interleukin-8 and Gram-Negative-Bacterial-Infections

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a novel respiratory illness firstly reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is caused by a new corona virus, called MERS corona virus (MERS-CoV). Most people who have MERS-CoV infection developed severe acute respiratory illness.. This work is done to determine the clinical characteristics and the outcome of intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection.. This study included 32 laboratory confirmed MERS corona virus infected patients who were admitted into ICU. It included 20 (62.50%) males and 12 (37.50%) females. The mean age was 43.99 ± 13.03 years. Diagnosis was done by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test for corona virus on throat swab, sputum, tracheal aspirate, or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. Clinical characteristics, co-morbidities and outcome were reported for all subjects.. Most MERS corona patients present with fever, cough, dyspnea, sore throat, runny nose and sputum. The presence of abdominal symptoms may indicate bad prognosis. Prolonged duration of symptoms before patients' hospitalization, prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, bilateral radiological pulmonary infiltrates, and hypoxemic respiratory failure were found to be strong predictors of mortality in such patients. Also, old age, current smoking, smoking severity, presence of associated co-morbidities like obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart diseases, COPD, malignancy, renal failure, renal transplantation and liver cirrhosis are associated with a poor outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients.. Plasma HO-1, ferritin, p21, and NQO1 were all elevated at baseline in CKD participants. Plasma HO-1 and urine NQO1 levels each inversely correlated with eGFR (. SnPP can be safely administered and, after its injection, the resulting changes in plasma HO-1, NQO1, ferritin, and p21 concentrations can provide information as to antioxidant gene responsiveness/reserves in subjects with and without kidney disease.. A Study with RBT-1, in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects with Stage 3-4 Chronic Kidney Disease, NCT0363002 and NCT03893799.. HFNC did not significantly modify work of breathing in healthy subjects. However, a significant reduction in the minute volume was achieved, capillary [Formula: see text] remaining constant, which suggests a reduction in dead-space ventilation with flows > 20 L/min. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02495675).. 3 组患者手术时间、术中显性失血量及术后 1 周血红蛋白下降量比较差异均无统计学意义（. 对于肥胖和超重的膝关节单间室骨关节炎患者，采用 UKA 术后可获满意短中期疗效，远期疗效尚需进一步随访观察。.. Decreased muscle strength was identified at both time points in patients with hEDS/HSD. The evolution of most muscle strength parameters over time did not significantly differ between groups. Future studies should focus on the effectiveness of different types of muscle training strategies in hEDS/HSD patients.. These findings support previous adverse findings of e-cigarette exposure on neurodevelopment in a mouse model and provide substantial evidence of persistent adverse behavioral and neuroimmunological consequences to adult offspring following maternal e-cigarette exposure during pregnancy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6067.. This RCT directly compares a neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen with a standard CROSS regimen in terms of overall survival for patients with locally advanced ESCC. The results of this RCT will provide an answer for the controversy regarding the survival benefits between the two treatment strategies.. NCT04138212, date of registration: October 24, 2019.. Results of current investigation indicated that milk type and post fermentation cooling patterns had a pronounced effect on antioxidant characteristics, fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation and textural characteristics of yoghurt. Buffalo milk based yoghurt had more fat, protein, higher antioxidant capacity and vitamin content. Antioxidant and sensory characteristics of T. If milk is exposed to excessive amounts of light, Vitamins B. The two concentration of ZnO nanoparticles in the ambient air produced two different outcomes. The lower concentration resulted in significant increases in Zn content of the liver while the higher concentration significantly increased Zn in the lungs (p < 0.05). Additionally, at the lower concentration, Zn content was found to be lower in brain tissue (p < 0.05). Using TEM/EDX we detected ZnO nanoparticles inside the cells in the lungs, kidney and liver. Inhaling ZnO NP at the higher concentration increased the levels of mRNA of the following genes in the lungs: Mt2 (2.56 fold), Slc30a1 (1.52 fold) and Slc30a5 (2.34 fold). At the lower ZnO nanoparticle concentration, only Slc30a7 mRNA levels in the lungs were up (1.74 fold). Thus the two air concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles produced distinct effects on the expression of the Zn-homeostasis related genes.. Until adverse health effects of ZnO nanoparticles deposited in organs such as lungs are further investigated and/or ruled out, the exposure to ZnO nanoparticles in aerosols should be avoided or minimised.

Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Adenine; Adenocarcinoma; Adipogenesis; Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Ophthalmic; Adolescent; Adsorption; Adult; Aeromonas hydrophila; Aerosols; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Agriculture; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Airway Remodeling; Alanine Transaminase; Albuminuria; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; Algorithms; AlkB Homolog 2, Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase; Alzheimer Disease; Amino Acid Sequence; Ammonia; Ammonium Compounds; Anaerobiosis; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antifungal Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Antioxidants; Antitubercular Agents; Antiviral Agents; Apolipoproteins E; Apoptosis; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Arsenic; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Asthma; Atherosclerosis; ATP-Dependent Proteases; Attitude of Health Personnel; Australia; Austria; Autophagy; Axitinib; Bacteria; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bariatric Surgery; Base Composition; Bayes Theorem; Benzoxazoles; Benzylamines; beta Catenin; Betacoronavirus; Betula; Binding Sites; Biological Availability; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy; Bioreactors; Biosensing Techniques; Birth Weight; Blindness; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Blood-Brain Barrier; Blotting, Western; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; Borates; Brain; Brain Infarction; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Brain Neoplasms; Breakfast; Breast Milk Expression; Breast Neoplasms; Bronchi; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Buffaloes; Cadherins; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium Compounds; Calcium, Dietary; Cannula; Caprolactam; Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Carboplatin; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Ductal; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carps; Carrageenan; Case-Control Studies; Catalysis; Catalytic Domain; Cattle; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Adhesion; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Death; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Nucleus; Cell Phone Use; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Cellulose; Chemical Phenomena; Chemoradiotherapy; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; China; Chitosan; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cholecalciferol; Chromatography, Liquid; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Circular Dichroism; Cisplatin; Citric Acid; Clinical Competence; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Coculture Techniques; Cohort Studies; Cold Temperature; Colitis; Collagen Type I; Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; Collagen Type XI; Color; Connective Tissue Diseases; Copper; Coronary Angiography; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Coronavirus Infections; Cost of Illness; Counselors; COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Creatine Kinase; Creatinine; Cross-Over Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Cryosurgery; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cues; Cultural Competency; Cultural Diversity; Curriculum; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; Cycloparaffins; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Cytokines; Cytoplasm; Cytoprotection; Databases, Factual; Denitrification; Deoxycytidine; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diagnosis, Differential; Diatoms; Diet; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Exposure; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Diketopiperazines; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Disease-Free Survival; DNA; DNA Damage; DNA Glycosylases; DNA Repair; DNA-Binding Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Viral; Docetaxel; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Down-Regulation; Doxorubicin; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Drug Repositioning; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Edema; Edible Grain; Education, Graduate; Education, Medical, Graduate; Education, Pharmacy; Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome; Electron Transport Complex III; Electron Transport Complex IV; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Emergency Service, Hospital; Empathy; Emulsions; Endothelial Cells; Endurance Training; Energy Intake; Enterovirus A, Human; Environment; Environmental Monitoring; Enzyme Assays; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epithelial Cells; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Epoxide Hydrolases; Epoxy Compounds; Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Esophagectomy; Estrogens; Etanercept; Ethiopia; Ethnicity; Ethylenes; Exanthema; Exercise; Exercise Test; Exercise Tolerance; Extracellular Matrix; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Eye Infections, Fungal; False Negative Reactions; Fatty Acids; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Feces; Female; Femur Neck; Fermentation; Ferritins; Fetal Development; Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Fibroblasts; Fibroins; Fish Proteins; Flavanones; Flavonoids; Focus Groups; Follow-Up Studies; Food Handling; Food Supply; Food, Formulated; Forced Expiratory Volume; Forests; Fractures, Bone; Fruit and Vegetable Juices; Fusobacteria; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Gamma Rays; Gastrectomy; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Gefitinib; Gels; Gemcitabine; Gene Amplification; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genotype; Germany; Glioma; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glucagon; Glucocorticoids; Glycemic Control; Glycerol; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Glycolipids; Glycolysis; Goblet Cells; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Graphite; Greenhouse Effect; Guanidines; Haemophilus influenzae; HCT116 Cells; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Status Disparities; Healthy Volunteers; Heart Failure; Heart Rate; Heart Transplantation; Heart-Assist Devices; HEK293 Cells; Heme; Heme Oxygenase-1; Hemolysis; Hemorrhage; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B e Antigens; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatocytes; Hexoses; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Hippo Signaling Pathway; Histamine; Histamine Agonists; Histidine; Histone Deacetylase 2; HIV Infections; HIV Reverse Transcriptase; HIV-1; Homebound Persons; Homeodomain Proteins; Homosexuality, Male; Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Hyaluronan Receptors; Hydrogen; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypoglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Hypoxia; Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Imatinib Mesylate; Immunotherapy; Implementation Science; Incidence; INDEL Mutation; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Industrial Waste; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Infliximab; Infusions, Intravenous; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Injections; Insecticides; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-8; Internship and Residency; Intestines; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Ion Transport; Iridaceae; Iridoid Glucosides; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; Isodon; Isoflurane; Isotopes; Italy; Joint Instability; Ketamine; Kidney; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Neoplasms; Kinetics; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Knee Joint; Kruppel-Like Factor 4; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; Lactate Dehydrogenase 5; Laparoscopy; Laser Therapy; Lasers, Semiconductor; Lasers, Solid-State; Laurates; Lead; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Light; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipopolysaccharides; Liposomes; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Liver Transplantation; Locomotion; Longitudinal Studies; Lopinavir; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Lubricants; Lung; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating; Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Male; Manganese Compounds; MAP Kinase Kinase 4; Mass Screening; Maternal Health; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Melanoma, Experimental; Memantine; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Proteins; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Metal Nanoparticles; Metalloendopeptidases; Metalloporphyrins; Methadone; Methane; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Mexico; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Nude; Mice, SCID; Mice, Transgenic; Microarray Analysis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbiota; Micronutrients; MicroRNAs; Microscopy, Confocal; Microsomes, Liver; Middle Aged; Milk; Milk, Human; Minority Groups; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Membranes; Mitochondrial Proteins; Models, Animal; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Molecular Epidemiology; Molecular Structure; Molecular Weight; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Multimodal Imaging; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; Mutation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Myocardial Stunning; Myristates; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); Nanocomposites; Nanogels; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Naphthalenes; Nasal Cavity; National Health Programs; Necrosis; Needs Assessment; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neonicotinoids; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Netherlands; Neuroblastoma; Neuroprotective Agents; Neutrophils; NF-kappa B; NFATC Transcription Factors; Nicotiana; Nicotine; Nitrates; Nitrification; Nitrites; Nitro Compounds; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Dioxide; North Carolina; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Nuclear Proteins; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Nucleosomes; Nutrients; Obesity; Obesity, Morbid; Oceans and Seas; Oncogene Protein v-akt; Oncogenes; Oocytes; Open Reading Frames; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Outpatients; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovariectomy; Overweight; Oxazines; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Oxides; Oxidoreductases; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Oxygenators, Membrane; Ozone; Paclitaxel; Paenibacillus; Pain Measurement; Palliative Care; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pandemics; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Particulate Matter; Pasteurization; Patient Preference; Patient Satisfaction; Pediatric Obesity; Permeability; Peroxiredoxins; Peroxynitrous Acid; Pharmaceutical Services; Pharmacists; Pharmacy; Phaseolus; Phenotype; Phoeniceae; Phosphates; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Phosphorylation; Photoperiod; Photosynthesis; Phylogeny; Physical Endurance; Physicians; Pilot Projects; Piperidines; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Plant Roots; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Viral; Point-of-Care Testing; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymers; Polysorbates; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Postprandial Period; Poverty; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis; Prediabetic State; Predictive Value of Tests; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Pregnancy, High-Risk; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Pressure; Prevalence; Primary Graft Dysfunction; Primary Health Care; Professional Role; Professionalism; Prognosis; Progression-Free Survival; Prolactin; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Proof of Concept Study; Proportional Hazards Models; Propylene Glycol; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Protein Binding; Protein Biosynthesis; Protein Isoforms; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Protein Phosphatase 2; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Protein Transport; Proteoglycans; Proteome; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Proton Pumps; Protons; Protoporphyrins; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Veins; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Pyrimidines; Qualitative Research; Quinoxalines; Rabbits; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Histamine H3; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Transferrin; Recombinant Proteins; Recurrence; Reference Values; Referral and Consultation; Regional Blood Flow; Registries; Regulon; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Reperfusion Injury; Repressor Proteins; Reproducibility of Results; Republic of Korea; Research Design; Resistance Training; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Respiratory Insufficiency; Resuscitation; Retinal Dehydrogenase; Retreatment; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Rhinitis, Allergic; Ribosomal Proteins; Ribosomes; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Ritonavir; Rivers; RNA Interference; RNA-Seq; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; RNA, Small Interfering; Rosuvastatin Calcium; Rural Population; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Salivary Ducts; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; San Francisco; SARS-CoV-2; Satiation; Satiety Response; Schools; Schools, Pharmacy; Seasons; Seawater; Selection, Genetic; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Serine-Threonine Kinase 3; Sewage; Sheep; Sheep, Domestic; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Signal Transduction; Silver; Silymarin; Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography; Sirolimus; Sirtuin 1; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Social Class; Social Participation; Social Support; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Solutions; Somatomedins; Soot; Specimen Handling; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum Analysis; Spinal Fractures; Spirometry; Staphylococcus aureus; STAT1 Transcription Factor; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Streptomyces coelicolor; Stress, Psychological; Stroke; Stroke Volume; Structure-Activity Relationship; Students, Medical; Students, Pharmacy; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Sulfur Dioxide; Surface Properties; Surface-Active Agents; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survival Analysis; Survival Rate; Survivin; Sweden; Swine; Swine, Miniature; Sympathetic Nervous System; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Talaromyces; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; tau Proteins; Telemedicine; Telomerase; Telomere; Telomere Homeostasis; Temperature; Terminally Ill; Th1 Cells; Thiamethoxam; Thiazoles; Thiophenes; Thioredoxin Reductase 1; Thrombosis; Thulium; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic; Thyroid Neoplasms; Time Factors; Titanium; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Transcription Factor AP-1; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic; Transcriptional Activation; Transcriptome; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Transistors, Electronic; Translational Research, Biomedical; Transplantation Tolerance; Transplantation, Homologous; Transportation; Treatment Outcome; Tretinoin; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tubulin Modulators; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Twins; Ultrasonic Therapy; Ultrasonography; Ultraviolet Rays; United States; Up-Regulation; Uranium; Urethra; Urinary Bladder; Urodynamics; Uromodulin; Uveitis; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Ventricular Function, Left; Vero Cells; Vesicular Transport Proteins; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Visual Acuity; Vital Capacity; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin K 2; Vitamins; Volatilization; Voriconazole; Waiting Lists; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Whole Genome Sequencing; Wine; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries; WW Domains; X-linked Nuclear Protein; X-Ray Diffraction; Xanthines; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; YAP-Signaling Proteins; Yogurt; Young Adult; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins; Ziziphus

