interleukin-8 and Gingival-Hemorrhage

Investigate short-term effects of power brushing following experimental induction of biofilm overgrowth in periodontal disease states.. Overall, 175 subjects representing each of five biofilm-gingival interface (BGI) periodontal groups were enrolled in a single-blind, randomized study. After stent-induced biofilm overgrowth for 21 days subjects received either a manual or a power toothbrush to use during a 4 weeks resolution phase. At baseline and during induction and resolution, standard clinical parameters were measured. Subclinical parameters included multikine analysis of 13 salivary biomarkers and 16s Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) probe analysis of subgingival plaque samples.. All groups exhibited significantly greater reductions in bleeding on probing (BOP) (p = 0.002), gingival index (GI) (p = 0.0007), pocket depth (PD) (p = 0.04) and plaque index (p = 0.001) with power brushing compared to manual. When BGI groups were combined to form a shallow PD (PD ≤ 3 mm) and a deep PD group (PD > 4 mm) power brushing reduced BOP and GI in subjects with both pocket depths. Power brushing significantly reduced IL-1β levels at resolution while changes in bacterial levels showed non-significant trends between both brushing modalities.. Short-term changes in select clinical parameters and subclinical salivary biomarkers may be useful in assessing efficacy of power brushing interventions in a spectrum of periodontal disease states.

Topics: Acute-Phase Proteins; Adult; Bacteria; Biofilms; Biomarkers; Dental Plaque; Electrical Equipment and Supplies; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Lipocalin-2; Lipocalins; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Microarray Analysis; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Pocket; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Saliva; Single-Blind Method; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; Toothbrushing

The analysis of samplings from periodontal pockets is important in the diagnosis and therapy of periodontitis. In this study, three different sampling techniques were compared to determine whether one method yielded samples suitable for the reproducible and simultaneous determination of bacterial load, cytokines, neutrophil elastase, and arginine-specific gingipains (Rgps). Rgps are an important virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis, the exact concentration of which in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) has not been quantified.. GCF was sampled from four sites per patient (one sample per quadrant using two samples per method) in 36 patients with chronic periodontitis. One week later, the procedure was repeated with alternative methods. Variables determined were loads of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) and P. gingivalis, levels of interleukin-6 and -8, activity of neutrophil elastase, and level of Rgps.. The detected cytokine levels were higher using paper strips compared to paper points. Bacteria were found in similar loads from paper strips and paper points. Rgps were only detectable in high quantities by washing the periodontal pocket. The level of Rgps correlated with the load of P. gingivalis.. The use of paper strips was suitable for the simultaneous determination of microbial and immunologic parameters. Obtaining GCF by washing can be useful for special purposes. The gingipain concentration in periodontal pockets was directly determined to be ≤1.5 μM. This value indicated that most of the substrates of these proteases by in vitro assays identified until now can be easily degraded in P. gingivalis-infected sites.

Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Adult; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacterial Load; Chronic Periodontitis; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Female; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Hemagglutinins; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Elastase; Male; Middle Aged; Paper; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Pocket; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Specimen Handling; Therapeutic Irrigation; Virulence Factors

Bacterial plaque is an etiologic factor in the development of gingival inflammation and periodontitis. The presence of orthodontic bands and brackets influences plaque growth and maturation. The purposes of this research were to monitor microbiologic and periodontal changes after placement of orthodontic attachments over a 1-year period and to link these changes to alterations in cytokine concentrations in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).. This longitudinal split-mouth trial included 24 patients. Supragingival and subgingival plaque composition, probing depth, bleeding on probing, and GCF flow and composition were assessed at baseline (Tb) and after 1 year (T52). A statistical comparison was made over time and between the banded and bonded sites. Prognostic factors for the clinical reaction at T52 in the GCF at Tb were determined.. Between Tb and T52, the pathogenicity of the plaque and all periodontal parameters increased significantly, but intersite differences were not seen, except for bleeding on probing. The cytokine concentrations in the GCF did not differ significantly between the sites or between Tb and T52. The interleukin-6 concentration in the GCF at Tb was a significant predictive value for the GCF flow at T52 (P <0.05). The same relationship was found between the interleukin-8 concentration at Tb and the increase in probing depth at T52 (P <0.05).. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 concentrations before orthodontic treatment were shown to be significant predictive factors for some potential inflammatory parameters during treatment.

