interleukin-8 and Infections

Topics: Animals; Clarithromycin; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Infections; Interleukin-8; Neutrophils

Inflammation is a vital consequence of tissue injury caused by various reasons including invasion of foreign particles, infection with microorganisms, autoimmune responses, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and malignant neoplasia. In 1987, a major neutrophil chemotactic and activating factor, now called interleukin 8 (IL-8), was purified and molecularly cloned. In this article, general overview of IL-8 was made describing biochemical structure, regulation of production of IL-8, properties of the receptors for IL-8 and pathophysiological roles of IL-8 in inflammation.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Lung Neoplasms; Molecular Sequence Data; Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Topics: Animals; Chemotactic Factors; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-8; Neutrophils

Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Humans; Infections; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Sialoglycoproteins; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Calgranulin B; Febrile Neutropenia; Female; Humans; Induction Chemotherapy; Infections; Interleukin-8; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocyte Elastase; Male; Pilot Projects

Failure of circulating monocytes for adequate cytokine production is a trait of sepsis-induced immunosuppression; however, its duration and association with final outcome are poorly understood.. We conducted a substudy of a large randomised clinical trial. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated within the first 24 h from the onset of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in 95 patients with microbiologically confirmed or clinically suspected gram-negative infections. Isolation was repeated on days 3, 7 and 10. PBMCs were stimulated for cytokine production. The study endpoints were the differences between survivors and non-survivors, the persistence of immunosuppression, and determination of admission clinical signs that can lead to early identification of the likelihood of immunosuppression.. PBMCs of survivors produced significantly greater concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after day 3. Using ROC analysis, we found that TNF-α production less than 250 pg/ml after lipopolysaccharide stimulation on day 3 could discriminate patients from healthy control subjects; this was associated with a 5.18 OR of having an unfavourable outcome (p = 0.046). This trait persisted as long as day 10. Logistic regression analysis showed that cardiovascular failure on admission was the only independent predictor of defective TNF-α production on day 3.. Defective TNF-α production is a major trait of sepsis-induced immunosuppression. It is associated with significant risk for unfavourable outcome and persists until day 10. Cardiovascular failure on admission is predictive of defective TNF-α production during follow-up.. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01223690 . Registered on 18 October 2010.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Clarithromycin; Decision Support Techniques; Female; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Greece; Humans; Infections; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Placebos; Prospective Studies; Recombinant Proteins; ROC Curve; Statistics, Nonparametric; Survivors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The inflammatory response induced by burn injury contributes to increased incidence of infections, sepsis, organ failure, and mortality. Thus, monitoring postburn inflammation is of paramount importance but, so far, there are no reliable biomarkers available to monitor and/or predict infectious complications after burn. As interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a major mediator for inflammatory responses, the aim of our study was to determine whether IL-8 expression can be used to predict postburn sepsis, infections, and mortality. Plasma cytokines, acute-phase proteins, constitutive proteins, and hormones were analyzed during the first 60 days after injury from 468 pediatric burn patients. Demographics and clinical outcome variables (length of stay, infection, sepsis, multiorgan failure [MOF], and mortality) were recorded. A cutoff level for IL-8 was determined using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Statistical significance is set at P < 0.05. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a cutoff level of 234 pg/mL for IL-8 for survival. Patients were grouped according to their average IL-8 levels relative to this cutoff and stratified into high (H) (n = 133) and low (L) (n = 335) groups. In the L group, regression analysis revealed a significant predictive value of IL-8 to percent of total body surface area burned and incidence of MOF (P < 0.001). In the H group, IL-8 levels were able to predict sepsis (P < 0.002). In the H group, elevated IL-8 was associated with increased inflammatory and acute-phase responses compared with the L group (P < 0.05). High levels of IL-8 correlated with increased MOF, sepsis, and mortality. These data suggest that serum levels of IL-8 may be a valid biomarker for monitoring sepsis, infections, and mortality in burn patients.

Topics: Adolescent; Biomarkers; Burns; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infections; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-8; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Multiple Organ Failure; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Sepsis

The purpose of this study is to determine the levels of procalcitonin (PCT), IL-8 (interleukin-8), MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor), osteoprotegerin (OPG), hs-CRP and D-dimer during fever above 38.3°C due to various causes.. Blood samples taken from a total of consecutive 65 hospitalized patients during fever were prospectively tested for hsCRP, PCT, IL-8, OPG, MIF and D-dimer. Of these patients, there were 26 patients presenting with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia who had no infectious agents found; 23 patients, who had a malignancy with a febrile episode which was neither a microbiologically documented infection nor a chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, and 16 patients who did not have a malignancy and were considered to have a clinically and microbiologically documented infection.. IL-8 and D-dimer levels were higher in patients with febrile neutropenia than in the other two groups. Although MIF and OPG were higher in patients with newly diagnosed cancers, there were no differences among the three groups regarding PCT and hs-CRP values.. High serum IL-8 and D-dimer levels can be useful markers to identify hospitalized chemotherapy-induced neutropenia patients. MIF and OPG were found to be higher in patients with newly diagnosed cancer.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; C-Reactive Protein; Calcitonin; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Female; Fever; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-8; Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Male; Neoplasms; Neutropenia; Osteoprotegerin; Prospective Studies; Protein Precursors

The chemotactic cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) plays an important role in attraction and activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in infection and inflammation. A pilot study was conducted to determine if radiolabeled IL-8 would depict infection in humans.. Human recombinant IL-8 (rhIL-8) labeled with (131)I (specific activity, 0.4-0.7 MBq [11-18 microCi] (131)I/microg IL-8) was injected intravenously into 8 diabetic patients with active foot infections and evidence of osteomyelitis, 2 patients with successfully treated osteomyelitis, and 1 patient with cellulitis of the thumb.. Focal accumulation of (131)I-rhIL-8 was seen in 8 of 8 patients with active foot infection and diffuse uptake was seen in the thumb of the 1 patient with cellulitis. In the 2 patients with successfully treated bone infection, multiphase (99m)Tc-hydroxyethylene diphosphonate bone scans were negative early, but late-phase (>3 h) uptake depicted degenerative lesions that did not image with (131)I-rhIL-8.. (131)I-rhIL-8 accumulates rapidly within infected foci in osteomyelitis and cellulitis but not in successfully treated infections or degenerative joint disease.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Diabetes Complications; Diabetic Foot; Female; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Infections; Interleukin-8; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiopharmaceuticals; Recombinant Proteins

The aim of this prospective study was to compare the effect of autologous unprocessed to processed residual cardiopulmonary bypass blood (CPB) on patients' laboratory and clinical parameters and outcome.. 20 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery were randomized to receive either unprocessed CPB blood (control group) or processed CPB blood employing the Continuous AutoTransfusion System (CATS; Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany). We have shown that this method eliminated >93% of activated mediators. Serial laboratory parameters including complement activation, coagulation factors and the stimulation of IL-6 and IL-8 were compared with clinical side effects and patients' outcome.. Compared to control patients, retransfusion of unprocessed CBP blood significantly increased heparin, free plasma hemoglobin and D-Dimers. Postoperatively, three patients in the control group and two patients in the CATS group required prolonged mechanical ventilation or developed infections associated respectively with elevated C3a (desArg) or IL-6 concentration.. CATS-processing of CPB blood provided a high-quality red blood cell concentrate, resulting in a reduced load of retransfused activated mediators.

