interleukin-8 and Foreign-Body-Reaction

Inflammation of the synovial membrane (synovitis) is considered to drive the process that leads to osteoarthritis. However, the relationships between the mediators of inflammation and the properties of wear particles are not fully understood. In this study, the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were assessed in different grades of osteoarthritis to determine whether their concentrations in the synovial fluid correlate with specific characteristics of wear particles. This study has found that the size, adhesion and nano-surface roughness of wear particles have medium strong to strong correlations with IL-6 and IL-8. This study provided evidence that the characteristics of wear particles contain valuable information for grading the disease process and the need for further evaluation of the association of properties of wear particles and the inflammatory process.

Topics: Female; Foreign-Body Reaction; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Knee Joint; Knee Prosthesis; Male; Middle Aged; Nanoparticles; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Particle Size

New clinical and basic science data on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which wear particles stimulate the host inflammatory response have provided deeper insight into the pathophysiology of periprosthetic bone loss. Interactions among wear particles, macrophages, osteoblasts, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and T cells contribute to the production of pro-inflammatory and pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines such as TNF-alpha, RANKL, M-SCF, PGE2, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8. These cytokines not only promote osteoclastogenesis but interfere with osteogenesis led by osteoprogenitor cells. Recent studies indicate that genetic variations in TNF-alpha, IL-1, and FRZB can result in subtle changes in gene function, giving rise to altered susceptibility or severity for periprosthetic inflammation and bone loss. Continuing research on the biologic effects and mechanisms of action of wear particles will provide a rational basis for the development of novel and effective ways of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of periprosthetic inflammatory bone loss.

Topics: Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Resorption; Dinoprostone; Endothelial Cells; Fibroblasts; Foreign-Body Reaction; Humans; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Joint Prosthesis; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Prosthesis Failure; RANK Ligand; Stem Cells; T-Lymphocytes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Recent studies give support for a connection between the presence of inorganic particles (of microm and nm size) in different organs and tissues and the development of inflammatory foci, called granulomas. As the potential source of particles (e.g. porcelain dental bridges) and the location of particle detection were topographically far apart, a distribution via the blood stream appears highly probable. Thus, endothelial cells, which line the inner surface of blood vessels, would come into direct contact with these particles, making particle-endothelial interactions potentially pathogenically relevant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects that five different nano-scaled particles (PVC, TiO2, SiO2, Co, Ni) have on endothelial cell function and viability. Therefore, human endothelial cells were exposed to different amounts of the above-mentioned particles. Although most particle types are shown to be internalised (except Ni-particles), only Co-particles possessed cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, an impairment of the proliferative activity and a pro-inflammatory stimulation of endothelial cells were induced by exposure to Co- and, to a lesser extent, by SiO2-particles. If a pro-inflammatory stimulation of endothelial cells occurs in vivo, a chronic inflammation could be a possible consequence.

Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Cell Division; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cobalt; Endothelial Cells; Foreign-Body Reaction; Humans; Interleukin-8; Ki-67 Antigen; Materials Testing; Nanotubes; Nickel; Particle Size; Polyvinyl Chloride; Silicon Dioxide; Titanium

To compare the biological responses following an endoluminal repair and a conventional open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), 14 patients who underwent an endoluminal repair (endograft group) and 26 who underwent an open repair (open group) were investigated. As markers of biological responses, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and -8 (IL-8), granulocyte elastase (GEL), white blood cell count (WBC), and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were all measured preoperatively as well as on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 6. In addition, the blood loss, duration of surgery, initial oral intake the day after surgery, and length of hospital stay were compared between both groups. The plasma levels of IL-6, GEL, CRP, and WBC were higher in the endograft group than in the open group, while the CRP, WBC, and GEL levels all peaked on POD 3. The plasma level of IL-6 remained high in the endograft group, compared with that in the open group throughout the study period. Conversely, blood loss, initial oral intake the day after surgery, and the length of hospital stay were all significantly greater in the open group than in the endograft group, although there was no significant difference in the duration of surgery between the two groups. These findings indicate that although the endoluminal repair of AAA is supposed to be less invasive, the biological responses tend to be greater because of the manipulation related to the insertion of the stent graft.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Angioplasty; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; C-Reactive Protein; Foreign-Body Reaction; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Count; Leukocyte Elastase; Middle Aged; Stents

Aseptic loosening is an increasing problem in total hip replacement (THR). Chronic inflammatory reaction against implant wear particle results in collageno- and osteolysis, leading to loosening of the implant. Cytokines are known to play a major role in this particular inflammatory process. The aim of the present study was to examine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the synovial-like interface membrane (SLIM) and pseudocapsular tissue of THRs and to compare it to normal knee synovial membrane. Eleven patients suffering from aseptically loosened THRs were included. All the SLIM and pseudocapsular tissue samples were obtained during revision operations. Ten control samples of normal synovium were collected per arthroscopy from the superior recessus of the knee. For immunohistochemical IL-8 detection, polyclonal mouse anti-human immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 IL-8-primary antibody was used with the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method. Results were quantitated using the Vidas image analysis system. The highest count levels (mean +/- SEM) were detected in SLIM tissue (386+/-82 cells/mm2). The difference was statistically significant compared with pseudocapsular tissue (193+/-36 cells/mm2) and control samples (18+/-5 cells/mm2). Count levels in control tissue were on average 5% of the SLIM tissues values. The present study determines for the first time the cellular origin of IL-8 in aseptically loosened THRs and also quantitates the IL-8-producing cells in the periprosthetic tissue. The results reveal a high rise in IL-8 concentration in SLIM and in synovial tissues. This finding moves us one step forward in solving the complex network of multiple factors affecting loosening of hip implants.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Female; Foreign-Body Reaction; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Interleukin-8; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Prosthesis Design; Prosthesis Failure; Reoperation; Synovial Membrane