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a novel respiratory illness firstly reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is caused by a new corona virus, called MERS corona virus (MERS-CoV). Most people who have MERS-CoV infection developed severe acute respiratory illness.. This work is done to determine the clinical characteristics and the outcome of intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection.. This study included 32 laboratory confirmed MERS corona virus infected patients who were admitted into ICU. It included 20 (62.50%) males and 12 (37.50%) females. The mean age was 43.99 ± 13.03 years. Diagnosis was done by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test for corona virus on throat swab, sputum, tracheal aspirate, or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. Clinical characteristics, co-morbidities and outcome were reported for all subjects.. Most MERS corona patients present with fever, cough, dyspnea, sore throat, runny nose and sputum. The presence of abdominal symptoms may indicate bad prognosis. Prolonged duration of symptoms before patients' hospitalization, prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, bilateral radiological pulmonary infiltrates, and hypoxemic respiratory failure were found to be strong predictors of mortality in such patients. Also, old age, current smoking, smoking severity, presence of associated co-morbidities like obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart diseases, COPD, malignancy, renal failure, renal transplantation and liver cirrhosis are associated with a poor outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients.. Plasma HO-1, ferritin, p21, and NQO1 were all elevated at baseline in CKD participants. Plasma HO-1 and urine NQO1 levels each inversely correlated with eGFR (. SnPP can be safely administered and, after its injection, the resulting changes in plasma HO-1, NQO1, ferritin, and p21 concentrations can provide information as to antioxidant gene responsiveness/reserves in subjects with and without kidney disease.. A Study with RBT-1, in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects with Stage 3-4 Chronic Kidney Disease, NCT0363002 and NCT03893799.. HFNC did not significantly modify work of breathing in healthy subjects. However, a significant reduction in the minute volume was achieved, capillary [Formula: see text] remaining constant, which suggests a reduction in dead-space ventilation with flows > 20 L/min. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02495675).. 3 组患者手术时间、术中显性失血量及术后 1 周血红蛋白下降量比较差异均无统计学意义（. 对于肥胖和超重的膝关节单间室骨关节炎患者，采用 UKA 术后可获满意短中期疗效，远期疗效尚需进一步随访观察。.. Decreased muscle strength was identified at both time points in patients with hEDS/HSD. The evolution of most muscle strength parameters over time did not significantly differ between groups. Future studies should focus on the effectiveness of different types of muscle training strategies in hEDS/HSD patients.. These findings support previous adverse findings of e-cigarette exposure on neurodevelopment in a mouse model and provide substantial evidence of persistent adverse behavioral and neuroimmunological consequences to adult offspring following maternal e-cigarette exposure during pregnancy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6067.. This RCT directly compares a neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen with a standard CROSS regimen in terms of overall survival for patients with locally advanced ESCC. The results of this RCT will provide an answer for the controversy regarding the survival benefits between the two treatment strategies.. NCT04138212, date of registration: October 24, 2019.. Results of current investigation indicated that milk type and post fermentation cooling patterns had a pronounced effect on antioxidant characteristics, fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation and textural characteristics of yoghurt. Buffalo milk based yoghurt had more fat, protein, higher antioxidant capacity and vitamin content. Antioxidant and sensory characteristics of T. If milk is exposed to excessive amounts of light, Vitamins B. The two concentration of ZnO nanoparticles in the ambient air produced two different outcomes. The lower concentration resulted in significant increases in Zn content of the liver while the higher concentration significantly increased Zn in the lungs (p < 0.05). Additionally, at the lower concentration, Zn content was found to be lower in brain tissue (p < 0.05). Using TEM/EDX we detected ZnO nanoparticles inside the cells in the lungs, kidney and liver. Inhaling ZnO NP at the higher concentration increased the levels of mRNA of the following genes in the lungs: Mt2 (2.56 fold), Slc30a1 (1.52 fold) and Slc30a5 (2.34 fold). At the lower ZnO nanoparticle concentration, only Slc30a7 mRNA levels in the lungs were up (1.74 fold). Thus the two air concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles produced distinct effects on the expression of the Zn-homeostasis related genes.. Until adverse health effects of ZnO nanoparticles deposited in organs such as lungs are further investigated and/or ruled out, the exposure to ZnO nanoparticles in aerosols should be avoided or minimised.

Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Adenine; Adenocarcinoma; Adipogenesis; Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Ophthalmic; Adolescent; Adsorption; Adult; Aeromonas hydrophila; Aerosols; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Agriculture; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Airway Remodeling; Alanine Transaminase; Albuminuria; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; Algorithms; AlkB Homolog 2, Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase; Alzheimer Disease; Amino Acid Sequence; Ammonia; Ammonium Compounds; Anaerobiosis; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antifungal Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Antioxidants; Antitubercular Agents; Antiviral Agents; Apolipoproteins E; Apoptosis; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Arsenic; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Asthma; Atherosclerosis; ATP-Dependent Proteases; Attitude of Health Personnel; Australia; Austria; Autophagy; Axitinib; Bacteria; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bariatric Surgery; Base Composition; Bayes Theorem; Benzoxazoles; Benzylamines; beta Catenin; Betacoronavirus; Betula; Binding Sites; Biological Availability; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy; Bioreactors; Biosensing Techniques; Birth Weight; Blindness; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Blood-Brain Barrier; Blotting, Western; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; Borates; Brain; Brain Infarction; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Brain Neoplasms; Breakfast; Breast Milk Expression; Breast Neoplasms; Bronchi; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Buffaloes; Cadherins; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium Compounds; Calcium, Dietary; Cannula; Caprolactam; Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Carboplatin; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Ductal; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carps; Carrageenan; Case-Control Studies; Catalysis; Catalytic Domain; Cattle; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Adhesion; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Death; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Nucleus; Cell Phone Use; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Cellulose; Chemical Phenomena; Chemoradiotherapy; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; China; Chitosan; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cholecalciferol; Chromatography, Liquid; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Circular Dichroism; Cisplatin; Citric Acid; Clinical Competence; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Coculture Techniques; Cohort Studies; Cold Temperature; Colitis; Collagen Type I; Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; Collagen Type XI; Color; Connective Tissue Diseases; Copper; Coronary Angiography; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Coronavirus Infections; Cost of Illness; Counselors; COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Creatine Kinase; Creatinine; Cross-Over Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Cryosurgery; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cues; Cultural Competency; Cultural Diversity; Curriculum; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; Cycloparaffins; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Cytokines; Cytoplasm; Cytoprotection; Databases, Factual; Denitrification; Deoxycytidine; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; 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Forced Expiratory Volume; Forests; Fractures, Bone; Fruit and Vegetable Juices; Fusobacteria; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Gamma Rays; Gastrectomy; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Gefitinib; Gels; Gemcitabine; Gene Amplification; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genotype; Germany; Glioma; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glucagon; Glucocorticoids; Glycemic Control; Glycerol; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Glycolipids; Glycolysis; Goblet Cells; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Graphite; Greenhouse Effect; Guanidines; Haemophilus influenzae; HCT116 Cells; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Status Disparities; Healthy Volunteers; 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Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Proton Pumps; Protons; Protoporphyrins; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Veins; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Pyrimidines; Qualitative Research; Quinoxalines; Rabbits; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Histamine H3; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Transferrin; Recombinant Proteins; Recurrence; Reference Values; Referral and Consultation; Regional Blood Flow; Registries; Regulon; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Reperfusion Injury; Repressor Proteins; Reproducibility of Results; Republic of Korea; Research Design; Resistance Training; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Respiratory Insufficiency; Resuscitation; Retinal Dehydrogenase; Retreatment; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Rhinitis, Allergic; Ribosomal Proteins; Ribosomes; Risk Assessment; 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YAP-Signaling Proteins; Yogurt; Young Adult; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins; Ziziphus

The clinical significance of differences between antibiotics in endotoxin-liberating potential is unknown. Thirty patients with gram-negative urosepsis were randomized between imipenem and ceftazidime, which have, respectively, a low and a high endotoxin-liberating potential in vitro. In patients treated with ceftazidime, a slower defervescence was noticed. After 4 h of treatment, the blood endotoxin level decreased in all 3 endotoxemic patients receiving imipenem, whereas it increased in 2 of the 4 endotoxemic patients receiving ceftazidime, and in ceftazidime-treated patients, the endotoxin level in urine decreased less than in imipenem-treated subjects. Serum and urine cytokine levels increased 10%-40% after 4 h of ceftazidime treatment compared with no increase in the imipenem-treated patients (P > .05). Endotoxin release during antibiotic killing in vitro, assessed for all microorganisms, was 10-fold higher with ceftazidime (P < .001). These results indicate that differences between antibiotics in endotoxin release may affect the inflammatory response during treatment.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bacteremia; Ceftazidime; Double-Blind Method; Endotoxins; Enterobacter cloacae; Escherichia coli; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Imipenem; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Urinary Tract Infections

To evaluate the effects of dietary short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the intestinal health and innate immunity in crucian carp, a six-week feeding trial was carried out with following treatments: basal diet (BD), basal diet supplementation with 1% sodium acetate (BDSA), basal diet supplementation with 1% sodium propionate (BDSP) and basal diet supplementation with 1% sodium butyrate (BDSB). The results showed dietary BDSA, BDSP and BDSB could protect the host against oxidative stress by improving the activity of certain antioxidative enzymes (T-SOD, GSH-Px and CAT). Additionally, dietary SCFAs could enhance mucosal and humoral immune responses by improving certain innate immune parameters in serum and skin mucus productions (IgM, ACH50 and T-SOD). Furthermore, dietary BDSA and BDSP could up-regulate the expression of immune related genes (TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-8) and tight junction protein genes (occludin and ZO-1). Dietary BDSB could also elevate the expression of IL-8, TGF-β, ZO-1 and Occludin in the midgut. Although dietary differences of SCFAs didn't alter the α-diversity of the intestinal flora, they altered the core microbiota. Finally, the challenge trial showed that dietary basal diet supplementation with SCFAs could protect zebrafish against Aeromonas hydrophila. These results suggest that dietary SCFAs could improve innate immunity, modulate gut microbiota and increase disease resistance in the host, which indicated the potential of SCFAs as immunostimulants in aquaculture.

Topics: Aeromonas hydrophila; Animal Feed; Animals; Antioxidants; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Disease Resistance; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Fish Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Interleukin-8; Occludin; Superoxide Dismutase; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Zebrafish

The present study reported the first pathogenic Aeromonas salmonicida (SRW-OG1) isolated from the warm water fish orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), and investigated the function of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent transcriptional factor which has been recently found to be closely associated with immune response in mammals and E. coioides. Our results showed that AhR was activated by an unknown ligand in the spleen, intestine and macrophages. Meanwhile, ahr1a and ahr1b were significantly increased in the spleen, intestine and macrophages, whereas ahr2 was only increased in the intestine, which indicated that the contribution of AhR2 to the immune response may be less than that of AhR1a and AhR1b. Some key genes involved in the macrophage inflammatory response, bacterial recognition, and intestinal immunity were significantly up-regulated in the SRW-OG1 infected E. coioides. Nevertheless, declining macrophage ROS production and down-regulation of related genes were also observed, suggesting that SRW-OG1 utilized its virulence mechanisms to prevent macrophage ROS production. Furthermore, AhR inhibitor 3', 4'-DMF and the silence of ahr1a or ahr1b significantly rescued the increased IL-1β and IL-8 induced by SRW-OG1 infection, which proved that the induction of IL-1β and IL-8 in E. coioides macrophages was mediated by AhR. However, BPI/LBP, ROS production and related genes were not affected by AhR. The survival rate and immune escape rate of SRW-OG1 in the ahr1a/ahr1b knocked-down and 3', 4'-DMF treated macrophages were significantly increased compared with those in wild type macrophages. Taken together, it was preliminarily confirmed that ahr1a and ahr1b played an important role in the immune response against A. salmonicida SRW-OG1.

Topics: Aeromonas salmonicida; Animals; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Fishes; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Silencing; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Immune Evasion; Immunity, Innate; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Macrophages; Organ Specificity; Peptide Fragments; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; Temperature; Virulence; Water; Zebrafish Proteins

The transcription factor JunB can induce physiological or pathological responses to various stimuli, including immune stimulants and bacteria, and plays an important role in the immune response process. In this study, we identified a JunB family member in Schizothorax prenanti (S. prenanti), which was designated SpJunB. The complete coding sequence (CDS) of SpJunB was 930 bp in length, which was submitted to GenBank (ID: MN215886). SpJunB encodes a putative protein of 309 amino acids, which is highly homologous to JunB of common carp. The SpJunB protein contained a conserved JunB domain, and its 3D structure was also highly similar to (77.61%) the human SpJunB protein. SpJunB was found to be extensively expressed in various tissues, with the highest expression in the spleen. The expression of SpJunB was significantly upregulated after Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) challenge. Prokaryotic expression indicated that a 51 kDa recombinant protein was obtained after induction with 1.5 mmol/L isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for 6 h at 37 °C. The expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly upregulated (p < 0.01) after treatment of S. prenanti with the SpJunB protein. The activities of SOD, AKP and LZM were also significantly increased (p < 0.01) after the treatment of S. prenanti with the SpJunB protein. Simultaneously, the SpJunB protein reduced the infection rate of A. hydrophila in S. prenanti. In conclusion, SpJunB may improve the immune functions of S. prenanti. It will be beneficial to further study the immune mechanism of JunB in fish.

Topics: Aeromonas hydrophila; Animals; Cloning, Molecular; Cyprinidae; Fish Diseases; Fish Proteins; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Isopropyl Thiogalactoside; Phylogeny; Protein Domains; Transcription Factors

Individuals carrying the ATC/TTC haplotype (Hap-1) in the interleukin 8 (IL8) gene were reported as more susceptible to chronic periodontitis (CP), an infectious disease associated with Gram-negative bacteria, in comparison to patients with the ATT/TTC haplotype (Hap-2). This study investigated the functionality of the IL8 haplotypes in lymphocytes and monocytes of individuals carrying the Hap-1 or Hap-2 IL8 haplotypes in the response to CP-associated Gram-negative bacteria (periodontopathogens). Peripheral blood was collected from 6 subjects carrying each haplotype, and their immune cells were challenged with periodontopathogens or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus Ionomycin. Depending on the immune cell type (lymphocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages) the assessed outcomes were: phenotypical polarization, gene expression, phagocytic activity, chemotaxis and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subjects carrying the Hap-1 haplotype showed increased expression of IL8 and TNFA and significantly skewing towards pro-inflammatory Th1/M1/Th17 phenotypes. There was increased percentage of ROS-producing monocyte-derived macrophages from individuals carrying the Hap-1 haplotype. Cells from individuals presenting the Hap-2 haplotype had an overall attenuated response to periodontopathogens, with a significant shift towards the Treg phenotype. In conclusion, the IL8 haplotypes showed to be functional both in monocyte-derived macrophages and lymphocytes. The Hap-1 haplotype previously associated with increased susceptibility to CP demonstrated greater skewing to pro-inflammatory Th1/M1/Th17 phenotypes and production of ROS.

Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Chronic Periodontitis; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Haplotypes; Humans; Interleukin-8; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Phenotype; Porphyromonas gingivalis

Interleukin-8, otherwise known as CXCL8, is a CXC chemokine that plays a pivotal regulatory role in immune and inflammation responses of animals. Here, we identified an interleukin-8 homologue from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), named AbIL-8, which belongs to the lineage 1 group of teleost fish IL-8s. The cDNA of Abil-8 is 1130 bp in length, containing a 5'- untranslated region (UTR) of 50 bp, a 3'- UTR of 783 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 297 bp that encodes a protein consisting of 98 amino acids. The deduced AbIL-8 contained five cysteines, four of which are highly conserved, and an ELR motif typical of known mammalian CXC chemokines was also found preceding the CXC motif. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that AbIL-8 clustered with the CXCL8_L1 sequences from other teleosts, being clearly distinct from those of either birds or mammals. Abil-8 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all tested tissues and significantly up-regulated in the liver and spleen tissues by the bacteria Aernomas hydrophila. The in vitro experiment using primary spleen cells stimulated with heat-killed Aernomas hydrophila or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) revealed a similar expression pattern to that found in vivo, whereas stimulation on spleen cells with β-glucan or polyI:C elicited negligible changes in levels of Abil-8 mRNA. Purified recombinant AbIL-8 not only exhibited chemotactic activity for lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and, to a lesser extent, spleen cells, but also stimulated the proliferation of spleen cells at 10 ng/mLor above. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of rAbIL-8 also up-regulated the expression of immuno-related genes (IL-6, IgM and MHCIIβ) at 24 h. Collectively, these results enhance our understanding of how IL-8 functions in the regulation of the immune responses in sturgeon.

Topics: Aeromonas hydrophila; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; beta-Glucans; Fish Diseases; Fish Proteins; Fishes; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Immunity, Innate; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Phylogeny; Poly I-C; Sequence Alignment

Francisella noatunensis ssp. noatunensis (F.n.n.) is the causative agent of francisellosis in Atlantic cod and constitutes one of the main challenges for future aquaculture on this species. A facultative intracellular bacterium like F.n.n. exert an immunologic challenge against which live attenuated vaccines in general are most effective. Thus, we constructed a deletion in the F.n.n. clpB gene as ΔclpB mutants are among the most promising vaccine candidates in human pathogenic Francisella.. Characterization of F.n.n. ΔclpB using primary Atlantic cod head kidney leukocytes, the zebrafish embryo and adult zebrafish model with focus on potential attenuation, relevant immune responses and immunogenic potential.. Interleukin 1 beta transcription in Atlantic cod leukocytes was significantly elevated from 24 to 96 h post infection with F.n.n. ΔclpB compared to F.n.n. wild-type (wt). Growth attenuation of the deletion mutant in zebrafish embryos was observed by fluorescence microscopy and confirmed by genome quantification by qPCR. In the immunization experiment, adult zebrafish were immunized with 7 × 10. Deletion mutation of clpB in F.n.n. causes in vitro and in vivo attenuation and elicits a protective immune response in adult zebrafish against a lethal dose of F.n.n. wt. Taken together, the results presented increases the knowledge on protective immune responses against F.n.n.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Aquaculture; Bacterial Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Fish Diseases; Francisella; Gadus morhua; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Sequence Deletion; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Zebrafish

Despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment, infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with febrile neutropenia. In the majority of febrile episodes, the source of infection cannot be defined. In this study, we aimed to identify the earlier predictors of bacteremia/fungemia and a useful cytokine to identify the source of infection and to discriminate the patients with culture-confirmed bacterial/fungal infection. The most sensitive cytokine was interleukin (IL)-10 and the most specific was IL-8 in predicting culture-confirmed cases. IL-8 had greater sensitivity and specificity in determination of gram-negative bacterial infections with a higher negative predictive value; therefore, IL-8 can be used particularly to rule out gram-negative bacterial infections. IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 circulating levels were shown to be higher in cases of infection. Further studies are needed to recommend a routine practice for predicting culture-confirmed bacterial infections.. Tanı ve tedavideki gelişmelere rağmen, febril nötropenili çocuklarda enfeksiyonlar morbidite ve mortalitenin önemli bir nedenidir. Febril nötropeni epizodlarının çoğunluğunda enfeksiyon odağı belirlenememektedir. Bu çalışmada, enfeksiyon odağını ve kültürle kanıtlanmış bakteriyel ve fungal enfeksiyonlarını belirlemede daha erken belirteçler bulunması amaçlanmıştır. Kültür ile kanıtlanmış enfeksiyonları belirlemede en hassas sitokin interlökin (IL)-10 ve en özgül sitokin IL-8’dir. Gram-negatif bakteriyel enfeksiyonları belirlemede en hassas ve özgül sitokin IL-8’dir ve IL-8’in negatif prediktif değerinin yüksek olması nedeniyle, özellikle gram-negatif bakteriyel enfeksiyonları dışlamada kullanılabilir. IL-6, IL-8, IL-10’un kan düzeyleri enfeksiyon durumunda daha yüksek saptanmıştır. Sitokinlerin kültür ile kanıtlanmış enfeksiyonları belirlemede rutin kullanımını önermek için gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Topics: Bacteremia; Child; Child, Preschool; Febrile Neutropenia; Female; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that primarily causes pneumonia and bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals. We recently reported that S. maltophilia strain K279a encodes the Xps type II secretion system and that Xps promotes rounding, actin rearrangement, detachment, and death in the human lung epithelial cell line A549. Here, we show that Xps-dependent cell rounding and detachment occur with multiple human and murine cell lines and that serine protease inhibitors block Xps-mediated rounding and detachment of A549 cells. Using genetic analysis, we determined that the serine proteases StmPr1 and StmPr2, which were confirmed to be Xps substrates, are predominantly responsible for secreted proteolytic activities exhibited by strain K279a, as well as the morphological and cytotoxic effects on A549 cells. Supernatants from strain K279a also promoted the degradation of type I collagen, fibrinogen, and fibronectin in a predominantly Xps- and protease-dependent manner, although some Xps-independent degradation of fibrinogen was observed. Finally, Xps, and predominantly StmPr1, degraded interleukin 8 (IL-8) secreted by A549 cells during coculture with strain K279a. Our findings indicate that while StmPr1 and StmPr2 are predominantly responsible for A549 cell rounding, extracellular matrix protein degradation, and IL-8 degradation, additional Xps substrates also contribute to these activities. Altogether, our data provide new insight into the virulence potential of the S. maltophilia Xps type II secretion system and its StmPr1 and StmPr2 substrates.

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Collagen Type II; Extracellular Matrix; Fibrinogen; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Interleukin-8; Protein Transport; Proteolysis; Serine Proteases; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Type II Secretion Systems

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Chlorophytum borivilianum polysaccharide (CBP), as a dietary supplement administered at varying concentrations with feed (basal diet), on various cytokine-related responses in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Immune parameters and immune-related gene expressions were measured at 3rd, 4th, and 5th week after feeding. The results revealed that dietary administration of CBP at 0.2% and 0.4% for 4 weeks significantly upregulated serum lysozyme and phagocytic activity. Complement C3 and respiratory burst activity (RBA) were significantly higher after 4 weeks of CBP feeding. The immune related genes IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, and iNOS were downregulated (P < 0.05) in groups with 0.2% and 0.4% CBP supplemented diets at week 4. Expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) was also downregulated (P < 0.5) after 4 weeks of feeding with 0.2% to 0.8% CBP. However, five weeks of CBP administration had no significant effect on immune gene expression, except TNF-α and IL-8. Fish fed with 0.4% CBP for 4 weeks showed maximum resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila (73.3% survival) compared to control. From these results, we recommend that CBP administration at 0.4% for 4 weeks could effectively improve immune response and disease resistance in L. rohita.

Topics: Aeromonas hydrophila; Animal Feed; Animals; Complement C3; Cyprinidae; Dietary Supplements; Disease Resistance; Fish Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Immunity, Innate; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Liliaceae; Muramidase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Phagocytosis; Polysaccharides; Respiratory Burst; Survival Analysis; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Although the roles of IL-17 family members during inflammation have been extensively studied in mammals, their knowledge in lower vertebrates is limited. In particular, the biological activities of fish IL-17 and their functional roles are largely unknown. In this study, we cloned grass carp IL-17D (gcIL-17D) and found that its putative protein possessed the conserved features of IL-17 family members. Tissue distribution analysis showed that gcIL-17D was preferentially expressed in the mucosal tissues, including skin, gill and intestine. Subsequently, the involvement of gcIL-17D in inflammatory response was demonstrated by examining the expression profiles of gcIL-17D in head kidney and head kidney leukocytes following in vivo bacterial infection and in vitro LPS treatment, respectively. Furthermore, recombinant gcIL-17D (rgcIL-17D) was prepared in grass carp kidney cells and was able to promote the gene expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and CXCL-8) in grass carp primary head kidney cells, revealing gcIL-17D can function as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Moreover, rgcIL-17D appeared to activate NF-κB signaling by modulating the phosphorylation of IκBα and up-regulated CXCL-8 mRNA expression possibly through NF-κB pathway. Our data shed new light on the functional role of teleost IL-17D in inflammatory response.

Topics: Aeromonas hydrophila; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Carps; Cells, Cultured; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Complementary; Fish Diseases; Fish Proteins; Gene Expression Profiling; Gills; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Head Kidney; I-kappa B Proteins; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-27; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Mucosa; Leukocytes; Lipopolysaccharides; Molecular Sequence Data; NF-kappa B; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; Phosphorylation; RNA, Messenger; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Signal Transduction; Skin; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Interleukin-8 (IL8) is an immediate-early chemokine that has been well characterized in several fish species. Ten IL8 gene variants have already been described in rainbow trout, but none of their promoters has structurally been defined or functionally characterized in teleost fish. To uncover key factors regulating IL8 expression, we intended to functionally characterize an IL8 promoter from rainbow trout. Incidentally, we isolated a novel IL8 gene variant (IL8-G). It is structurally highly similar to the other trout IL8 gene variants and its mRNA concentration increased significantly in secondary lymphoid tissues after infecting healthy fish with Aeromonas salmonicida. The proximal promoter sequence of the IL8-G-encoding gene features in close proximity two consensus elements for CEBP attachment. The proximal site overlaps with a NF-κB-binding site. Cotransfection of an IL8-G promoter-driven reporter gene together with vectors expressing various mammalian CEBP or NF-κB factors revealed in human HEK-293 cells that CEBPA and NF-κB p50, but not NF-κB p65 activate this promoter. The stimulatory effect of NF-κB p50 is likely conveyed by synergizing with CEBPA. Deletion or mutation of either the distal or the proximal CEBP-binding site, respectively, caused a significant decrease in IL8-G promoter activation. We confirmed the significance of the CEBPA factor for IL8-G expression by comparing the stimulatory capacity of the trout CEBPA and -B factors, thereby reducing the evolutionary distance in the inter-species expression assays. Similar promoter induction potential and intracellular localization of the mammalian and teleostean CEBPA and -B factors suggests their functional conservation throughout evolution.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Binding Sites; Cattle; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; Conserved Sequence; Fish Proteins; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Interleukin-8; Lymphoid Tissue; Molecular Sequence Data; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Organ Specificity; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Protein Transport; Transcription Factor RelA; Transcriptional Activation

Bacterial pathogens can induce an inflammatory response from epithelial tissues due to secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). Many bacterial pathogens manipulate components of the focal complex (FC) to induce signalling events in host cells. We examined the interaction of several bacterial pathogens with host cells, including Campylobacter jejuni, to determine if the FC is required for induction of chemokine signalling in response to bacterial pathogens. Our data indicate that secretion of IL-8 is triggered by C. jejuni, Helicobacter pylori and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in response to engagement of β1 integrins. Additionally, we found that the secretion of IL-8 from C. jejuni infected epithelial cells requires FAK, Src and paxillin, which in turn are necessary for Erk 1/2 recruitment and activation. Targeting the FC component paxillin with siRNA prevented IL-8 secretion from cells infected with several bacterial pathogens, including C. jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Our findings indicate that maximal IL-8 secretion from epithelial cells in response to bacterial infection is dependent on the FC. Based on the commonality of the host response to bacterial pathogens, we propose that the FC is a signalling platform for an epithelial cell response to pathogenic organisms.