Topics: Blood Coagulation Factors; Blood Transfusion, Autologous; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Complement Activation; Complement C3a; Coronary Artery Bypass; Elective Surgical Procedures; Female; Hemoglobins; Heparin; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Respiration, Artificial

To investigate whether amniotic fluid (AF) "sludge" in patients with preterm labor (PTL) with intact membranes is related to intra-amniotic infection or inflammation.. 105 PTL patients before 29 weeks' gestation were enrolled. AF "sludge" was evaluated by transvaginal sonography. Microorganisms were identified in AF by our newly established PCR method using a eukaryote-made thermostable DNA polymerase.. AF "sludge" was present in 18.1% (19/105) of patients. The results obtained in the AF "sludge" group vs the no "sludge" group were as follows: (i) a similar positive rate of microorganisms in AF by PCR, 31.6% (6/19) vs 38.4% (33/86); (ii) a higher level of AF interleukin-8, 15.2 (0.2-381.5) ng/mL vs 5.8 (0.1-413.7) ng/mL; P = .005); and (3) a higher frequency of histological chorioamnionitis, 52.6% (10/19) vs 23.3% (20/86); P = .010.. The presence of AF "sludge" is related to intra-amniotic inflammation with or without microorganisms.

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Chorioamnionitis; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-8; Mycoplasma; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Particulate Matter; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography; Ureaplasma

Topics: Animals; Cell Communication; Cell Degranulation; Cell Differentiation; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Infections; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Elastase; MicroRNAs; NADPH Oxidases; Neutrophils; Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chronic Disease; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-8; Lung; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Neutrophils; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Smoking; Sputum

Cancer patients usually develop malnutrition which may alter their innate immune system integrity. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of chemokine response after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulation in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).. Blood samples from metastatic NSCLC patients were incubated with LPS before the onset of systemic therapy. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels at baseline and after LPS-stimulation were measured and the fold change compared to baseline levels was evaluated as the stimulation index for each cytokine per patient. Results were correlated with sex, age, smoking status, histologic subtype, performance status (PS), albumin, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) status and clinical outcomes.. Totally 103 patients were evaluated. Mean (±SD) stimulation index was 37.6 (±57.8) for IL-6 and 76.7 (±133.4) for IL-8. The disease control rate after first-line chemotherapy was 44/80 (55 %) and the mean (±SD) progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 4.2 (±3.9) and 9.2 (±1.1) months, respectively. MNA, PS, albumin, IL-6 and IL-8 stimulation indices were univariately associated with PFS and OS. IL-8 stimulation index emerged as an independent predictor of both PFS and OS, along with PS, and albumin levels.. The extent of IL-6 and IL-8 stimulation after ex vivo induction with LPS is an important predictor of clinical outcome in metastatic NSCLC patients.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hospitalization; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Nutritional Status; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Survival Rate

At hatching, the immune system of the rainbow trout larva is not fully developed. The larva emerges from the egg and is exposed to the aquatic freshwater environment containing pathogenic organisms. At this early stage, protection from disease causing organisms is thought to depend on innate immune mechanisms. Here, we studied the ability of young post-hatch rainbow trout larvae to respond immunologically to an infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and also report on the localization of 5 different immune relevant molecules in the tissue of infected and uninfected larvae. Quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) was used to analyze the genetic regulation of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, SAA, cathelicidin-2, hepcidin, IL-10, IL-22, IgM and IgT. Also, a panel of 5 monoclonal antibodies was used to investigate the presence and localization of the proteins CD8, SAA, MHCII, IgM and IgT. At 10 days (84 degree days) post-hatching, larvae were infected with I. multifiliis and sampled for qPCR at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection (p.i.). At 72 h p.i. samples were taken for antibody staining. The first of the examined genes to be up-regulated was IL-1β. Subsequently, IL-8 and cathelicidin-2 were up-regulated and later TNF-α, hepcidin, IL-6, iNOS and SAA. Immunohistochemical staining showed presence of CD8 and MHCII in the thymus of both infected and non-infected larvae. Staining of MHCII and SAA was seen at sites of parasite localization and weak staining of SAA was seen in the liver of infected larvae. Staining of IgT was seen at site of infection in the gills which may be one of the earliest adaptive factors seen. No positive staining was seen for IgM. The study illustrates that rainbow trout larvae as young as 10 days (84 degree days) post-hatch are able to regulate important immune relevant cytokines, chemokines and acute phase proteins in response to infection with a skin parasitizing protozoan parasite.

Topics: Acute-Phase Proteins; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Aphanomyces; Chemokines; Cytokines; DNA Primers; DNA, Complementary; Fish Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunohistochemistry; Infections; Interleukin-8; Larva; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Species Specificity; Thymus Gland; Time Factors

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has anti-inflammatory effects via incompletely understood mechanisms. By investigating whether IVIG might modulate neutrophil (PMN) recruitment, we observed that IVIG dose-dependently inhibited (by 30-50%) PMN transendothelial migration (TEM) across human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC) stimulated with IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α or IL-1β+TNF-α. Inhibition required the presence of IVIG with the responding PMNs, was attributable to the F(ab)(2) portion and was unrelated to putative contaminants in IVIG. IVIG did not inhibit IL-1β- or TNF-α-induced increase of PMN adhesion to EC, nor did it affect C5a- or IL-8-induced PMN TEM across unstimulated EC. Effects of IVIG and F(ab)(2) fragments were not associated with PMN activation, assessed by CD62L shedding, CD11b upregulation or PMN shape. Thus, IVIG selectively inhibits PMN TEM across inflammatory-cytokine-stimulated - but not unstimulated - EC, perhaps contributing to therapeutic benefit in chronic inflammation with minimal impact on chemotactic-factor-induced PMN recruitment during acute infection.

