. We also determined the participation of Lpf1 and Lpf2 in transepithelial migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Polarized T84 cells infected with EHEC revealed that both, Lpf1 and Lpf2, were required for the secretion of IL-8 and the induction of IL8, CCL20, and ICAM1 genes. Both fimbriae also played a role in the migration of PMNs trough the intestinal cells monolayer. Overall, the present work further demonstrated that the fimbriae Lpf1 and Lpf2 are important bacterial virulence factors that might be involved in the inflammatory responses associated with EHEC infections.

Topics: Cell Movement; Chemokine CCL20; Epithelial Cells; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Escherichia coli Proteins; Fimbriae Proteins; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Intestines; Neutrophils

The animal model of intestinal dysbiosis induced by antibiotics was created. Dysbiotic condition was confirmed by the changes in titre of the indigenous microbiota (excessive growth of opportunistic microorganisms and reduced number of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and enterococci) and the appearance of dyspeptic symptoms. Consumption of the fermented milk product with probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium L5 led to the rapid disappearance of dysbiosis symptoms, normalisation of the microbiota, increase in expression of IL-10 and decrease in IL-8 expression.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Enterococcus faecium; Female; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Intestines; Male; Metagenome; Probiotics; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Colonic lamina propria fibroblasts (CLPFs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and strictures in Crohn's disease.. To identify colonic epithelial cell (CEC)-derived factors that activate CLPFs.. Primary human CECs and CLPFs were isolated from control mucosa and interleukin 8 (IL8) of CLPF cultures was quantified by ELISA. Activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) was shown, and translocation of NF-kappaB was inhibited by a dominant-negative IkappaB-expressing adenovirus. The major CLPF-activating and IL8 inducing protein was purified using fast-performance liquid chromatography (HiPrep 16/60 Sephacryl S-200 High Resolution Column) and sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis.. A considerable increase in IL8 secretion by CLPFs cultured in CEC-conditioned media compared with that in unconditioned media (155.00 (10.00) pg/microg v 1.434 (0.695) pg/microg) was found. The effect of CEC-conditioned media on CLPF IL8 secretion was NF-kappaB dependent. A protein or DNA array confirmed the involvement of NF-kappaB and activator protein-1. Purification of a candidate band isolated with the use of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent sequencing showed soluble galectin-3 to be a strong CLPF-activating factor. Depletion of galectin-3 from conditioned media by immunoprecipitation abolished the CLPF stimulatory effect.. Using a classical biochemical approach, soluble galectin-3 was identified as a strong activator of CLPFs produced by CEC. Galectin-3 induced NF-kappaB activation and IL8 secretion in these cells and may be a target for future therapeutic approaches to reduce or avoid stricture formation.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Colon; Colorectal Neoplasms; Culture Media, Conditioned; Diverticulitis; Epithelial Cells; Female; Fibroblasts; Galectin 3; HT29 Cells; Humans; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; NF-kappa B; Transcription Factor AP-1

Two serovars of Salmonella enterica, namely serovar Typhimurium (ST) and serovar Choleraesuis (SC) account for the vast majority of clinical cases of swine salmonellosis worldwide. These serovars are thought to be transmitted among pigs in production settings mainly through fecal-oral routes. Yet, few studies have evaluated effects of these serovars on expression of innate immune targets when presented to pigs via repeated oral dosing in an attempt to model transmission in production settings. Thus, a primary objective of the current experiments was to evaluate expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and selected chemoattractive mediators (interleukin 8, IL8; macrophage migration inhibitory factor, MIF; osteopontin, OPN) in tissues from pigs exposed to ST or SC that had been transformed with kanamycin resistance and green (STG) or red (SCR) fluorescent protein to facilitate isolation from pen fecal samples. In vitro studies confirmed that STG and SCR largely (though not completely) retained their ability to upregulate IL8 and CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) in cultured swine jejunal epithelial cells. Transformed bacteria were then fed to pigs in an in vivo study to determine tissue specific effects on mRNA relative expression. Pigs were fed cookie dough inoculated with bacteria on days 0, 3, 7, and 10 with 10(8)CFU STG (n=8) or SCR (n=8), while control (CTL) pigs (n=8) received dough without bacteria. Animals were sacrificed 14 days from the initial bacterial challenge and samples of tonsil, jejunum, ileum, colon, mesenteric lymph node (MLN), spleen, and liver were removed for subsequent RNA isolation. Expression of mRNA in tissues was determined using real-time quantitative PCR and expressed relative to 18S rRNA. Within CTL pigs, when expressed relative to the content in liver, mRNA for all targets demonstrated substantial tissue effects (P<0.001 for all TLR; MIF, and OPN; P<0.05 for IL8). Feeding STG and SCR resulted in significant (P