Topics: Adolescent; Bacteria; Bacterial Load; Chemokine CCL2; Chemokine CXCL10; Cytokines; Dental Plaque; Extraoral Traction Appliances; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Oral Hygiene; Orthodontic Appliances; Orthodontic Brackets; Orthodontic Wires; Patient Education as Topic; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies

Periodontal disease is the most common multifactorial disease, afflicting a very large proportion of the adult population. Periodontal disease secondarily causes increases in the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and other markers of inflammation. An increased level of CRP reflects an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The aim of the current randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the short-term effect of a combination of dipyridamole and prednisolone (CRx-102) on the levels of high-sensitivity (hs)-CRP, proinflammatory markers in blood, and clinical signs of periodontal disease.. Fifty-seven patients with >/=10 pockets with probing depths >/=5 mm were randomized into two groups in this masked single-center placebo-controlled study: CRx-102 (n = 28) and placebo (n = 29). hs-CRP levels, inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]-6, -1beta, -8, and -12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]), bleeding on probing (BOP), and changes in probing depths were evaluated. The subjects received mechanical non-surgical therapy after 42 days, and the study was completed after 49 days.. At day 42, the differences in the hs-CRP, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 levels between the two groups were statistically significant (P <0.05), whereas no difference was found for the other inflammatory markers. There was no change in probing depth or BOP between the two groups.. The administration of CRx-102 resulted in significant decreases in hs-CRP, IFN-gamma, and IL-6, but it did not significantly change BOP or probing depths.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; C-Reactive Protein; Dental Scaling; Dipyridamole; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Placebos; Prednisolone; Root Planing; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The impact of moxifloxacin (MOX) was analyzed in the treatment of severe chronic periodontitis.. In a randomized, prospective, clinical multicenter trial, 92 subjects with severe chronic periodontitis were treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) alone (control group; n = 21), SRP plus adjunctive doxycycline (DOX group; n = 36), or SRP plus adjunctive MOX (MOX group; n = 35). Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. The load of periodontopathogens, the level of interleukin-8, and the activities of granulocyte elastase and myeloperoxidase were also measured.. All three procedures led to significant reductions in PD, CAL, and BOP. PD reduction was significantly greater (P <0.05) in the MOX group (2.46 +/- 1.17 mm at 6 months and 2.84 +/- 1.53 mm at 12 months) compared to the DOX group (1.85 +/- 1.24 mm and 2.19 +/- 1.13 mm at 6 and 12 months, respectively) and the controls (1.77 +/- 0.57 mm and 1.86 +/- 0.56 mm at 6 and 12 months, respectively). Only in the MOX group was the load of all investigated bacteria and all inflammatory parameters reduced at each appointment compared to baseline.. The adjunctive application of antibiotics improved the treatment outcome in subjects with severe chronic periodontitis. MOX seemed to be more effective than DOX and might be an alternative drug in the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Topics: Adult; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Aza Compounds; Bacteroides; Chronic Periodontitis; Colony Count, Microbial; Combined Modality Therapy; Dental Scaling; Doxycycline; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Elastase; Male; Moxifloxacin; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Pocket; Peroxidase; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prospective Studies; Quinolines; Root Planing; Treatment Outcome; Treponema denticola

The aim was to assess clinical inflammatory parameters, cytokine levels and bacterial counts in samples from implant crevicular fluid in cases with untreated peri-implantitis.. Several bacterial species known to up-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines have been associated with peri-implantitis. The Luminex magnet bead technology was used to study cytokines in crevicular fluid. The checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method was used to study bacterial counts in samples from 41 implants (41 individuals).. Profuse bleeding and suppuration was found in 25/41 (61.0%) of the implants. The reliability of duplicate cytokine processing was high. In the presence of profuse bleeding, higher pg/ml levels of IL-1β (p = 0.02), IL-8 (p = 0.04), TNF-α (p = 0.03) and VEGF (p = 0.004) were found. Higher concentrations of IL-1β were found in the presence of suppuration, and if Escherichia coli (p = 0.001) or Staphylococcus epidermidis (p = 0.05) could be detected.. Profuse bleeding and/or suppuration in untreated peri-implantitis can be associated with higher concentrations of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and VEGF in peri-implant crevicular fluid. A higher concentration of IL-1β in peri-implant crevicular fluid was found in samples that were positive for E. coli or S. epidermidis.