Topics: CD11b Antigen; Cell Adhesion; Cells, Cultured; Chemotactic Factors; Complement C5a; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; In Vitro Techniques; Infections; Inflammation; Interleukin-1alpha; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; L-Selectin; Neutrophils; Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Umbilical Veins

This study was aimed at investigating whether semen characteristics in different clinical diagnoses of infertility are associated with PMN elastase, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1beta and TNFalpha levels detected in seminal plasma. Sixty-eight patients were divided into groups according to their clinical diagnosis: idiopathic infertility (group I), varicocele with infections (group II), varicocele (group III), infections (group IV), controls (group V). Physical examination and scrotal Eco-color Doppler was used to detect the varicocele. Patients with positive bacteriological semen analysis were considered as having an infection of the male reproductive tract. Samples were examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM data were quantified with a mathematical formula furnishing a fertility index and the percentage of sperm apoptosis, immaturity and necrosis. PMN elastase/alpha1-PI complex levels were determined by ELISA and IL-6, IL-8, IL-1beta, TNFalpha by Bio-Plex Cytokine assay. Sperm concentration (I-II: p < 0.005; III-IV: p < 0.0001), motility (I-IV: p < 0.0001) and the fertility index (I: p < 0.005; II-IV: p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in the groups vs. controls, whereas sperm pathologies, except for apoptosis, were significantly higher in group I and apoptosis and necrosis were higher in group III. An increase in immaturity (p < 0.005) with a decrease in necrosis (p < 0.005) were observed in group III vs. group IV. Significantly higher levels of inflammatory mediators were detected in groups III and IV vs. controls. Despite a broad relationship among different inflammatory mediators, no correlation was found among them and the semen parameters, including indices from TEM analysis. In conclusion, patients with idiopathic infertility showed altered semen quality and normal levels of inflammatory mediators. Genitourinary infection and varicocele induced an inflammatory effect which could play a detrimental role in spermatogenesis, revealed by a decrease in sperm motility and the fertility index, concomitant with an increase in immaturity mainly in varicocele and necrosis in infection.

Topics: Adult; Apoptosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fertility; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Elastase; Male; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Semen; Semen Analysis; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatogenesis; Spermatozoa; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Varicocele

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-8; Isotope Labeling; Leukocytes; Organotechnetium Compounds; Radionuclide Imaging

Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a chemotactic cytokine that binds with a high affinity to receptors expressed on neutrophils. Previous studies with various animal models showed that (99m)Tc-labeled IL-8 accumulates specifically and rapidly in infectious and inflammatory foci. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the safety of IL-8 in humans and to assess the value of (99m)Tc-IL-8 scintigraphy in patients with suspected localized infections.. (99m)Tc-IL-8 was intravenously injected at 400 MBq into 20 patients with various suspected localized infections. Patients were monitored for IL-8-related side effects for 4 h. Whole-body imaging was performed directly after injection and at 4 h after injection. Imaging after 24 h was performed for the first 7 patients and for subsequent patients when the results of (99m)Tc-IL-8 scintigraphy at 4 h after injection were normal or equivocal. Blood was drawn at several time points to determine the total number of leukocytes and leukocyte differentiation (all patients) and to determine pharmacokinetics (6 patients).. (99m)Tc-IL-8 scintigraphy was performed for 20 patients (13 men and 7 women) with a mean age of 60 y (range, 21-76 y). No significant side effects were noted. Patients had suspected joint prosthesis infections (n = 9), osteomyelitis (n = 8), liver abscess (n = 1), and soft-tissue infections (n = 2). (99m)Tc-IL-8 was rapidly cleared from the blood and most other organs. In 10 of 12 patients with infections, (99m)Tc-IL-8 localized the infection at 4 h after injection. In 1 patient with vertebral osteomyelitis and in 1 patient with an infected knee prosthesis, (99m)Tc-IL-8 scintigraphy results were false-negative. In 8 patients with noninfectious disorders, no focal accumulation of (99m)Tc-IL-8 was found.. Injection of (99m)Tc-IL-8 is well tolerated. (99m)Tc-IL-8 scintigraphy is a promising new tool for the detection of infections in patients as early as 4 h after injection.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Isotope Labeling; Male; Middle Aged; Organotechnetium Compounds; Radiation Dosage; Radionuclide Imaging

To test the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the mice with infection associated preterm labor.. The pregnant C57BL/6 mice were randomly distributed into five groups, each with 20 mice and were given lipopolysaccharide (LPS), saline solution (NS), NAC, LPS+NAC (therapy), and NAC+ LPS (prevention) respectively. The LPS (20 microg) was injected intraperitoneally to the mice every 12 hours since day 16 of gestation to induce preterm labor. The NAC was orally administered (0.5 g/kg) every 12 hours since day 15 or day 16 for the prevention and therapy groups respectively. The latency interval (from LPS injection to delivery of the first pup) and fetal survival rates were recorded in eight mice from each group. The remaining mice were killed at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after the LPS injection (three for a group each time). The NF-kappaB activity and IL-8 mRNA in uterine and maternal and fetal hepatic GSH-PX and serum IL-8, MDA, and SOD were examined.. The average latency interval of LPS-treated mice was (15.1 +/- 1.9) hours, with a fetal survival rate of 4.3%. The NAC therapy extended the latency interval of LPS-treated mice to (35.4 +/- 2.1) hours, with a fetal survival rate of 69.0%. The NAC prevention extended the latency interval of LPS-treated mice to (44.8 +/- 2.6) hours, with a fetal survival rate of 84.3%. The expression of NF-KB P65 was activated and reached the peak 4 hours after the LPS injection. The uterine IL-8 mRNA and serum IL-8 and MDA reached the peak whereas the maternal and fetal hepatic GSH and SOD declined to the lowest 8 hours after the LPS injection. The NAC significantly inhibited the effect induced by the LPS (P < 0.01).. The NAC has a therapeutic effect on the LPS-induced preterm labor in mice. It is even better to be used in preventing preterm labor. The mechanism of the protective effect of NAC may include the deactivation of the NF-kappaB/IL-8 and the reduce of the production of ROS.

Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Female; Fetus; Gene Expression Regulation; Infections; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Oxidation-Reduction; Pregnancy; RNA, Messenger; Transcription Factor RelA

Nicotine, the major addictive component of tobacco, is an immunomodulator that impacts on many cells, including immune cells involved in inflammatory processes. Nicotine also induces oxidative damage to the vascular endothelium and accentuates lipid peroxidation, resulting in vascular cell dysfunction. Furthermore, vascular endothelial cells produce growth factors, such as cytokines and chemokines capable of stimulating and recruiting immune cells to atheromatous lesions. In addition, bacterial products including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a major component of Gram negative bacterial cell walls, activate gene expression resulting in inflammatory cytokine production causing further damage to the vasculature. In the present study, the combined effects of nicotine and bacterial LPS on the expression of IL-6, IL-8, GRO-alpha and MCP-1 in cell lines of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and pulmonary monocytes (THP-1) were examined by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. Results showed that nicotine suppressed the LPS induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 in both cell lines. Since cytokines which alter homeostasis of both vascular endothelial and immune cells are critical for the atherogenic process, further studies are warranted to examine in detail the role of nicotine in terms of effects on inflammatory reactions, including those induced by bacterial infection.

Topics: Atherosclerosis; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Chemokine CCL2; Chemokine CXCL1; Chemokines, CXC; Coronary Vessels; Cytokines; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Infections; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Monocytes; Nicotine; RNA, Messenger

Humoral mediators are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of postoperative complications following surgery. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the postoperative responses of circulating cytokines, chemokines, and stress hormones following liver resection, and their effects on postoperative infectious complications and organ dysfunction.. Perioperative plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-4, IL-8, macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, cortisol, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and leptin were measured by immunoassays in 128 consecutive patients undergoing liver resection.. Forty-three patients had postoperative infection and 11 had infection-related organ dysfunction. Plasma levels of all mediators except for IL-4 increased postoperatively. Postoperative levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, MCP-1, cortisol, and leptin were significantly higher in patients with organ dysfunction than in those without organ dysfunction (P < 0.05). However, postoperative MIF levels were not affected by postoperative infection or organ dysfunction. Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, and MCP-1 were positively correlated with operation time (P < 0.0001) or blood loss (P < 0.0001), and higher in patients with jaundiced liver (P < 0.05). In univariate logistic regression analyses, elevated IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, and MCP-1, advanced age, large volume of blood loss, long operation time, long hepatic ischemia time, and major liver resection were significantly correlated with postoperative infection (P < 0.05). In multivariate analyses, IL-6 and IL-10 were significant predisposing factors for postoperative infection (P < 0.05), and blood loss and IL-6 for organ dysfunction (P < 0.01).. These results suggest that IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, MCP-1, cortisol, and leptin are released after liver resection in response to surgical stress and correlated with postoperative infection and organ dysfunction, and that of these circulating mediators, IL-6 and IL-10, have a close relationship to the complications.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Chemokine CCL2; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Infections; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leptin; Linear Models; Liver Diseases; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Organ Failure; Postoperative Complications; Stress, Physiological; Treatment Outcome

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the concentration of selected proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8) in cervicovaginal fluid, as measured in midgestation, and the risk of early-onset neonatal infection (EONI).. Cervicovaginal fluids were obtained from a cohort of 114 pregnant women at 22 to 34 weeks' gestation. The samples were analyzed for the concentrations of selected proinflammatory cytokines using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA). Lower genital tract microbiology was diagnosed using Gram stain method according to Spiegel's criteria and by culture.. Mean gestational age at the time of sampling was 29.0 weeks. Mean time between sampling and delivery was 9.3 (SD 4.7) weeks. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was diagnosed in 27.2% of subjects and M. hominis and U. urealyticum in 22.8% and 26.3%, respectively. Out of 114 women examined, 20 (17.5%) delivered newborns with EONI. Median cervicovaginal concentrations of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 did not differ between women who delivered newborns with EONI as compared to women who delivered newborns without EONI. Women with pathological lower genital tract microflora and low IL-8 concentration (below 25(th) percentile) during pregnancy presented a significant risk of delivering newborns with EONI (OR=4.9; 95% CI, 1.1-22.8). Subjects with pathological lower genital tract microflora and a low concentration of more than one cytokine had the highest risk of delivering a newborn with EONI, OR=16.2, 95% CI, 1.1-234.0.. Cytokine measurement in cervicovaginal fluid in early gestation could be useful for predicting subsequent EONI only among pregnant women with lower genital tract infection. Maternal genital tract immune hyporesponsiveness as represented by low concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines may create a permissive environment for ascending infection and may lead to subsequent EONI.

Topics: Cervix Mucus; Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Interleukins; Mycoplasma hominis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Risk Factors; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Vagina; Vaginosis, Bacterial

Pro-inflammatory chemokines that attract and cytokines that activate immune cells contribute to normal physiological homeostasis in the female reproductive tract, and are needed to deal effectively with potential pathogenic microbes. Mucosal epithelial cells are capable of producing these factors that communicate with cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems.. Epithelial cells from Fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix were isolated and grown to high transepithelial resistance in cell inserts from seven patients who had hysterectomies. Interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and macrophage inflammatory peptide-1beta (MIP-1beta) were assessed by Luminex bead analysis or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in epithelial cell conditioned media from the apical and basolateral compartments.. With the exception of MCP-1, the seven chemokines/cytokines constitutively produced by the polarized epithelial cells were preferentially secreted apically. A concentration pattern was found in all cases, with IL-8 and IL-6 produced in the greatest quantity.. The concentrations of IL-8, IL-6, G-CSF and MCP-1 are similar to the levels found in reproductive tract fluids of patients with infection. The constitutive secretion and compartmentalization of large quantities of bioactive chemokines and cytokines provide additional evidence for the role of epithelial cells as gatekeepers of innate immune protection in the female reproductive tract.

Topics: Cell Polarity; Cells, Cultured; Chemokine CCL2; Chemokines; Cytokines; Epithelial Cells; Female; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Mucous Membrane; Uterus

The inflammatory response induced by perinatal infections and asphyxia is considered to participate in neonatal brain damage. Inflammatory responses are characterized by the expression of chemokines. Although chemokine levels have been investigated in healthy newborns, their role during neonatal pathological conditions has not been studied. The aim of our study was to examine chemokine serum levels in asphyxiated and infected neonates.. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from perinatally asphyxiated and infected neonates during the first days of life and from neonates who developed nosocomial infections. Serum levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and regulated upon activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) were determined.. In perinatally asphyxiated neonates, IL-8 levels were significantly elevated on the 1st day of life. In perinatally infected neonates, IL-8 and IP-10 levels were significantly increased on the 1st day of life, while RANTES levels were significantly lower and remained so until the 4th day. In nosocomially infected neonates, IL-8, IP-10 and MIP-1alpha levels were significantly increased on diagnosis of infection.. The neonatal immune system is able to produce chemokines for the induction of an inflammatory response during perinatal asphyxia and perinatal or nosocomial infections. Blockade of inflammatory chemokines could possibly contribute to the prevention of brain damage.