Topics: Animals; Chemokines, CC; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Luminescent Proteins; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Osteopontin; Random Allocation; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Salmonella arizonae; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Swine; Swine Diseases; Toll-Like Receptors; Transformation, Genetic

Contact with amniotic fluid causes intestinal damage in gastroschisis, and intraamniotic meconium has been shown to be responsible. Meconium has been shown to contain a significant amount of IL-8, which may be the responsible cytokine for harmful effects of meconium. Neonatal urine contains high amount of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) compared with adult human urine. Urinary trypsin inhibitor has been shown to exert inhibitory effects on IL-8. Therefore, far from being destructive, presence of fetal urine in the amniotic fluid might be beneficial because human urine contains UTI. An experimental study has been performed to investigate whether presence of intraamniotic human urine (consequently UTI) besides meconium is beneficial on intestines of chick embryo with gastroschisis.. Five-day-old fertilized chick eggs were used. Gastroschisis was created through amniotic cavity without opening the allantoic cavity. Sterile urine and meconium were obtained from newborn humans. Study was conducted in 2 stages. In the first stage, gastroschisis was created, and meconium suspensions at minimal harmful meconium concentration were prepared using natural and denatured human neonatal urine and instilled into the amniotic cavity. In the second stage of study, various concentrations of UTI plus meconium suspension at minimal harmful meconium concentration was instilled into the amniotic cavity.. Serosal thickening, inflammation, and focal fibrin deposits were observed in intestines of the groups with meconium and meconium in denatured urine. Histopathologic features of intestines of the group with meconium in natural urine did not differ from the intestines of the control group. Histopathologic examination of intestines of groups with meconium and meconium plus 50 U/mL UTI showed serosal thickening, inflammation, focal fibrin, and collagen deposits. Histopathologic features of intestines of the groups with 1:400 intraamniotic meconium plus 100 and 200 U/mL UTI did not differ from the intestines of control group.. Urinary trypsin inhibitor 100 U/mL prevented the intestinal damage via inhibiting IL-8, which is contained by 1:400 concentration of meconium. Therefore, besides the existence of threshold level of meconium, the existence of UTI, which is capable of inhibiting IL-8 contained by threshold level of meconium, may be a factor in the occurrence of intestinal damage in gastroschisis.

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Animals; Chick Embryo; Gastroschisis; Glycoproteins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Meconium; Urine

Intestinal epithelial cells represent the first line of defence against pathogenic bacteria in the lumen of the gut. Besides acting as a physical barrier, epithelial cells orchestrate the immune response through the production of several innate immune mediator molecules including beta-defensins. Here, we establish the porcine intestinal cell line IPI-2I as a new model system to test the regulation of porcine beta-defensins 1 and 2. Gene expression of both defensins was highly upregulated by foetal calf serum components in normal growth medium. In serum-free medium, baseline expression remained low, but pBD-2 gene expression was increased 10-fold upon infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Salmonella Enteritidis, pathogenic bacteria with comparable adhesion and invasion characteristics, failed to increase pBD-2 mRNA levels. Heat killed or colistin-treated Salmonella Typhimurium had no effect, showing that the upregulation of pBD-2 was dependent on the viability of the Salmonella Typhimurium. Gene expression of pBD-1 was regulated differently since an increase in pBD-1 mRNA was observed by Salmonella Enteritidis infection. We conclude that the IPI-2I cells can serve as a new model to study porcine beta-defensin regulation and that pBD-1 and pBD-2 are differentially regulated in this cell line.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; beta-Defensins; Cell Line; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Statistics, Nonparametric; Swine; Swine Diseases