Topics: Adult; Alveolar Bone Loss; Bacteria; Bacterial Load; Cytokines; Dental Implants; DNA, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Male; Peri-Implantitis; Periodontal Pocket; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Suppuration; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between chemokines and dendritic cells (DCs) in human chronic periodontitis (CP).. Gingival samples were obtained from 23 individuals with CP, and six samples of normal mucosa (NM) overlapping the third molar were used to control for the chemokine levels. Periodontal examination was conducted. Immunohistochemistry was performed for Factor XIIIa(+) and cluster of differentiation (CD)1a(+) immature DCs and CD83(+) mature DCs. Levels of the CC chemokine ligand (CCL)2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL19, CCL20, and CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)8 were measured in gingival tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inflammatory infiltrate, DCs, chemokines, classification of human CP, and clinical parameters were correlated and compared.. The expression of CCL2 and CCL20 was positively correlated with increased densities of CD1a(+) DCs. CCL3 and CXCL8 were positively related to the clinical attachment level. CCL3, CCL5, CCL19, and CXCL8 levels increased in the gingival samples of patients with CP compared with NM, whereas CCL20 levels increased in advanced CP compared with mild-moderate CP.. More CD1a(+) immature DCs are related to CCL2 and CCL20. CCL3 and CXCL8 chemokines are related to a greater severity of human CP.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antigens, CD; Antigens, CD1; CD83 Antigen; Cell Count; Chemokine CCL19; Chemokine CCL2; Chemokine CCL20; Chemokine CCL3; Chemokine CCL5; Chemokines, CC; Chronic Periodontitis; Dendritic Cells; Factor XIIIa; Female; Gingiva; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Interleukin-8; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Mouth Mucosa; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Pocket; Young Adult

The aim of this study was to assess gingival fluid (GCF) cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, subgingival bacteria, and clinical periodontal conditions during a normal pregnancy to postpartum.. Subgingival bacterial samples were analyzed with the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method. GCF samples were assessed with real-time PCR including five proinflammatory cytokines and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor.. Nineteen pregnant women with a mean age of 32 years (S.D. ± 4 years, range 26-42) participated in the study. Full-mouth bleeding scores (BOP) decreased from an average of 41.2% (S.D. ± 18.6%) at the 12th week of pregnancy to 26.6% (S.D. ± 14.4%) at the 4-6 weeks postpartum (p < 0.001). Between week 12 and 4-6 weeks postpartum, the mean probing pocket depth changed from 2.4 mm (S.D. ± 0.4) to 2.3 mm (S.D. ± 0.3) (p = 0.34). Higher counts of Eubacterium saburreum, Parvimonas micra, Selenomonas noxia, and Staphylococcus aureus were found at week 12 of pregnancy than at the 4-6 weeks postpartum examinations (p < 0.001). During and after pregnancy, statistically significant correlations between BOP scores and bacterial counts were observed. BOP scores and GCF levels of selected cytokines were not related to each other and no differences in GCF levels of the cytokines were observed between samples from the 12th week of pregnancy to 4-6 weeks postpartum. Decreasing postpartum counts of Porphyromonas endodontalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were associated with decreasing levels of Il-8 and Il-1β.. BOP decreased after pregnancy without any active periodontal therapy. Associations between bacterial counts and cytokine levels varied greatly in pregnant women with gingivitis and a normal pregnancy outcome. Postpartum associations between GCF cytokines and bacterial counts were more consistent.. Combined assessments of gingival fluid cytokines and subgingival bacteria may provide important information on host response.