Topics: Asphyxia Neonatorum; Chemokine CCL2; Chemokine CCL3; Chemokine CCL4; Chemokine CCL5; Chemokine CXCL10; Chemokines; Cross Infection; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Interleukin-8; Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins

To examine the changes in blood-soluble phospholipase A(2)-IIA levels caused by surgical stress and postoperative infections.. We retrospectively analyzed a prospective database of 40 patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Nine of these patients had a postoperative infection (E Inf(+) group), and 31 did not have a postoperative infection (E Inf(-) group). The blood sPLA(2)-IIA level was measured using a radioimmunoassay, and whole blood was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to examine the sPLA(2)-IIA production.. In the E Inf(-) group, the blood sPLA(2)-IIA levels peaked on postoperative day (POD) 3 then decreased gradually thereafter. Receiver-operator characteristic statistics based on the sPLA(2)-IIA values on POD 5, which are used to classify postoperative infectious complications, revealed an area under the curve of 0.789. However, stimulation of peripheral blood cells with LPS did not induce the production of sPLA(2)-IIA.. During the early postoperative phase, blood sPLA(2)-IIA levels increase according to the surgical stress. Soluble PLA(2)-IIA may be produced at the site of infection or in the liver, but not in the circulating blood. Sustained elevation of the serum sPLA(2)-IIA level, observed even after POD 3, seems to represent a response to postoperative infection.

Topics: Biomarkers; Colonic Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagectomy; Female; Group II Phospholipases A2; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Phospholipases A; Phospholipases A2; Postoperative Complications; Radioimmunoassay; ROC Curve; Stress, Physiological

To assess in patients with multiple trauma the relevance of the following as predictive markers for infections: the inflammation parameters white blood count, body temperature, blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration; blood levels of C-reactive protein, PMN elastase, procalcitonin, neopterin, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, malondialdehyde, total antioxidative status; the stress parameters cortisol and lactate.. Prospective observational cohort study.. Intensive Care Unit of a university surgical department.. Twenty-six patients with multiple trauma of differing severity.. Trauma severity was estimated by the ISS. PMN migration upon F-Met-Leu-Phe stimulation was determined in fresh whole blood in a ready-for-use, one-way membrane filter assay and evaluated by automated image analysis. The other parameters were measured with commercially available tests. During hospitalization, nine patients developed infections, and 17 patients were free of infection. PMN migration below a critical minimum preceded infections in eight of the infected, but occurred in only three of the non-infected patients (positive/negative predictive values 0.72/0.93; sensitivity/specificity 0.88/0.82; likelihood ratio 5.0). Fever (> or =38.0 degrees C) had predictive values of 0.83/0.80 and a high likelihood ratio of 9.4, but a low sensitivity/specificity of 0.55/0.94. The other parameters were without significance. Procalcitonin, elastase, C-reactive protein, neopterin and lactate correlated positively with the injury severity score.. PMN migration proved to be a highly sensitive predictive marker for infections. The whole-blood PMN migration test may facilitate early aggressive antimicrobial therapy.

Topics: Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Calcitonin; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Cell Movement; Cohort Studies; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Count; Neutrophils; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Protein Precursors; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Biomarkers; Child; Fever; Genotype; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Neoplasms; Neutropenia; Point Mutation; Promoter Regions, Genetic

Cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may induce a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is associated with an increased risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. The intention of this pilot study was to investigate the influence of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses as well as of released adhesion molecules and endotoxin on the time requirements for assisted postoperative respiration following CPB surgery.. One hundred consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using CPB were prospectively investigated. Blood levels of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and endotoxins were serially measured at four time points perioperatively.. All patients survived the observation period. Eighty-five patients were uneventful (group 1), whereas 15 patients required prolonged ventilation (34.8 +/- 9.2 h; group 2). All patients developed a pro-inflammatory and a compensatory anti-inflammatory cytokine response. An endotoxin liberation was found in parallel. The prediction of prolonged respirator dependence may be possible at completion of surgery using a combined data pattern analysis, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-4, endotoxins, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, age, and cross clamp (x-clamp) time. Using arbitrary cutoff points improved sensitivity (0.92), specificity (0.90), positive prediction (0.87), and negative prediction (0.85) (all P < 0.02), and the ODD ratio (2.1) was found.. Cardiac surgery and CPB induces both a pro- and anti-inflammatory immune response. The use of a data pattern instead of several individual parameters seems advantageous for individualized predictions on postoperative recovery in CPB surgery.

Topics: Aged; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Endotoxins; Female; Humans; Immune System; Infections; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Predictive Value of Tests; Respiration, Artificial; ROC Curve; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1

The cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) binds with high affinity to the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors on neutrophils. In previous studies, we showed that (99m)Tc-IL-8 could rapidly and effectively delineate foci of infection and inflammation in rabbit models of intramuscular infection, colitis, and osteomyelitis. Here, the in vivo kinetics and pharmacodynamics of (99m)Tc-IL-8 are studied in detail. A derivative of hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC) was used as a bifunctional coupling agent to label the protein with (99m)Tc.. To address specificity of uptake of (99m)Tc-IL-8 in the abscess, uptake in turpentine-induced abscesses in neutropenic rabbits was compared with uptake in turpentine-induced abscesses in normal rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of (99m)Tc-IL-8 were studied in neutropenic rabbits and compared with those in normal rabbits. To investigate the interaction of (99m)Tc-IL-8 with blood cells in circulation in normal rabbits, the distribution of the radiolabel over circulating white and red blood cells and plasma was determined. The in vivo kinetics of (99m)Tc-IL-8 were studied by quantitative analysis of whole-body images acquired between 0 and 6 h after injection. The results of this analysis (in vivo biodistribution) were validated by ex vivo counting of radioactivity in dissected tissues.. The abscess uptake (percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue [%ID/g] +/- SEM) in immunocompetent rabbits (0.41 +/- 0.05) was 10 times higher than that in neutropenic rabbits (0.038 +/- 0.014), demonstrating specificity of the target uptake of (99m)Tc-IL-8. Abscess-to-muscle ratios +/- SEM were also 10 times higher (110 +/- 10 vs. 10 +/- 5). Lung and spleen uptake in normal rabbits was 3 times higher than that in neutropenic rabbits. The blood clearance of the radiolabel in neutropenic rabbits was similar to that in normal rabbits. In circulation, most of (99m)Tc-IL-8 (70%) was found in the plasma fraction. Less than one third was associated with red blood cells, and only a very low percentage (<2.5%) was associated with white blood cells. Image analysis revealed a gradually increasing abscess uptake over time up to >15%ID, which was confirmed by ex vivo gamma-counting of the infected muscle. The highest increase in uptake in the abscess was observed after 2 h following injection, when most of (99m)Tc-IL-8 was cleared from the blood, suggesting specific neutrophil-mediated accumulation of (99m)Tc-IL-8 in the abscess. Furthermore, region-of-interest analysis revealed that gradual accumulation of (99m)Tc-IL-8 in the abscess was accompanied by a simultaneous clearance of activity from the lungs, suggesting that neutrophil-associated (99m)Tc-IL-8 that was initially trapped in the lungs migrates to the abscess at later time points, favoring neutrophil-bound transportation from the lungs to the abscess.. Substantial support is given for the hypothesis that (99m)Tc-IL-8 localizes in the abscess, mainly bound to peripheral neutrophils. Accumulation in the abscess is a highly specific, neutrophil-driven process. As assessed by in vivo and ex vivo analysis, the total fraction that accumulates in the inflamed tissue is extremely high (up to >15 %ID) compared with that of other agents used for imaging infection and inflammation.

Topics: Abscess; Animals; Erythrocytes; Female; Infections; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Kinetics; Leukocytes; Neutropenia; Neutrophils; Organ Specificity; Organotechnetium Compounds; Rabbits; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiopharmaceuticals; Tissue Distribution; Turpentine; Whole-Body Counting

To elucidate the diagnostic accuracy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in identifying patients with sepsis among critically ill pediatric patients with suspected infection.. Nested case-control study in a multidisciplinary neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) PATIENTS: PICU patients during a 12-month period with suspected infection, and plasma available from the time of clinical suspicion (254 episodes, 190 patients).. Plasma levels of G-CSF, IL-8, and IL-1ra. Episodes classified on the basis of clinical and bacteriological findings into: culture-confirmed sepsis, probable sepsis, localized infection, viral infection, and no infection. Plasma levels were significantly higher in episodes of culture-confirmed sepsis than in episodes with ruled-out infection. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was higher for IL-8 and G-CSF than for IL-1ra. Combining IL-8 and G-CSF improved the diagnostic performance, particularly as to the detection of Gram-negative sepsis. Sensitivity was low (<50%) in detecting Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteremia or localized infections.. In this heterogeneous population of critically ill children with suspected infection, a model combining plasma levels of IL-8 and G-CSF identified patients with sepsis. Negative results do not rule out S. epidermidis bacteremia or locally confined infectious processes. The model requires validation in an independent data-set.

Topics: Area Under Curve; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Critical Illness; Female; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Infant; Infections; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Interleukin-8; Logistic Models; Male; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sialoglycoproteins

Cough persisting after a respiratory infection is common in children and is often managed as asthma. However, little is known about the pathophysiologic mechanisms of such cough and how it compares with asthma.. We used the technique of induced sputum to examine the inflammatory index values associated with persistent cough or allergic asthma in children. We hypothesized that the sputum from children with persistent postinfectious cough would differ from that of children with allergic asthma in that the former would lack eosinophils compared with the latter.. Sputum production was induced with hypertonic saline solution in 34 children: 12 with cough persisting for 1 month or more after an apparent respiratory tract infection, not treated with corticosteroid; 11 with untreated atopic asthma, not using inhaled corticosteroid; and 11 with treated atopic asthma using inhaled corticosteroid.. The percentage of eosinophils in the sputum of children with cough was significantly lower than in the sputum of children with untreated allergic asthma (median 0.5% vs 14.5%, P <.0001). Similarly, the percentage of eosinophils in the sputum of children with asthma treated with inhaled steroids was significantly lower compared with untreated asthmatic children (1.5% vs 14.5%, P <.0001). The peripheral blood eosinophils, serum eosinophil cationic protein, and nasal percent eosinophils of the patients with cough were also significantly lower than those from patients with untreated asthma. Methacholine challenge in 6 of the 11 cough patients tested showed mild-to-moderate hyperresponsiveness, whereas the other 5 had a negative methacholine challenge.. Children with persistent postinfectious cough do not have airway eosinophilia typical of untreated asthma. Despite the absence of eosinophilic inflammation, some of the patients with chronic cough had reactive airways. These results suggest that postinfectious cough in children has different pathophysiologic features than allergic asthma and probably represents a different disease.

Topics: Asthma; Blood Proteins; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Eosinophil Granule Proteins; Eosinophils; Female; Humans; Infections; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Count; Male; Methacholine Compounds; Ribonucleases; Sputum

To determine whether inflammatory cytokine concentrations (Il-1 beta, Il-6, Il-8 and G-CSF) in umbilical cord blood are useful predictors of an early-onset neonatal infection.. 240 women and their newborns were enrolled in our study and umbilical cord blood samples collected from neonates (n = 240) were subjected to ELISA for Il-1 beta, Il-6, Il-8 and G-CSF. Clinical outcome of the neonates was followed and documented. Placenta histology was also available in majority of the cases (n = 195).. Early-onset neonatal infection was diagnosed in 5.4% of neonates (13/240) and placental examination showed histologic chorioamnionitis in 17.9% (35/195). Both Il-1 beta and Il-6 cord blood concentrations were elevated in association with histologic chorioamnionitis (Il-1 beta-2.7 vs. 2.1 pg/ml, p < 0.05 and Il-6 15.6 vs. 12.8 pg/ml, p < 0.005). Only Il-6 was elevated (16.0 vs. 13.2 pg/ml, p < 0.05) in neonates with early-onset bacterial infections. ROC analysis showed acceptable diagnostic performance of Il-6 in the identification of acute histologic chorioamnionitis and clinical neonatal infection.. Il-6 in umbilical cord blood seems to be a promising predictor for early-onset neonatal infections.