Vibrio vulnificus, a Gram-negative estuarine bacterium, is a causative agent of food-borne diseases, such as life-threatening septicaemia and wound infection disease. V. vulnificus penetrating into the epithelial barrier stimulates an inflammatory response in the adjacent mucosa. Therefore, interaction between V. vulnificus and epithelial cells is important for understanding of both the immunology of mucosal surfaces and V. vulnificus. In this study, we investigated the effect and action mechanism of V. vulnificus infection on production of interleukin (IL)-8, a proinflammatory cytokine, in human intestinal epithelial INT-407 cells. V. vulnificus infection significantly induced IL-8 production in a time- and multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent manner, as determined by human IL-8 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, V. vulnificus infection significantly increased IL-8 mRNA levels in INT-407 cells, indicating that the increased IL-8 production by V. vulnificus occurred at the transcriptional level. V. vulnificus infection also enhanced IL-8 gene promoter activity in INT-407 cells transiently transfected with IL-8 promoter constructs, but this effect was impaired in INT-407 cells transfected with IL-8 promoter constructs deleted or mutated of a kappaB site. V. vulnificus infection increased the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding activity to a kappaB site and the degradation of IkappaB-alpha protein in a time- and a MOI-dependent manner. Furthermore, BAY11-7082, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation, significantly reduced the IL-8 production, NF-kappaB binding activity and IkappaB-alpha degradation induced by V. vulnificus infection. Taken together, these results indicate clearly that V. vulnificus infection significantly induces IL-8 production in human intestinal epithelial cells via NF-kappaB activation.

Topics: Binding Sites; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Line; Epithelial Cells; Humans; I-kappa B Proteins; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; NF-kappa B; Nitriles; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Protein Denaturation; RNA, Messenger; Sulfones; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus

To determine whether surgical stress is less with transperitoneal or extraperitoneal abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy, blood concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory markers with recovery of bowel function were examined.. Patients who underwent abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy electively via the transperitoneal (T-group; n=15) or the extraperitoneal approach (E-group; n=17) were evaluated. Inflammatory cytokines (interleukin[IL]) IL-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein concentrations, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome score were determined before operation and after operation on days (POD) 1, 3, 7, and 14. Recovery of bowel function was estimated by the time taken for resumption of bowel movement and oral intake, and by the volume of fluid collection from the nasogastric tube.. Cytokine (IL-8) concentrations were higher in the T-group than the E-group with significant difference on POD 7 (4.8+/-0.5 versus 3.4+/-0.2 pg/mL, respectively; P=0.02). Recovery of bowel function and oral intake were earlier, and the volume of fluid collection from the nasogastric tube was smaller in the E-group than the T-group significantly.. Early recovery of bowel function and low concentration of inflammatory cytokines suggest that the extraperitoneal approach to the abdominal aorta is less stressful to the transperitoneal approach. Postoperative inflammatory response may mainly depend on damage of the bowel in the operation of the abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Peritoneum; Postoperative Complications; Recovery of Function; Retrospective Studies; Vascular Surgical Procedures