Topics: Adult; Bacterial Load; Cytokines; Eubacterium; Female; Gingiva; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1alpha; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Peptostreptococcus; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas endodontalis; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RNA, Messenger; Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor; Selenomonas; Staphylococcus aureus; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Cytokines produced by various cells are strong local mediators of inflammation. Mucosa-associated epithelial chemokine (CCL28), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are major cytokines that play important roles in the periodontal inflammatory process. In this study we aimed to compare the levels of CCL28, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α in the gingival crevicular fluid of both periodontally healthy subjects and in subjects diagnosed with gingivitis, chronic periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis.. A total of 84 subjects participated in the study: 21 subjects had gingivitis, 21 subjects had chronic periodontitis, 21 subjects had generalized aggressive periodontitis and 21 were periodontally healthy. The levels of CCL28, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α were analyzed using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA).. The total levels of CCL28 and IL-8 in the gingival crevicular fluid of the generalized aggressive periodontitis group (324.74 ± 42.62 pg/30 s, 487.62 ± 49.21 pg/30 s) were significantly higher than those of the chronic periodontitis group (268.81 ± 28.64 pg/30 s, 423.65 ± 35.24 pg/30 s), the gingivitis group (146.35 ± 17.46 pg/30 s, 310.24 ± 48.20 pg/30 s) and the periodontally healthy group (92.46 ± 22.04 pg/30 s, 148.41 ± 24.64 pg/30 s). Similarly, the total levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the generalized aggressive periodontitis group (110.23 ± 9.20 pg/30 s, 1284.46 ± 86.32 pg/30 s) were significantly higher than those in the chronic periodontitis group (423.65 ± 35.24 pg/30 s, 82.64 ± 9.12 pg/30 s), the gingivitis group (52.10 ± 7.15 pg/30 s, 824.24 ± 44.68 pg/30 s) and the periodontally healthy group (36.44 ± 8.86 pg/30 s, 628.26 ± 34.61 pg/30 s).. CCL28, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α may play key roles in the host response to inflammation in periodontal diseases. As the severity of periodontal diseases increases, destruction of periodontal tissues also increases. Inflammation is one among many factors that trigger periodontal tissue destruction. Identification of the mediators that influence the development and progression of inflammation in periodontal diseases may be very important in understanding the prognoses of periodontal diseases.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aggressive Periodontitis; Alveolar Bone Loss; Chemokines, CC; Chronic Periodontitis; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Male; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontium; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult

The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) contains various biomarkers, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-10, among others. These cytokines have been reported to correlate with gingival inflammation and periodontal status. Therefore, the analysis of GCF may be useful for the diagnosis of periodontal status. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is the first identified long pentraxin, and is released by several cell types in response to proinflammatory signals. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-10 and PTX3 in GCF from diseased and healthy sites in patients with chronic periodontitis. Cross-sectional clinical data were obtained from 50 patients with chronic periodontitis. GCF samples were collected with paper strips from one periodontal diseased site and one periodontally healthy site per subject. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α were determined using a multiplexed bead immunoassay, and the PTX3 level was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mean clinical parameters were significantly higher at diseased sites (P < 0.01) as compared to healthy sites, and the mean levels of PTX3, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α were higher in diseased sites (P < 0.01) than in healthy sites. There were strong correlations between PTX3 or IL-1β and periodontal status. These results suggest that GCF PTX3 levels might be useful as a diagnostic marker for periodontal disease.

Topics: Acute-Phase Proteins; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Chronic Periodontitis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Plaque Index; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Interleukins; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontium; Serum Amyloid P-Component; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