Topics: Chorioamnionitis; Female; Fetal Blood; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Pregnancy; ROC Curve; Sensitivity and Specificity

We have already reported that there are some periods when a high interleukin 8 (IL-8) concentration is observed in the tracheobronchial aspirate of infants with chronic lung disease (CLD), although the changing pattern of the IL-8 concentration varies depending on the type of CLD. Interleukin 8 is known as a neutrophil chemotactic agent. Therefore, we asked whether IL-8 is an important neutrophil chemotactic factor in the tracheobronchial aspirate of infants who later develop CLD.. We measured the neutrophil chemotactic activity of the tracheobronchial aspirate in CLD infants with or without anti-IL-8 antibody. Preincubation with anti-IL-8 immunoglobulinG resulted in a significant reduction of neutrophil chemotactic activity in the tracheobronchial aspirate. In infants with CLD following respiratory distress syndrome, there was a significant relationship between the IL-8 concentration and the neutrophil chemotactic activity of tracheobronchial aspirate without anti-IL-8 antibody, although no significant relationship was seen in infants with CLD following intra-uterine infection or with other CLD.. Interleukin 8 in the tracheobronchial aspirate seems to play a significant role in recruiting neutrophils into the airways of patients with CLD, especially CLD following respiratory distress syndrome. We believe that in this type of CLD, IL-8 in the lung is generated as a result of hyperoxia rather than infection. In this situation, production of other neutrophil chemotactic factors or some factors that inhibit IL-8 activity may be insignificant.

Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Interleukin-8; Lung Diseases; Neutrophil Activation; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; Sputum

Sepsis occurs following the presence of bacteria in the circulation and is associated with fever, hyperthermia, and hypotension. Hypophosphatemia develops in the early stages of sepsis. High levels of inflammatory cytokines also characterize early sepsis.. The aim of the present study was to correlate hypophosphatemia with cytokines and cytokine receptor levels during early sepsis. We aimed to reestablish the results obtained from patients in an in vivo experimental model, in order to understand the mechanism of hypophosphatemia induction in early sepsis.. Ninety-nine patients were enrolled in this study and their clinical condition was classified as the presence of infection, sepsis, and bacterial growth in blood cultures. Phosphate levels and cytokine levels were recorded. In order to determine whether hypophosphatemia is correlated to the increased inflammatory cytokines, we injected normal mice with recombinant cytokines and studied their effect on phosphate levels.. Our results revealed that 80% of the septic patients had hypophosphatemia associated with very high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 and of soluble IL receptor (sIL)-2R and IL-6R, especially in those patients with positive blood cultures. Injection of IL-6, TNFalpha and IL-1beta in mice markedly decreased the phosphate serum levels.. Significant associations were demonstrated between high levels of inflammatory cytokines and their receptors and between serum phosphate levels, especially in patients with positive blood culture. Our results point to a correlation between the high inflammatory cytokines levels and hypophosphatemia during early sepsis. Cytokine levels and hypophosphatemia may be included in sepsis evaluation and prognosis. Anticytokine strategies might, therefore, reverse hypophosphatemia and other parameters of sepsis.

Topics: Cytokines; Humans; Hypophosphatemia; Incidence; Infections; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Prevalence; Receptors, Cytokine; Sepsis; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Our purpose was to compare and correlate amniotic fluid GRO-alpha, interleukin-8, and L-selectin in patients with and without intraamniotic infection.. Amniocentesis was performed on 45 pregnant women with preterm contractions, labor, or rupture of membranes. Fourteen patients had intraamniotic infection, and 31 did not. Intraamniotic infection was defined as the presence of a positive amniotic fluid culture. Amniotic fluid tests for Gram stain, glucose, neutrophil counts, creatinine, pH, and specific gravity were performed. Amniotic fluid levels of soluble L-selectin, interleukin-8, and GRO-alpha were measured by an enzyme-linked immunoassay and normalized by amniotic fluid creatinine levels. The Mann-Whitney Utest and Spearman's rank correlation test were used for statistical analyses.. Amniotic fluid median levels of soluble L-selectin, interleukin-8, and GRO-alpha were significantly higher in pregnant women with intraamniotic infection than in those without intraamniotic infection (soluble L-selectin: median 3334.6 ng/mg creatinine, range 408.4 to 15,956.8 vs 717.2 ng/mg creatinine, range 129.4 to 4601.9, p = 0.009; GRO-alpha: median 841.6 ng/mg creatinine, range 28.1 to 8591.7 vs 56.8 ng/mg creatinine, range 0.0 to 440.2, p < 0.0001; interleukin-8: median 4932.7 ng/mg creatinine, range 0.0 to 55,058.7 vs 28.3 ng/mg creatinine, range 0.0 to 1161.6, p = 0.0004). Patients with intraamniotic infection had significantly higher amniotic fluid leukocyte counts and leukocyte esterase activities and significantly lower amniotic fluid glucose concentrations compared with those without intraamniotic infection. Amniotic fluid GRO-alpha, interleukin-8, and soluble L-selectin were positively correlated, and each was positively correlated with amniotic fluid leukocytes and negatively correlated with amniotic fluid levels of glucose.. Our data indicate amniotic fluid GRO-alpha and interleukin-8 may be two potent leukocyte chemoattractants and activators, and L-selectin is rapidly shed from leukocytes in the amniotic fluid in patients with intraamniotic infection.

Topics: Adult; Amniocentesis; Amniotic Fluid; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Chemokine CXCL1; Chemokines; Chemokines, CXC; Chemotactic Factors; Creatinine; Female; Glucose; Growth Substances; Humans; Infections; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Interleukin-8; L-Selectin; Leukocyte Count; Pregnancy; Statistics, Nonparametric

The study's objective was to determine and correlate amniotic fluid levels of leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8 in patients with and without intra-amniotic infection.. Amniocentesis was performed on 41 pregnant women with preterm contractions, labor, or premature rupture of membranes. Intra-amniotic infection was defined as the presence of a positive amniotic fluid culture result. Amniotic fluid tests for Gram stain, glucose, leukocyte counts, creatinine level, pH, and specific gravity were performed. Amniotic fluid levels of leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8 were measured by an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Unlike in previous reports, cytokines were normalized by amniotic fluid creatinine levels.. Fifteen patients had intra-amniotic infection and 26 did not. Amniotic fluid median levels of leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8 were significantly higher in pregnant women with intra-amniotic infection than in those without intra-amniotic infection (leukemia inhibitory factor median 3912 pg/mg creatinine, range 0.0-199314, vs 56 pg/mg creatinine, range 0. 0-12148, P =.01; interleukin 6 median 2005 ng/mg creatinine, range 27-4071, vs 990 ng/mg creatinine, range 7.5-3409, P =.005; interleukin 8: median 4933 ng/mg creatinine, range 0.0-55058, vs 61 ng/mg creatinine, range 0.0-2399, P =.005). Amniotic fluid levels of leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8 were positively correlated.. The data indicate that leukemia inhibitory factor plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intra-amniotic infection. In addition, significant elevations of and correlations among amniotic fluid levels of leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8 suggest that measurements of these cytokines in amniotic fluid may be of diagnostic and prognostic importance.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Female; Growth Inhibitors; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; Lymphokines; Osmolar Concentration; Pregnancy; Reference Values