The preventive effects of glycomacropeptide (GMP) against intestinal infection were investigated, and conjugates of GMP with xylooligosaccharide (XOS) and carboxymethyldextran (CMD) were prepared by the Maillard reaction to enhance the effect of GMP. The binding ability of GMP to intestinal pathogenic bacteria was evaluated by a binding assay with biotinylated bacteria. GMP showed the ability to bind to Salmonella enteritidis and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC O157). This binding ability was decreased by a sialidase treatment and completely eliminated by periodate oxidation. These results indicate that such carbohydrate moieties as sialic acid in GMP are involved in binding to S. enteritidis and EHEC O157. The preventive effect of GMP on the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to Caco-2 cells was also investigated. GMP showed an inhibitory effect on the adhesion of EHEC O157 in a dose-dependent manner, although it was not a potent inhibitor of the adhesion of Salmonella infection. However, in the case of Salmonella infection, GMP-XOS and GMP-CMD significantly suppressed IL-8 production which was the index of infection. Our results indicate GMP to be a promising agent for preventing intestinal infection.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Biotin; Caco-2 Cells; Caseins; Cell Adhesion; Chymosin; Dextrans; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Fungi; Glycopeptides; Humans; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Mycoses; Oligosaccharides

The human intestine harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the mucosa is the interface between the immune system and the luminal environment. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether host-bacteria interactions influence mucosal cytokine production.. Macroscopically normal colonic specimens were obtained at surgery from eight patients with neoplasm, and inflamed ileal specimens were obtained from two patients with Crohn's disease. Mucosal explants were cultured for 24 h with either nonpathogenic Escherichia coli ECOR-26, Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001, L. casei DN-114 056, L. casei ATCC-334, or Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB-10. Each study included blank wells with no bacteria. Tissue and bacteria viability were confirmed by LDH release and culture. Concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, transforming growth factor beta1, interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-10 was measured in supernatants. In parallel experiments, neutralizing anti-TNFalpha antibody was added to the culture.. Co-culture of mucosa with bacteria did not modify LDH release. Co-culture with L. casei strains significantly reduced TNFalpha release, whereas E. coli increased it. These effects were observed both in normal and inflamed mucosa. In combination studies, L. casei DN-114 001 prevented TNFalpha stimulation by E. coli. L. casei DN-114 001 also reduced IL-8 release via a TNFalpha-independent pathway. L. casei DN-114 056 or E. coli increased IL-10 release in the presence of neutralizing anti-TNFalpha.. Nonpathogenic bacteria interact with human intestinal mucosa and can induce changes in cytokine production that are strain specific.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Coculture Techniques; Cytokines; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Lactobacillus; Male; Middle Aged; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Our objective was to study the influence of HIV infection of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) on transepithelial migration. To date, reports of functional PMN chemotaxis in AIDS are contradictory. This is the first attempt to assess this function via an in vitro model allowing transmigration of neutrophils through an intestinal epithelial barrier. PMN were isolated from 45 HIV-infected patients and 45 healthy volunteers. PMN transmigration across T84 epithelial cells was initiated by applying either various concentrations of formyl-met-leu-phe peptide (f-MLP) or interleukin-8 and assayed by quantification of myeloperoxidase activity. CD11b, CD18, and CD47 expression on PMN was compared before and after transepithelial migration by flow cytometry analysis. CD11b expression was studied by electron microscopy. Apoptosis of transmigrated HIV PMN and control PMN was investigated by morphology and DNA fragmentation characterization. Compared to control PMN, HIV PMN exhibited a decrease in transepithelial migration that directly correlated with CD4+ counts. Basal and transepithelial migration-mediated expression of CD11b, CD18, and CD47 were unmodified in HIV PMN compared to control PMN. Electron microscopy labeling confirmed no difference in CD11b expression on HIV and control PMN. The index of apoptosis in transmigrated HIV PMN and control PMN was identical. These data provide evidence of a defect in the f-MLP-induced chemotaxis of PMN from HIV-infected patients across an intestinal epithelial barrier. This defective migration is not due to a quantitative modification of CD11b, CD18 and CD47 on HIV PMN suggesting a more subtle alteration. The impairment in the transmigration function may contribute in vivo to an increased susceptibility to intestinal bacterial infection in HIV-infected patients.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Apoptosis; Bacterial Infections; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Female; Flow Cytometry; HIV Infections; Humans; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Diseases; Macrophage-1 Antigen; Male; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Middle Aged; N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; Neutrophils