To assess the pattern of early bacterial colonization at implants and teeth in patients with a history of chronic periodontitis compared with a group of healthy subjects. Furthermore, the presence of host-derived markers at teeth and implants in the two subject groups was determined.. Subgingival and submucosal plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples from 37 nonsubmerged healing dental implants and the deepest tooth sites per quadrant were analyzed 2 to 5 months after implant insertion. The presence of periodontal pathogens was assessed by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction. Further, the levels of interleukin (IL)-1Β, IL-8, and IL-10; secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor; and the neutrophil elastase activity were determined.. Eleven patients with chronic periodontitis and 13 subjects without periodontitis were recruited for this study. Bacterial species associated with periodontitis were detectable at both the teeth and implants. The presence was always higher in the chronic periodontitis group; the difference was significant for Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at both the implants and teeth. The levels of IL-1Β were higher at teeth than at implants; in contrast, more IL-10 was measured at the implants.. The present results indicate that (1) dental implants inserted in periodontally compromised patients are colonized with periodontal pathogens within the first weeks of healing; (2) inflammatory markers (IL-1Β) are present in higher levels at teeth as compared with implants, whereas at implants, anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) might play the important role; and (3) the importance of periodontal treatment prior to implant insertion to reduce bacterial load and inflammation should be emphasized.

Topics: Adult; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacteria; Bacterial Load; Bacteroides; Biomarkers; Chronic Periodontitis; Dental Implants; Dental Plaque; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Elastase; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Pocket; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor; Tooth

The aim of this study was to compare the levels of cytokines IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 and the chemokine IL-8 in the peri-implant crevicular fluid (PCF) between the group of patients with peri-implantitis (PP) and peri-implantar healthy patients (HP).. The PCF was collected from 40 implants regarding 25 patients, being 14 patients with PP and 11 HP totalizing 20 implants from each group. The PCF samples collected from each patient were quantified for IL-6, IL-17, IL-8 and IL-10 using the enzymatic immunosorbent assay (ELISA).. The expression of IL-17 was significantly higher in the PP group when compared to HP (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference when comparing the levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 between both groups HP and PP. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the PP group.. This study demonstrates that in patients with peri-implantitis there is an increase of IL-17 which may induce the production of other inflammatory cytokines, contributing to the pathogenesis of bone loss in peri-implantitis.

Topics: Alveolar Bone Loss; Dental Implants; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Interleukins; Male; Middle Aged; Peri-Implantitis; Periodontal Pocket

High mobility group chromosomal protein B1 (HMGB1) and N2 (HMGN2), two members of high mobility group (HMG) family, play important role in inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of HMGB1 and HMGN2 in periodontistis.. The expression of HMGB1 and HMGN2 mRNA in gingival tissues and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in chronic periodontitis (CP), generalised aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP) patients and healthy subjects was detected by real-time PCR. The protein level of HMGB1 and HMGN2 in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF), peri-implant crevicular fluid of peri-implantitis (PI-PICF) and normal patients was determined by Western blotting. Furthermore, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and HMGB1 levels in GCF, PI-PICF and healthy-PICF samples from different groups were determined by ELISA.. HMGN2 expression was increased in inflamed gingival tissues and GCF from CP and G-ApG groups compared to control group. HMGB1 expression was the highest in the gingival tissues and GCF from CP patients and was accompanied by increased concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 proinflammaory cytokines.. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that the expression of HMGB1 and HMGN2 was increased in the gingival tissues and GCF in CP and G-AgP and the PICF in PICF. Our data suggest that HMGB1 may be a potential target for the therapy of periodontitis and PI.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aggressive Periodontitis; Alveolar Bone Loss; Chronic Periodontitis; Dental Calculus; Dental Implants; Dental Plaque Index; Female; Gingiva; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; HMGB1 Protein; HMGN2 Protein; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Peri-Implantitis; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult

Cytokines and chemokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the effect of initial periodontal therapy on gingival crevicular fluid levels of a comprehensive panel of cytokines and chemokines, including several less extensively studied mediators.. Clinical examinations were performed and gingival crevicular fluid samples obtained from six subjects with generalized severe chronic periodontitis prior to initial periodontal therapy and at re-evaluation (6-8 weeks). Four diseased and two healthy sites were sampled in each subject. Twenty-two gingival crevicular fluid mediators were examined using a multiplex antibody capture and detection platform. Statistical analyses were performed by fitting mixed effects linear models to log-transformed gingival crevicular fluid values.. Gingival crevicular fluid interleukin (IL)-1alpha and IL-1beta were the only cytokines to differ in initially diseased vs. initially healthy sites. Following initial therapy, 13 of the 16 detectable cytokines and chemokines decreased significantly in diseased sites, including IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12 (p40), CCL5/regulated on activation, normally T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), eotaxin, macrophage chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and interferon-gamma. At healthy sites, only three of the 16 mediators were significantly altered following therapy.. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to evaluate such an extensive panel of gingival crevicular fluid mediators within the same sample prior to and following initial therapy. The results confirm that periodontal therapy effectively reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including less well-described mediators that may be important in initiation and progression of periodontitis. The multiplex assay will prove useful for future gingival crevicular fluid studies.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Chemokine CCL2; Chemokine CCL3; Chemokine CCL5; Chemokines; Chemokines, CC; Chronic Periodontitis; Cytokines; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingival Recession; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-1alpha; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-3; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-7; Interleukin-8; Middle Aged; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Pocket; Pilot Projects

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of periodontal therapy on the circulating concentration of high-sensitivity capsule-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrinogen (FIB), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and on the metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.. Twenty-three T2DM patients with chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this study. Periodontal clinical parameters, namely visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment levels, were evaluated. Blood samples for plasma were collected and assessed for the levels of hs-CRP, FIB, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-alpha. The glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and fasting plasma glucose were also measured. All parameters were evaluated before and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy.. All clinical parameters were significantly improved 3 months after the periodontal therapy. A univariate comparison showed a tendency towards a decrease of the measured biomarkers, most pronounced for TNF-alpha and FIB, after therapy. Periodontal treatment also reduced HbA(1c) and hs-CRP levels, albeit not significantly.. The clinically successful non-surgical periodontal therapy tended to reduce systemic inflammation and the concentration of some circulating cytokines.

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; C-Reactive Protein; Chronic Periodontitis; Cytokines; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Scaling; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Fibrinogen; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Hemorrhage; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Root Planing; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The emergence of periodontal medicine increased interest in defining the behaviour of peripheral blood cells in periodontitis subjects in comparison with healthy group. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of interleukin (IL)-8, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-10 released by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from the peripheral blood of chronic periodontitis subjects.. PBMC samples were isolated from 19 systemically healthy donors, divided into generalized chronic periodontitis (n=10) and healthy (n=9) subjects. Cells were incubated for 24-48 h in 500 μL wells containing RPMI 1640 and stimulated with 1.0 ng/mL of E. coli LPS. Supernatants were used to quantify the amounts of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 released using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).. PBMC cells from periodontitis subjects released higher levels of TNF-α and IL-6 than those from healthy subjects (P<0.05). Conversely, the supernatants of the stimulated PBMC cells obtained from healthy subjects presented higher amounts of IL-8 than those from periodontitis (P<0.05). No differences were observed in the levels of IL-10 (P>0.05) between groups.. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that E. coli LPS-stimulated PBMC from subjects with periodontitis present a different pattern of cytokine release when compared to PBMC from healthy subjects. This phenomenon could have implications locally, in periodontitis, as well as in systemic diseases.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cells, Cultured; Chronic Periodontitis; Cytokines; Escherichia coli; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Pocket; Smoking; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The aim of this study was to describe the development and validation of the checkerboard immunoblotting (CBIB) technique for the high-throughput quantification of multiple inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples.. Monoclonal antibodies were used to bind GCF interleukin (IL)-1beta and -8 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 to the surface of membranes. Biotinylated antibodies were used to detect bound antigens in a checkerboard format. Signals were developed using chemiluminescence, captured on film, and quantified using software for array analysis. The assay was tested for potential cross-reactions among the three pairs of antibodies. Eleven CBIBs were processed to determine the analytical sensitivity of the assay. Forty GCF samples were analyzed using CBIB and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in parallel, and the significance of the correlations among the results was tested using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Nine hundred thirty-one GCF samples were collected from 20 periodontally healthy subjects and 20 periodontitis subjects and analyzed using CBIB to test the assay's sensitivity and dynamic ranges using clinical samples.. The CBIB was capable of distinguishing among the three analytes. The sensitivity and dynamic ranges of the assay were suitable for the detection of the three targets in the majority of GCF samples. There were highly statistically significant (P <0.0001) positive correlations between CBIB and ELISA data for all three biomarkers. The periodontitis subjects had statistically significantly higher mean levels of IL-1beta and -8 compared to healthy subjects.. The CBIB technique is a sensitive and specific assay for the high-throughput quantification of MMP-8 and IL-8 and -1beta in GCF.

Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Immobilized; Biomarkers; Chronic Periodontitis; Cross Reactions; Dental Plaque; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingival Recession; Gingivitis; Humans; Immunoblotting; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Luminescence; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; Membranes, Artificial; Middle Aged; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontium; Polyvinyls; Sensitivity and Specificity; Software

In our previous study, we found that the ability of supragingival plaque to induce Toll-like receptor (TLR)4-mediated stimulation was positively associated with plaque score and bleeding on probing (BOP) at the sampled sites and that the ability to induce TLR2-mediated stimulation was negatively associated with probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Because signaling from TLR leads to the induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, we further analyzed the influence of the ability of supragingival plaque to induce TLR2-/TLR4-mediated stimulation of cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).. The abilities of 125 plaque samples to induce TLR2- or TLR4-mediated stimulation were determined using genetically engineered Chinese hamster ovary reporter cells that express a reporter molecule upon activation of nuclear factor-kappa B through TLR2 or TLR4. PBMCs were stimulated with each plaque sample, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin [IL]-6 and -8) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.. The levels of the cytokines produced by PBMCs all correlated with the ability of supragingival plaque to induce TLR4-mediated stimulation but not with its ability to induce TLR2-mediated stimulation. Cytokine production was inhibited by an anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibody and a TLR4 antagonist, compound 406. The levels of cytokines were associated with plaque index, BOP, PD, and CAL at the sampled sites.. The production of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines by PBMCs was associated with the ability of supragingival plaque to induce TLR4-mediated stimulation. The cytokines induced by supragingival plaque via TLR4 might modulate periodontal status.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Cytokines; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Glycolipids; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Lipid A; Male; Middle Aged; NF-kappa B; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult

To compare salivary IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha levels between patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and controls.. Forty female patients with BMS (mean age: 61.6+/-10.1 years) and 20 female control subjects (mean age: 65.1+/-9.0 years) were included in the study. Unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva samples (SWS) were collected and their flow rates were determined. Salivary IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha levels and total protein concentration were also determined. Salivary transferrin level was determined to investigate the level of blood contamination in saliva samples. Gingival index of the subjects was also examined. Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation analysis, and analysis of covariance were used.. No significant differences were found in the salivary levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in BMS patients compared with controls. Salivary flow rates and their total protein concentrations did not differ significantly between the groups. The levels of salivary cytokines and total protein concentration correlated significantly with the level of blood contamination in both UWS and SWS.. There were no differences in the salivary levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in BMS patients compared with controls. Cytokine levels in whole saliva were affected mainly by the amount of blood contamination.

Topics: Aged; Blood; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Case-Control Studies; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Middle Aged; Periodontal Index; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Secretory Rate; Transferrin; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Bacteremia frequently occurs after dental treatment. Periodontal inflammation may influence the incidence, magnitude and duration of bacteremia. The presence of circulating oral bacteria or bacterial components may induce cytokine synthesis in blood cells, which may contribute to the development or exacerbation of atherosclerosis. The present study tested the hypothesis that bacteremia occurring after scaling in periodontitis patients results in altered plasma levels of cytokines. Twenty periodontitis patients were subjected to scaling. Blood samples at baseline and at 0.5, 10 and 30 minutes postscaling were examined for bacteremia whereas baseline and eight-hour postscaling blood samples were examined for the levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12p70. IL-6 levels were significantly increased eight hours after scaling, while IL-8 was significantly decreased. No systematic changes occurred in the levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IL-2p70. IL-6 levels may be increased while IL-8 may be decreased due to scaling, which may have implications for general health.