In order to elucidate the role of interleukin 8 (IL-8) in the development of chronic lung disease (CLD) of neonates with intra-uterine infection, serial and simultaneous measurements of the concentration of IL-8 and granulocyte elastase alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor complex (E-alpha 1 PI) in the tracheobronchial aspirate of low birth weight infants were conducted. Infants with a high serum IgM level at birth, and who subsequently developed CLD, showed significantly high concentrations of IL-8 and E-alpha 1 PI in the first 48 h. It seemed that IL-8 stimulated neutrophils to release neutrophil enzymes which, in turn, caused the lung tissue injury, resulting in the development of CLD following intra-uterine infection.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Bronchi; Fetal Diseases; Granulocytes; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Elastase; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Pancreatic Elastase; Suction; Trachea

Topics: Acute Disease; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antigens, CD; Base Sequence; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Dogs; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Targeting; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Lymphocyte Activation; Mice; Models, Molecular; Protein Conformation; Rabbits; Rats; Receptors, Interleukin; Receptors, Interleukin-8A; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Signal Transduction

This study was designed to further differentiate monocyte behavior in critically ill patients with operative or accidental trauma. The patient population studied consisted of 39 patients (17 patients undergoing elective surgery [ES], seven patients with major multiple injuries [MI], and 15 patients in an acute septic state [S]). Immunologic parameters assessed included monocyte phenotyping with the monoclonal antibody LeuM3, measurement of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-8 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated in vitro cultures of mononuclear leukocytes (PBMCs), and determination of neopterin in gamma-interferon-stimulated in vitro cultures and corresponding serum samples. Serum neopterin levels were very high in S patients (89.0 nmol/L; p less than 0.05) compared with control values (4.6 nmol/L), with a rise to 16.4 nmol/L in ES patients on day 7 and 13.4 nmol/L in MI patients on day 7. The concentrations of gamma-interferon-induced neopterin in the supernatants of the PBMC cultures were elevated in all patient groups. Severe impairment of IL-1 synthesis was seen in MI and S patients. IL-8 synthesis (818 +/- 150 units/ml, control value) was also suppressed (p less than 0.05) in MI patients; the values were 135 +/- 65 units/ml on day 1,231 +/- 110 units/ml on day 3,347 +/- 131 units/ml on day 7, and 355 +/- 107 units/ml in S patients. The kinetic patterns of synthesis were comparable for IL-1 and IL-8 in all patient groups. Lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 synthesis (9.4 +/- 1.5 x 10(3) units/ml, control value) was significantly elevated in the PBMC cultures of all patient groups, with the exception of the early phase after accidental trauma. Maximum amounts of IL-6 synthesis after surgery were 19.6 +/- 7 x 10(3) units/ml in S patients and 19.0 +/- 2.2 x 10(3) units/ml in ES patients. These results demonstrate (1) the impairment of the functional capacity of circulating monocytes and (2) that the degree of functional impairment is proportional to the severity of the injury.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biopterins; Critical Care; Humans; Infections; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Interleukins; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Neopterin; Phenotype; Postoperative Period; Wounds and Injuries

We have recently described the partial purification and characterization of a neutrophil migration inhibitory activity present in serum from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). This new lymphokine, the chemokinetic inhibitory factor (CIF), is produced by B-CLL cells. It is a heat-labile glycoprotein of an approximate molecular weight (m. w.) of 30000. In this extended investigation 64/89 CLL-patients had CIF in their serum. CLL serum diluted to a concentration of 0.02% gave significantly decreased chemokinetic activity, suggesting that CIF is potent at very low concentrations. 31/89 patients had increased infection propensity. Significantly more patients with CIF in serum had infections compared to the group with normal susceptibility to infections. The combination of low Ig levels and CIF in serum discriminated even better between the infection-prone and non-infection-prone patients. CIF in serum was not correlated to tumour cell mass - estimated by Rai clinical staging - tumour progression or deoxythymidine kinase, S-TK, an enzyme that may reflect proliferating cells. The existence of this new lymphokine in serum seems to contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections seen in CLL patients.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Chemotactic Factors; Disease Susceptibility; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; Female; Hot Temperature; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Infections; Interleukin-8; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Lymphokines; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Thymidine Kinase

Mononuclear cells from normal volunteers and from patients with the hyperimmunoglobulin E recurrent infection syndrome (HIE) were cultured for 18 h with and without opsonized, heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus (OS). The supernatants from normal mononuclear cell cultures without OS revealed no inhibitory activity for neutrophil chemotaxis, whereas those from HIE patients revealed the previously reported 61,000-dalton factor. However, when normal cells were cultured with OS, they produced a proteinaceous, 56 degrees C-stable, 30,000- to 45,000-dalton factor which preferentially inhibited neutrophil versus monocyte chemotaxis. When HIE cells were exposed to OS, they produced the same 30,000- to 45,000-dalton factor as normal cells, as well as the 61,000-dalton factor that they produced spontaneously. Assay of 1,000-fold dilutions of supernatants from cultures of normal mononuclear cells with OS revealed a mean production of 7.8 +/- 5.4% inhibition of chemotaxis, whereas assay of 1,000-fold dilutions of supernatants from cultures of HIE mononuclear cells (spontaneously producing the 61,000-dalton factor) with OS revealed a 26.6 +/- 3.6% inhibition (P less than 0.02). The data indicate that in short-term culture both normal and HIE mononuclear cells produce an inhibitor of neutrophil chemotaxis when exposed to particulate heat-killed staphylococci but that HIE cells produce qualitatively and quantitatively more inhibitory activity.

Topics: Cells, Cultured; Chemotactic Factors; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hypergammaglobulinemia; Immunoglobulin E; Infections; Interleukin-8; Lymphokines; Molecular Weight; Monocytes; Opsonin Proteins; Phagocytes; Recurrence; Staphylococcus aureus; Syndrome