Topics: Caco-2 Cells; Campylobacter jejuni; Cell Line; Epithelial Cells; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Integrin beta Chains; Interleukin-8; Staphylococcus aureus

CXCL8, a CXC-type chemokine, plays a crucial role in acute inflammation by recruiting and mediating neutrophils and other cells. In this study, the cDNA and genomic DNA sequence of a CXCL8-like protein (PaCXCL8l) from ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) was determined. Sequence analysis showed that PaCXCL8l represented the typical structure of animal CXCL8s. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that PaCXCL8l was closest to CXCL8 of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Constitutive expression of PaCXCL8l was detected in all tested tissues and monocytes/macrophages, and its expression dramatically increased upon Listonella anguillarum infection. In vitro, recombinant PaCXCL8l exhibited a significant chemotactic effect on neutrophils at 0.1 μg/ml and on monocytes/macrophages at 1.0 μg/ml. In vivo, the numbers of peritoneal neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages were both up-regulated following intraperitoneal administration of recombinant PaCXCL8l. These results suggest that PaCXCL8l is crucially involved in the immune response of ayu by mediating chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chemotaxis; Cloning, Molecular; Fish Diseases; Fish Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Interleukin-8; Listonella; Macrophages; Molecular Sequence Data; Monocytes; Neutrophils; Osmeriformes; Phylogeny

Biomarkers and physiomarkers may be useful adjunct tests for sepsis detection in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients. We studied whether measuring plasma cytokines at the time of suspected sepsis could identify patients with bacteremia in centers in which patients were undergoing continuous physiomarker screening using a heart rate characteristics (HRC) index monitor.. Six cytokines were higher in Gram-negative bacteremia (GNB) than in Gram-positive bacteremia or candidemia (GPBC). A cytokine score using thresholds for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α had 100% sensitivity and 69% positive predictive value (PPV) for GNB. A single cytokine marker, IL-6 < 130 pg/ml, had 100% sensitivity and 52% PPV for sepsis ruled out (SRO). The average HRC index was abnormal in this cohort of patients with clinical suspicion of sepsis and did not discriminate between the final sepsis designations.. In summary, in NICU patients with suspected late-onset sepsis, plasma cytokines can identify those with SRO and those with GNB, potentially aiding in decisions regarding therapy.. Seven cytokines were measured in 226 plasma samples from patients >3 d old with sepsis suspected based on clinical signs, abnormal HRC index, or both. Cases were classified as SRO, clinical sepsis (CS), GPBC, or GNB.

Topics: Bacteremia; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Diagnosis, Differential; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inpatients; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Neonatal Screening; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Recently, Achromobacter xylosoxidans has been related to chronic lung diseases in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF), but its involvement has not been elucidated. Some virulence properties of A. xylosoxidans isolated from Brazilian patients with CF were revealed in this work.. This study examined the production of a cytotoxic factor of A. xylosoxidans capable of stimulating the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) from lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells (NCI-H292). The cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. To investigate whether the cytotoxic factors may be endotoxins, they were treated with polymyxin B.. The culture supernatants of all A. xylosoxidans produced a heat stable, active cytotoxin in NCI-H292 cells capable of leading to intracellular vacuoles and subsequent cell contact loss, chromatin condensation, a picnotic nucleus and cell death. There was a higher concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in the NCI-H292 cells after 24 h of incubation, with the fraction greater than 50 kDa from the culture supernatant. The cytotoxin activity remained even after treatment with polymyxin B, which suggested that the release of IL-6 and IL-8 was not stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).. The cytotoxic factor produced by A. xylosoxidans may represent an important virulence factor, which when associated with CF chronic lung inflammation, may cause tissue damage and decline of lung function.

Topics: Achromobacter denitrificans; Brazil; Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Culture Media, Conditioned; Cystic Fibrosis; Endotoxins; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Pneumonia; Sputum; Virulence

We compared the frequency of intra-amniotic infection in preterm labor (PL) with women not in labor, and correlated infection with amniotic fluid (AF) cytokines. Detailed identification of species, especially mycoplasmata, was tried to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of PL.. AF from 20 women with PL and 20 controls were evaluated. Infection was detected by PCR for Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and 16S rRNA bacterial gene, which was cloned and sequenced for bacterial identification. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were measured by ELISA.. Frequency of intra-amniotic infection is higher in PL (40.0%). Sequencing-based method identified Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella bivia and Leptotrichia amnionii, in addition to Mycoplasma species detected by PCR. AF infection correlated with increased IL-1β and IL-6 levels.. The frequency of intra-amniotic infection, especially M. hominis, in PL women who delivered with 7 days, is high and correlates with high IL-1β and IL-6 levels, but not IL-8.

Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Female; Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma Infections; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Pregnancy; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum

Topics: Aeromonas hydrophila; Animals; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Fish Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Lupinus; Mangifera; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Urtica dioica

Serious infectious diseases, accompanied by macrophage-dominated chronic inflammation, are common in farmed Atlantic cod. To increase knowledge relating to morphological aspects of such inflammatory responses, cod were challenged with Francisella noatunensis, an important bacterial pathogen of this fish species. Tissue and cell dynamics in the spleen were examined sequentially over 60 days. Small clusters of mainly macrophage-like cells (MLCs) staining for non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase developed with time. These foci were transiently infiltrated by pleomorphic proliferating cells of unknown nature and by granulocyte-like cells (GCLCs) staining for peroxidase and lysozyme. The latter cell type, which appeared to be resident in the red pulp of control fish, migrated into the inflammatory foci of infected fish. Cells expressing genes encoding IFN-γ and IL-8 increased in number during the study period. Bacteria were detected only in the MLCs and their number increased despite the extensive inflammation. Our results demonstrate an intimate spatial relationship in inflammatory foci between at least three cell types. The presence of GCLCs, together with MLCs, suggests pyogranulomatous inflammation as a more appropriate descriptive term than granulomatous inflammation.

Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Francisella; Gadus morhua; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Granulocytes; Histological Techniques; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-8; Macrophages; Spleen

The facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella noatunensis causes francisellosis in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), but little is known about its survival strategies or how these bacteria evade the host immune response. In this study we show intracellular localisation of F. noatunensis in cod macrophages using indirect immunofluorescence techniques and green fluorescent labelled bacteria. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that F. noatunensis was enclosed by a phagosomal membrane during the initial phase of infection. Bacteria were at a later stage of the infection found in large electron-lucent zones, apparently surrounded by a partially intact or disintegrated membrane. Immune electron microscopy demonstrated the release of bacterial derived vesicles from intracellular F. noatunensis, an event suspected of promoting phagosomal membrane degradation and allowing escape of the bacteria to cytoplasm. Studies of macrophages infected with F. noatunensis demonstrated a weak activation of the inflammatory response genes as measured by increased expression of the Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8. In comparison, a stronger induction of gene expression was found for the anti-inflammatory IL-10 indicating that the bacterium exhibits a role in down-regulating the inflammatory response. Expression of the p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-17 genes was highly induced during infection suggesting that F. noatunensis promotes T cell polarisation. The host macrophage responses studied here showed low ability to distinguish between live and inactivated bacteria, although other types of responses could be of importance for such discriminations. The immunoreactivity of F. noatunensis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was very modest, in contrast to the strong capacity of Escherichia coli LPS to induce inflammatory responsive genes. These results suggest that F. noatunensis virulence mechanisms cover many strategies for intracellular survival in cod macrophages.

Topics: Animals; Fish Diseases; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Francisella; Gadus morhua; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Immunity, Innate; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Intracellular Space; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Microscopy, Immunoelectron; Phagosomes

Achromobacter xylosoxidans infection may cause conspicuous chronic pulmonary inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Evolution in lung function was compared in chronically infected patients. Cytokine concentrations in CF patients with and without chronic infection were compared to healthy controls.. Cytokines in serum and sputum were measured using multiplex bead based immunoassay.. Sixty CF patients, 11 with A. xylosoxidans, 11 with Bcc, 21 with P. aeruginosa and 17 non-infected CF patients were compared to 11 healthy controls. A. xylosoxidans patients were younger, but had a FEV(1) decline similar to P. aeruginosa patients. Bcc patients had the steepest decline in FEV(1). Serum levels of G-CSF, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in CF patients compared to healthy controls. Chronically infected CF patients had significantly higher serum levels of IFN-gamma and IL-6 compared to non-infected CF patients. Bcc patients had significantly lower serum G-CSF and A. xylosoxidans patients had significantly higher sputum TNF-alpha compared to the other groups of chronically infected patients.. A. xylosoxidans can cause a level of inflammation similar to P. aeruginosa in chronically infected CF patients. A. xylosoxidans is a clinically important pathogen in CF and should be treated accordingly.

Topics: Achromobacter denitrificans; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Breath Tests; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Retrospective Studies; Sputum; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult

To observe the differences in the cytokine levels in the serum and ascites caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterial infection in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).. The cytokines in the serum and ascites of the patients were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 27 patients with MODS due to Gram-positive (n=13) or Gram-negative (n=14) bacterial infection at day 1.. The levels of LPS and TNF-a were higher in the patients with Gram-negative bacterial infection than in patients with Gram-positive infection (P<0.05), but the levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 remained comparable between the two groups (P>0.05).. Testing of LPS and TNF-a in the serum and ascites of patients with MODS caused by Gram-positive or -negative bacterial infection may help to identify the pathogens for peritonitis resulting in MODS.