Topics: Adult; Bacteremia; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Scaling; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Hemorrhage; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Prevotella; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Time Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) dysfunction is associated with diabetes. We examined the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) beta-glucuronidase (BG) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels of periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).. Forty five adults with type 2 DM and 32 adults without DM, both with chronic periodontitis were enrolled. GCF was collected from eight posterior sites in each quadrant, and periodontal parameters were recorded. GCF was assayed for IL-8 by ELISA and BG by a fluorometric assay.. GCF IL-8 was positively correlated with probing depth (PD), and GCF BG but not clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), or plaque index (PI). In contrast, GCF BG was strongly correlated with each of the clinical measures of periodontal disease. Subjects with DM significantly lower levels of both BG (73.0+/-44.8 versus 121.9+/-84.6 pg/sample; p=0.002) and IL-8 (32.1+/-33.1 versus 90.8+/-83.2 pg/sample; p<0.0001) even after adjustments for age, gender, PD, CAL, BOP, and PI. Neither BG nor IL-8 was correlated with HbA1c levels in subjects with DM.. These data suggest that an inadequate local response by PMN, partially explained by an altered chemokine gradient, may contribute to periodontal disease in patients with type 2 DM.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Chronic Disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Plaque Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Glucuronidase; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Sex Factors

Periodontopathic bacteria induce inflammation of periodontal tissues. The cytokines and nitric oxide released in periodontal lesions have been reported to play a protective role in bacterial infection and to relate to the process of inflammation. To clarify the relationship between colonization of periodontopathic bacteria and cytokines, we evaluated profiles of inflammatory cytokines, chemokine, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and colonization by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, which are major pathogens of periodontitis.. mRNA expression of cytokines and iNOS in inflamed and healthy gingival tissue was determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the relationship between their profiles and the detection of specific bacteria was analyzed.. The relative expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and iNOS mRNAs in periodontal lesions was significantly higher than those in healthy individuals. IL-6 mRNA expression was also significantly higher at bleeding on probing (BOP)-positive sites than at BOP-negative sites. The expressions of IL-1alpha and IL-8 increased, but IL-10 expression decreased at sites where A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected. We found no correlation between the expression of cytokine and iNOS mRNA and infection by P. gingivalis.. The expression of IL-6 may reflect inflammation in gingival tissue, and iNOS may be involved in the inflammatory process in periodontitis. The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis might relate to the different cytokine profiles of IL-1alpha, IL-8, and IL-10.

Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Chemokines; Child; Cytokines; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Statistics as Topic; Statistics, Nonparametric

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) play a critical role in the host's response to the subgingival microflora. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a potent chemotactic and activating factor for PMN. In this study, the presence of IL-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was examined in relation to the PMN indicator beta-glucuronidase (beta G), as well as clinical parameters of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Data was obtained from 30 patients with periodontitis and 14 healthy controls. For the control group, GCF and clinical data were obtained only once. For the periodontitis patients, clinical data and GCF samples were collected prior to treatment, and GCF samples were again collected 2 weeks after scaling and root planing. Comparing control and periodontitis patients prior to treatment, IL-8 concentration was lower in the patients with periodontitis. Scaling and root planing resulted in either an increase or a decrease in total IL-8 and IL-8 concentration GCF. A reduction in total IL-8 or IL-8 concentration was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in beta G activity. An increase in total IL-8 or IL-8 concentration after scaling and root planing was associated with an increase in beta G activity in some patients and a reduction in beta G activity in other patients. The periodontitis patients who did not demonstrate a linkage between IL-8 and beta G activity in GCF were those individuals with the highest beta G activity prior to treatment. As elevated beta G activity in GCF has been associated with an increased risk for probing attachment loss, the absence of a direct relationship between IL-8 in GCF and PMN recruitment into the gingival crevice may characterize individuals at risk for progression of periodontitis.

Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Chronic Disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Scaling; Disease Progression; Disease Susceptibility; Follow-Up Studies; Gingiva; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Glucuronidase; Humans; Interleukin-8; Longitudinal Studies; Neutrophils; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Risk Factors; Root Planing