Topics: Ascites; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Multiple Organ Failure; Serum; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Assay of cytokines and C reactive protein (CRP) in different periods of febrile neutropenia may be helpful for early defining the risk in severe infections. We determined serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), and CRP in 22 previously untreated patients with various malignancies. Samples were obtained in four different clinical periods of febrile neutropenia; prior to chemotherapy, afebrile neutropenic period after chemotherapy, febrile neutropenic period, and recovery period. When compared to sex-and age-matched group of healthy subjects, IL-6, IL-8, sIL-2R, and CRP levels were found to be elevated in all periods. The highest levels were encountered in the febrile neutropenic period. For predictivity purposes, the afebrile neutropenic period was the most important period. Serum sIL-2R, IL-6, IL-8 and CRP levels were elevated in this period. IL-8 levels showed the most stable elevation through different stages of febrile neutropenia. Serum IL-8 levels were found to have the most reliable and stable elevation in different clinical stages of febrile neutropenia. Nevertheless, IL-8 is not able to discriminate among risk groups and cannot be used as a predictive factor.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacteremia; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Candidiasis; Cytokines; Female; Fever; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Neutropenia; Receptors, Interleukin-2; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Progesterone (P(4)) has been clinically shown to prevent the recurrence of preterm birth. The mechanism(s) of action is unclear, but may involve modulation of the immunologic inflammatory response of the lower genital tract. We evaluated the effects of P(4) on interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by vaginal and cervical epithelial cells stimulated with bacterial species that are commonly associated with preterm birth.. Vaginal and endocervical epithelial cells were incubated with up to 10,000 ng/mL P(4) overnight and stimulated with heat-killed Escherichia coli, Gardnerella vaginalis, or Ureaplasma urealyticum. Concentrations of IL-8 in conditioned medium were quantified by ELISA and viability of the cell cultures was measured by the reduction of a tetrazolium salt.. E. coli, G. vaginalis and U. urealyticum-stimulated IL-8 production for both cell lines. P(4) inhibited basal and bacteria-stimulated IL-8 production for vaginal epithelial cells but enhanced IL-8 production by endocervical cells. P(4) reduced the number of viable cells for both cell lines.. P(4) inhibits IL-8 production by vaginal epithelial cells stimulated with pathogens associated with preterm birth, possibly by reducing the number of viable cells or by inhibiting their proliferation. Although P(4) also reduces proliferation of endocervical cells it also increases their production of IL-8.

Topics: Cell Line; Cervix Uteri; Epithelial Cells; Female; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Interleukin-8; Premature Birth; Progesterone; Vagina

In this study, an IL-8 homologue has been cloned and identified from a reptile, Chinese soft-shelled turtle for the first time. The full-length cDNA of turtle IL-8 was 1188bp and contained a 312bp open reading frame (ORF) coding for a protein of 104 amino acids. The chemokine CXC domain, which contained Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) motif and four cysteine residues, was well conserved in turtle IL-8. The 4924bp genomic DNA of turtle IL-8 contained four exons and three introns. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of turtle IL-8 clustered together with birds. RT-PCR analysis showed that turtle IL-8 mRNA was constitutively expressed liver, spleen, kidney, heart, blood and intestine tissues of control turtles. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis further indicated that the turtle IL-8 mRNA expression was apparent in various tissues at 8h and up-regulated significantly during 8h-7d after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The present studies will help us to understand the evolution of IL-8 molecule and the inflammatory response mechanism in reptiles.

Topics: Aeromonas; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Exons; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Interleukin-8; Introns; Molecular Sequence Data; Open Reading Frames; Phylogeny; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Turtles

Based on the implication of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM-1) in the septic cascade, it was investigated whether it participates or not in posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).. Blood was sampled on days 1, 4, 7, and 15 from 69 patients with SIRS after multiple injuries and upon presentation of a septic complication. Concentrations of sTREM-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and interferon-gamma were determined by an enzyme immunoassay. Samples drawn on day 1 from 10 trauma patients without SIRS served as controls.. In 26 patients with SIRS without septic complication, sTREM-1, TNFalpha, and IL-8 remained stable over follow-up; IL-6 decreased and interferon-gamma increased on days 4 and 7 compared with day 1. TNFalpha was the only variable being higher upon advent of septic shock compared with patients without SIRS and upon presentation of SIRS, sepsis, and severe sepsis (p of comparisons with all subgroups <0.0001). Mortality of patients with sTREM-1 greater than 180 pg/mL was 5.3% compared with 28.0% of those with sTREM-1 lower than 180 pg/mL (p 0.035). sTREM-1 higher than 40 pg/mL had sensitivity 56.5% and specificity 91.7% for the differential diagnosis between SIRS and sepsis after multiple injuries.. This is the first study providing evidence about the participation of sTREM-1 in posttraumatic SIRS. Its levels are increased and remain constant over time in patients who did not develop any complications whereas it seems to behave as an anti-inflammatory mediator.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacteremia; Cross Infection; Diagnosis, Differential; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Injury Severity Score; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Multiple Organ Failure; Multiple Trauma; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Pyelonephritis; Receptors, Immunologic; Shock, Septic; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; Time Factors; Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Rhinovirus infection is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality as the major cause of exacerbations of asthma, and is also known to induce exacerbations of cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exacerbations of these diseases are also frequently associated with bacterial and atypical bacterial infection. Alveolar macrophages are the major immune cells in the airways and are important in defence against bacterial infections.. The authors investigated whether rhinovirus modifies cytokine release, the pattern recognition receptor expression and phagocytosis by human alveolar macrophages in response to bacterial products.. Viable rhinovirus was detected in macrophages up to 3 days after exposure and viral RNA expression persisted for 10 days. Infectious but not UV inactivated rhinovirus increased tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin (IL)8 release by macrophages. In contrast, infectious rhinovirus impaired lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid induced TNFalpha and IL8 secretion by macrophages. Rhinovirus induced impairment of macrophage antibacterial immune responses did not involve IL10, prostaglandin E(2) or downregulation of Toll-like receptor 2. Furthermore, the macrophage phagocytic response to labelled bacterial particles, but not to latex beads, was impaired.. The authors have identified impairment of cytokine responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid by alveolar macrophages in response to infectious rhinovirus. Virus induced impairment of antibacterial host defence has important implications in the pathogenesis of exacerbations of respiratory diseases.

Topics: Down-Regulation; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages, Alveolar; Male; Middle Aged; Phagocytosis; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus; Teichoic Acids; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Capnocytophaga canimorsus, a commensal bacterium from dogs' mouths, can cause septicemia or meningitis in humans through bites or scratches. Here, we describe and characterize the inflammatory response of human and mouse macrophages on C. canimorsus infection. Macrophages infected with 10 different strains failed to release tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 alpha . Macrophages infected with live and heat-killed (HK) C. canimorsus 5 (Cc5), a strain isolated from a patient with fatal septicemia, did not release IL-6, IL-8, interferon- gamma , macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta , and nitric oxide (NO). This absence of a proinflammatory response was characterized by the inability of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 to respond to Cc5. Moreover, live but not HK Cc5 blocked the release of TNF- alpha and NO induced by HK Yersinia enterocolitica. In addition, live Cc5 down-regulated the expression of TLR4 and dephosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results highlight passive and active mechanisms of immune evasion by C. canimorsus, which may explain its capacity to escape from the host immune system.

Topics: Animals; Capnocytophaga; Cells, Cultured; Chemokine CCL4; Dogs; Down-Regulation; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-1alpha; Interleukin-8; Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nitric Oxide; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Virulence

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multiple-antibiotic-resistant opportunistic pathogen that is being isolated with increasing frequency from patients with health-care-associated infections and especially from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). While clinicians feel compelled to treat infections involving this organism, its potential for virulence is not well established. We evaluated the immunostimulatory properties and overall virulence of clinical isolates of S. maltophilia using the well-characterized opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 as a control. The properties of CF isolates were examined specifically to see if they have a common phenotype. The immunostimulatory properties of S. maltophilia were studied in vitro by stimulating airway epithelial and macrophage cell lines. A neonatal mouse model of pneumonia was used to determine the rates of pneumonia, bacteremia, and mortality, as well as the inflammatory response elicited by S. maltophilia infection. Respiratory and nonrespiratory S. maltophilia isolates were highly immunostimulatory and elicited significant interleukin-8 expression by airway epithelial cells, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) expression by macrophages. TNF-alpha signaling appears to be important in the pathogenesis of S. maltophilia infection as less than 20% of TNFR1 null mice (compared with 100% of wild-type mice) developed pneumonia and bacteremia following intranasal inoculation. The S. maltophilia isolates were weakly invasive, and low-level bacteremia with no mortality was observed. Despite the lack of invasiveness of S. maltophilia, the immunostimulatory properties of this organism and its induction of TNF-alpha expression specifically indicate that it is likely to contribute significantly to airway inflammation.

Topics: Animals; Bacteremia; Cell Line; Cystic Fibrosis; Epithelial Cells; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-8; Lipid A; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Phagocytosis; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; Respiratory Mucosa; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms or potential virulence factors of Arcobacter spp. The aim of the study described here was to obtain more insights in the pathogenicity mechanisms of Arcobacter spp. by testing their ability to adhere to, invade and induce interleukin-8 expression in human Caco-2 and porcine IPI-2I cell lines. Eight Arcobacter strains were tested. Four strains were obtained from a culture collection, and represent the four Arcobacter spp. known to be associated with animals and humans. The other four strains were field isolates from the amniotic fluid of sows and from newborn piglets. All eight Arcobacter strains were able to adhere to both cell lines, and induced interleukin-8 production as early as 2 h after a 1h incubation period. This production was still increased 6 h postinfection. Differences in the cell association of the eight strains were obvious, with A. cibarius showing the highest adhesion ability. Invasion of intestinal epithelial cells was only observed for A. cryaerophilus strains. No correlation between invasiveness or strong adhesion of the tested strains and the level of interleukin-8 induction was observed.

Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Bacterial Adhesion; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Line; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Mucosa; Sus scrofa; Swine

Macrophage responses to Francisella infection have been characterized previously by subdued proinflammatory responses; however, these studies have generally focused on macrophage cell lines or monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we studied the ability of fresh human blood monocytes to engulf and respond to Francisella by using the live vaccine strain variant and Francisella novicida. Because Francisella organisms have been reported to escape from the phagolysosome into the cytosol, we hypothesized that this escape may trigger the activation of caspase-1. Francisella tularensis variants were readily taken up by fresh human CD14(+) monocytes, inducing the release of IL-1beta, as well as IL-8, in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Importantly, whereas live and dead Escherichia coli, F. novicida, and live vaccine strain, as well as the LPS of E. coli, were able to induce abundant IL-1beta mRNA synthesis and intracellular pro-IL-1beta production, only live Francisella induced enhanced IL-1beta processing and release (51 +/- 10 vs. 7.1 +/- 2.1 ng/ml, for F. novicida vs. E. coli LPS; P = 0.0032). Cytochalasin D blocked the Francisella internalization and the Francisella-induced monocyte IL-1beta processing and release but not that induced by the exogenous stimulus E. coli LPS. Also, killing bacteria did not block uptake but significantly diminished the IL-1beta processing and release that was induced by Francisella. Blocking bacterial escape from the phagosome into the cytosol also decreased IL-1beta but not IL-8 release. These findings demonstrate that Francisella organisms efficiently induce IL-1beta processing and release in fresh monocytes by means of a sensing system that requires the uptake of live bacteria capable of phagosome escape.

Topics: Cytochalasin D; Escherichia coli; Francisella; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Monocytes; Phagocytosis; Phagosomes; Polymerase Chain Reaction

To further enhance our understanding of immunological gene expression in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, after infection with naturally occurring pathogens, a series of probes and primers were developed for the quantification of immune factors. Separate groups of specific-pathogen-free rainbow trout were infected with either Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Three different concentrations of each pathogen were used and samples from infected and mock-infected fish were taken at either 1 or 5 days after infection. Ten fish were sampled at each time point for individual sections of liver, spleen and head kidney. Organ specimens from five of the fish were used to re-isolate and quantify the pathogen at the time the samples were taken. Total RNA was extracted from the organs of the remaining five animals. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent-labelled probes, the RNA from these organs was examined for the level of expression of the following immunological factors; an interferon related protein (MX-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), the cytotoxic T-cell marker CD-8 and complement factor C3 (C3). They were also measured for the level of beta-actin, which was used as a standardization control for cellular RNA expression. Infection with IHNV produced the greatest change in expression level for all the immunological related factors examined in this study. IHNV elicited the best dose response profile, which was typically seen at 5-days post-infection for MX-1, C3, IL-8 and CD-8. Infection with A. salmonicida and F. psychrophilum showed elevated, but variable expression levels for several of the genes tested.

Topics: Actins; Aeromonas salmonicida; Animals; CD8 Antigens; Complement C3; DNA Primers; Fish Diseases; Flavobacteriaceae Infections; Flavobacterium; Gene Expression Profiling; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus; Interleukin-8; Kidney; Liver; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rhabdoviridae Infections; Sesquiterpenes; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Spleen

Topics: Epithelial Cells; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-8; Lung Diseases; Toll-Like Receptors; Viruses

Previous studies have shown that interleukin-8 serum levels in febrile neutropenic patients are significantly higher in patients with gram-negative bacteremia than in patients with other causes of fever and may indicate unfavorable outcomes. We assessed the value of interleukin-8 serum levels at fever onset to predict clinical complications in order to confirm these earlier findings.. In a prospective observational study of adult patients receiving cancer chemotherapy, serum samples obtained at the onset of 147 febrile neutropenic episodes were measured by an immunoluminescence assay.. Complicated courses of fever including severe sepsis or septic shock, respiratory insufficiency or death were observed in 13 episodes (9%); in six episodes complications had developed within 1 week after fever onset and five of them were associated with bloodstream infections. At an interleukin-8 cutoff level of 1,000 pg/ml, these early complications were predicted with a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 97%, a positive predictive value of 50%, and a negative predictive value of 99%, respectively.. Interleukin-8 levels at fever onset may be used for the prediction of early medical complications associated with bacteremia and can help identify patients who might benefit from intensive care admission.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Bacteremia; Fever; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-8; Middle Aged; Neutropenia; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Prospective Studies

To compare serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and interleukin-10 in bacteremic and non-bacteremic episodes of febrile neutropenia in children with malignant diseases, and determine their changes and correlation with C-reactive protein (CRP).. Between January 2003 and June 2004, we examined 41 episodes of febrile neutropenia in 24 children with malignant diseases who were receiving polychemotherapy. C-reactive protein was measured at the onset of febrile episodes and on days 3 and 5 from beginning of therapy. The soluble interleukins-6, -8, and -10 were determined in the serum using enzyme bound immunosorbent analysis at the onset of fever and at 24 and 72 hours after initiation of an empiric antibiotic therapy.. The CRP baseline levels differentiated the patients with unexplained fever from those with local infection but did not differentiate them from those with bacteremia. Interleukin-8 at 24 hours differentiated bacteremic from non-bacteremic episodes (P < 0.05) and at a cut-off value of 130 pg/ml it had a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 84% to differentiate bacteremia. Interleukin-10 at 24 hours yielded higher values in Gram (-) bacteremia in comparison with the non-bacteremic episodes (P < 0.001) and Gram (+) bacteremia (P < 0.05). Interleukin-6 at 24 hours had significantly higher values in febrile episodes of more than 3 days duration (P < 0.05).. Interleukin-8 could differentiate in the first 24 hours bacteremic from non-bacteremic episodes in febrile neutropenia, while interleukin-10 is perhaps a more accurate marker for Gram (-) bacteremia.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Bacteremia; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fever; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Neoplasms; Neutropenia; Statistics, Nonparametric

During the acute inflammatory response in periodontitis, gingival epithelial cells are considered to play important roles in the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of infection through the secretion of chemokines. However, little is known about the expression of molecules that are involved in the interaction between the epithelium and neutrophils following bacterial attachment. Earlier work reported that periodontopathogenic Eikenella corrodens strain 1,073 up-regulated the expression and secretion of chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) from KB cells (a human oral epithelial cell line derived from a human oral epidermoid carcinoma). To elucidate the mechanism of the transmigration of neutrophils through the epithelium, the present study investigated the expression of adhesion molecules on KB cells in response to E. corrodens attachment. Adhesion molecule gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR and adhesion proteins expressed on KB cell surfaces were determined by cell-based ELISA and FACS. In RT-PCR, ICAM-1 mRNA levels were significantly increased within 1 h in response to exposure to E. corrodens and continued to increase over the 12-h period of study. In ELISA, increased surface ICAM-1 expression was paralleled by increased ICAM-1 mRNA levels. Furthermore, the increases in ICAM-1 expression on epithelial cells infected with E. corrodens were observed to be due to the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) specific bacterial lectin-like substance of E. corrodens (EcLS), which was one of the adhesins of E. corrodens. This is the first study to report that a bacterial lectin-like substance increased the expression of ICAM-1 on gingival epithelial cells.

Topics: Acetylgalactosamine; Bacterial Adhesion; Eikenella corrodens; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epithelial Cells; Flow Cytometry; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Interleukin-8; KB Cells; Lectins; Mouth Mucosa; Neutrophils; Periodontitis; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger

In a prospective observational study of 133 neutropenic episodes, interleukin (IL)-8 serum levels > 2000 pg/mL at the onset of fever had a sensitivity of 53% and a specificity of 97% as a predictor of gram-negative bacteremia (GNB; positive predictive value, 73%; negative predictive value, 94%). The rates of early death differed significantly between patients with high and those with low IL-8 levels (3/11 vs. 1/122; P< .01). Serum IL-8 levels at the onset of fever define a low-risk subgroup of patients who can safely be treated with monotherapy.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bacteremia; Cefepime; Cephalosporins; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fever; Gentamicins; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-8; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Male; Middle Aged; Netilmicin; Neutropenia; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies

Improved antimicrobial therapies against the classical spectrum of pathogenic bacteria which colonise the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has resulted in improved life expectancy and quality of life. Bacterial species that are resistant to a broad range of antibiotics including Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans have now emerged as potential new pathogens to fill the niche. At present, it is unclear from clinical data whether these microbes are commensal or pathogenic. In this study we have quantified the inflammatory potential of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from eight species of Gram-negative organisms which have been cultured with increasing frequency from CF patients. Inflammatory responses induced by LPS from whole human blood and a human-derived monocyte cell line (THP-1) were assessed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF). A bioassay was also used to assess TNF activity. With the exception of S. maltophilia, LPS extracted from all of the bacteria tested upregulated, by varying degrees, expression of each of the proinflammatory cytokines assayed. This study represents the first comprehensive report of the endotoxic potential of a new wave of microbes which are associated with CF.

Topics: Cell Line; Cystic Fibrosis; Cytokines; Endotoxins; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The relationship between cytokines and sepsis has been studied frequently in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, the determination of cytokines in patients as they enter the emergency department (ED) would be more meaningful in predicting the outcome of infection. This study investigated plasma interleukin-8 in the ED as the predictor of bacteremia and sepsis. One hundred patients admitted through the ED with signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome were studied. Plasma IL-8, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patient's data were evaluated using the APACHE II scoring system as predictive factors of morbidity and mortality. Plasma IL-8 (149 pg/mL) detected bacteremia with a positive predictive value of 90.9% and a specificity of 98.7%. Results indicated that the odds ratios (ORs) of bacteremia were 24.78 (P < 0.01, CI = 2.27-270.8), 5.42 (P < 0.05, CI = 1.37-21.4), and 6.05 (P < 0.05, CI = 1.36-26.8) for IL-8, IL-6, and APACHE II, respectively. Occurrence of bacteremia was highly correlated with increases in plasma IL-8 (P < 0.01). IL-8 (OR = 8.25, CI = 1.03-65.9) and APACHE II scores (OR = 12.6, CI = 2.24-70.4) were found to be significantly better predictive factors of mortality (P < 0.01) than IL-6 (OR = 3.60, CI = 0.57-22.7), TNF (OR = 0.24, CI = 0.01-11.0) and age (OR = 1.02, CI = 0.98-1.06). During bacteremia, IL-8 also correlated well with patient use of a ventilator (P < 0.01, OR = 2.43, CI = 2.41-311.19), use of vasopressors (P < 0.05, OR = 2.67, CI = 1.79-370.78), length of stay in the hospital (P < 0.01, OR = 3.14, CI = 1.87-988.31), and stay in the ICU (P < 0.01, OR = 2.51, CI = 2.98-449.80). Measuring IL-8 on patients in the ED with apparent bacterial infections appears to be a reliable predictor of bacteremia and the severity of disease.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; APACHE; Bacteremia; Biomarkers; China; Emergencies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Hospitals, University; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome

Periodontitis is the inflammatory response in periodontal tissues elicited by bacterial colonization in periodontal pockets. In this response, pocket epithelial cells are the first cells to come into contact with bacteria. To elucidate this mechanism, we determined the adherence of the periodontopathic bacterium Eikenella corrodens 1073, which has a GalNAc-sensitive lectin-like adhesin (EcLS), to a human oral epithelial carcinoma cell line (KB) and the induction of proinflammatory cytokine production in the cells following exposure to this bacterium in vitro. In the adherence assay, EcLS played a role as the adhesin of this bacterium in adherence to KB cells. In a reverse transcriptase PCR, significant interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6 mRNA levels were induced in response to exposure to this bacterium. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after an 8-h bacterial exposure, the IL-8 and IL-6 protein levels were 13.5- and 8.3-fold higher than those in the nonexposed controls, respectively. These protein responses were time dependent. Interestingly, when E. corrodens was separated from KB cells by cell culture inserts, a slight stimulation of the IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and secreted protein levels was seen. These results imply that the direct contact of E. corrodens 1073 with oral epithelial cells is not necessarily required for the stimulation of IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. We suggest that E. corrodens induces the epithelial cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines which serve as an early signaling system to host immune and inflammatory cells in underlying connective tissues.

Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Adhesion; Eikenella corrodens; Epithelial Cells; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; KB Cells; Kinetics; Lectins; Mouth Mucosa; Periodontitis; RNA, Messenger; Time Factors

Bacterial sepsis is characterized by a systemic inflammatory state, with activation of numerous cell types. Phagocytes participate in this phenomenon by secreting various proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as gelatinases are produced by phagocytes and are thought to play an important role in processes of cell transmigration and tissue remodeling. In this work, we show that endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and other inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, induce a rapid (within 20 min) release of gelatinase-B (MMP-9) zymogen in whole human blood, as determined by gelatin zymography. The polymorphonuclear neutrophil was identified as the cell responsible for this rapid secretion, as a result of the release of preformed enzymes stored in granules. Normal human subjects given LPS intravenously showed a similar pattern of proMMP-9 secretion, with maximum plasma levels reached 1.5 to 3 h after LPS administration (P = 0.0009). Prior administration of TNF receptor:Fc, a potent TNF antagonist, to subjects given LPS, only partially blunted the release of proMMP-9 (P = 0.033). Ibuprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, did not alter this pattern of release. Increased levels of proMMP-9 and proMMP-2, as well as activated forms of MMP-9, were found in plasma from two patients with gram-negative sepsis. The levels of MMPs paralleled the severity of clinical condition and a marker of the severity of sepsis, plasma procalcitonin. These data indicate that MMPs are released in whole blood in response to various inflammatory mediators and that they could serve as sensitive and early markers for cell activation during the course of bacterial sepsis.

Topics: Aged; Bacteremia; Endotoxemia; Enzyme Precursors; Female; Gelatinases; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Metalloendopeptidases; Neutrophils; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

We assessed the predictive value of procalcitonin (PCT) serum levels in neutropenic patients with fever and various types of infection, using a prospective 3 times weekly blood sampling protocol during 103 patient episodes. Compared with pre-fever levels, median PCT levels increased after fever onset from 0.16 ng/ml (day -1) to 0.34 ng/ml (day +1). In samples obtained within 32 h after fever onset, PCT levels differed significantly between (clinically or microbiologically) documented infection and unexplained fever (median 0.51 vs. 0.26 ng/ml), between bacteraemia and non-bacteraemic infection (median 0.8 vs. 0.27 ng/ml) and between Gram-negative bacteraemia and all other episodes (median 1.28 vs. 0.31 ng/ml). Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that the discriminatory power of PCT was best for predicting bacteraemia vs. non-bacteraemic infection (sensitivity 73%; specificity 86%; area under the ROC curve 0.795; cut-off value 0.5 ng/ml). Compared with interleukin-8 (IL-8) serum levels, test characteristics were similar in the prediction of bacteraemia vs. non-bacteraemic infection and in the prediction of documented infection vs. unexplained fever, while IL-8 was better than PCT in the prediction of Gram-negative bacteraemia (area under the ROC curve 0.965 vs. 0.758).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacteremia; Calcitonin; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Fever of Unknown Origin; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-8; Middle Aged; Neutropenia; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Protein Precursors; Sensitivity and Specificity

Circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, soluble Fc gamma receptor type III (sFc gammaRIII), mannose-binding protein (MBP), and C-reactive protein (CrP) were assessed among febrile children with cancer and neutropenia. Levels of IL-6, IL-8, sFc gammaRIII, MBP, and CrP were measured in serum from 56 pediatric cancer patients at the time of admission for 121 episodes of febrile neutropenia (88 febrile episodes without identifiable source, 5 clinically documented infections, 20 episodes of bacteremia due to gram-positive and 5 due to gram-negative organisms, and 3 fungal infections). IL-6 and IL-8 levels were higher in patients with either bacteremia due to gram-negative organisms or fungal infections than in patients with febrile episodes without an identifiable source (P < .00001 for each). IL-6 and IL-8 levels were higher in children with bacteremia due to gram-negative organisms than in those with bacteremia due to gram-positive organisms (P = .0011 and P = .0003, respectively). The measured levels of CrP, MBP, and sFc gammaRIII were not useful for identifying the type of infection. These preliminary results show the potential usefulness of IL-6 and IL-8 as early indicators for life-threatening infections in febrile cancer patients with neutropenia.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacteremia; C-Reactive Protein; Carrier Proteins; Child; Collectins; Female; Fever; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Neoplasms; Neutropenia; Receptors, IgG; Retrospective Studies; Solubility

The impact of antibiotics on total endotoxemia and circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 in 18 patients with severe bacteremic sepsis or septic shock due to gram-negative species was investigated. Endotoxemia, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 were assayed before (H0) and 1 h (H1) and 4 h (H4) after the first antibiotic infusion. Endotoxemia decreased from H0 (median, 0.4 EU/mL; interquartile interval, 0.09-1.23) to H1 (median, 0.19 EU/mL; interquartile interval, 0.07-0.75; P = .03) and remained stable between H1 and H4 (median, 0.12 EU/mL; interquartile interval, 0.09-0.30; P = .4). IL-6 levels fell between H0 and H4 (P = .01) and between H1 and H4 (P = .03). IL-8 was higher at H0 than at H1 (P = .04) and at H4 (P = .01). These results suggest that endotoxemia is not increased by antibiotherapy of severe gram-negative bacteremia.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endotoxins; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Shock, Septic; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Cytokines play a major role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock. Using enzyme immunoassays the acute serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were investigated in 90 patients with positive blood cultures and clinical signs of infection. In 27 patients samples were obtained on admission, after 1, 4, 12, 18, and 24 h, and then daily. The acute serum levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, G-CSF, and IL-8 were significantly higher among patients with severe sepsis. Patients with Gram-negative infection had significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha on admission than did patients with Gram-positive infections (p = 0.0008). The levels of IL-6, G-CSF and, to some extent, TNF-alpha decreased rapidly in survivors within the first 24 h of admission to hospital and institution of treatment. LIF was detected in 8/90 in both survivors and nonsurvivors.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bacteremia; Cytokines; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Growth Inhibitors; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; Lymphokines; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Because of their effects on monocytes, monocyte chemotactic proteins-1 and -2 (MCP-1 and MCP-2) may participate in the pathophysiology of sepsis. We measured circulating MCP-1 and MCP-2 levels in 42 septic patients having positive local or blood cultures. MCP-1 and MCP-2 levels were elevated in 24 (57%) and 25 (59%) of 42 septic patients, respectively, compared with healthy volunteers. Both patients with gram-positive and gram-negative infections had elevated MCP-1 plasma levels (P = .0001) and P < .0001), respectively; Mann-Whitney-U test), whereas patients with gram-positive infection, but not those with gram-negative infection, had increased MCP-2 plasma levels (P= .0182). No relative differences in MCP-1 and MCP-2 plasma levels were observed between several subgroups of patients (sepsis v septic shock; survivors v nonsurvivors), although levels of MCP-1 were the highest in patients with the more severe forms of sepsis, ie, those with shock or a lethal outcome. Serial observations showed that MCP-1 and MCP-2 plasma levels remained elevated for at least 48 hours. MCP-1 correlated weakly with interleukin-8 and MCP-2, the correlations for which were most pronounced in patients with septic shock. MCP-2 correlated with interleukin-8, and surprisingly, with the complement activation product C3a; these correlations further improved when analyzing patients with septic shock or when applying gram-positive infections. Thus, our results not only show increased MCP-1 and MCP-2 levels in patients with sepsis, but also suggest that the synthesis and release of MCP-1 and MCP-2 in sepsis are differently regulated in part.

Topics: Chemokine CCL2; Chemokine CCL8; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins; Mycoses; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Single-Blind Method; Survivors

Because of its neutrophil-activating properties, interleukin-8 (IL-8) may play an important role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. We measured circulating IL-8 levels in 47 patients with clinical sepsis. Levels on admission were elevated in 42 of the 47 patients (89%) and were comparable in patients with gram-positive or gram-negative infections. Patients with shock had significantly higher IL-8 levels than normotensive patients (P = 0.0014, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test), whereas no differences in IL-8 levels were found between patients with or without adult respiratory distress syndrome. Patients who died had higher IL-8 levels on admission than the patients who survived. The largest differences in IL-8 levels between survivors and nonsurvivors was found when only patients with positive cultures were considered (P = 0.0342). IL-8 levels appeared to correlate significantly with lactate levels and inversely with leukocyte and platelet numbers and mean arterial pressure. In addition, the IL-8 level in the sepsis patients was found to correlate significantly with levels of IL-6, elastase-alpha 1-antitrypsin, and C3a. Serial observations revealed that in most patients IL-8 levels decreased, irrespective of the outcome. Thus, our results demonstrate that IL-8 levels are increased in most patients with sepsis and correlate with some important clinical, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters. These findings suggest a role for IL-8 in the pathophysiology of sepsis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Bacteremia; Blood Pressure; Complement C3a; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Factor XII; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Lactoferrin; Leukocyte Elastase; Middle Aged; Pancreatic Elastase; Prekallikrein; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Shock, Septic