interleukin-8 and Cough

This meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy of montelukast (MKST) combined with budesonide (BUD) and BUD alone in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary function in children with cough variant asthma (CVA). Five electronic databases were searched for studies about MKST+BUD therapy and BUD alone therapy on inflammation and pulmonary function in CVA children from inception to November 23, 2021. Twenty-two articles were included. The results showed that, compared with BUD alone, the combination treatment could achieve better improvement of pulmonary function and lower levels of inflammation (MKST+BUD group: FEV1: SMD = 2.77, 95% CI: 2.07, 3.46; FVC: SMD = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.82, 3.27; PEF: SMD = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.79, 2.75; IgE: SMD = -7.95, 95% CI: -9.66, -6.25; TNF-α: SMD = -4.67, 95% CI: -6.04, -3.31; IL-8: SMD = -8.18, 95% CI: -11.46, -4.90; BUD alone group: FEV1: SMD = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.34, 2.31; FVC: SMD = 1.39, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.84; PEF: SMD = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.89; IgE: SMD = -4.93, 95% CI: -6.14, -3.72; TNF-α: SMD = -2.78, 95% CI: -3.76, -1.80; IL-8: SMD = -4.94, 95% CI: -7.10, -2.79). To conclude, compared with BUD alone, MKST+BUD therapy was found to be more effective in improving pulmonary function and reducing inflammation in CVA children. Key Words: Montelukast, Budesonide, Cough variant asthma, Children, Pulmonary function, Inflammatory markers, Meta-analysis.

Topics: Asthma; Budesonide; Child; Cough; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Airway inflammation with eosinophils is now reported to occur not only in asthma but in other airway diseases such as cough variant asthma, chronic cough, atopic cough, episodic symptoms without asthma, allergic rhinitis, and COPD. Although the prevalence of eosinophilic bronchitis (EB) is less than in asthma, the causes, mechanisms and treatment of EB in these conditions appears to be similar to asthma where allergen induced IL-5 secretion and symptoms are readily responsive to inhaled corticosteroids. The prognosis of EB without asthma is not known but it may be a precursor for asthma and, if so, recognition of this syndrome may permit effective treatment and reduction in the rising prevalence of asthma. Induced sputum analysis allows recognition of EB in clinical practice. The place of the asthma treatment paradigm with early and sustained corticosteroid treatment needs to be defined in EB without asthma. Airway wall remodelling can occur in rhinitis, COPD, and cough variant asthma with EB. The mechanisms and long term implications of this complication in EB without asthma need to be clarified.

Topics: Asthma; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Cough; Eosinophilia; Humans; Interleukin-5; Interleukin-8; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial

This paper's goal is to review the relationship between infections and chronic respiratory disease, with particular reference to periodontal disease. The link between oral diseases in general, periodontal disease, and respiratory disease remains somewhat controversial. However, with cooperation between dentistry and medicine, the nature of the connection between dental and medical pathology can be better defined. An overview of respiratory disease and some of the factors that can contribute to respiratory infection is presented below, with special reference to infections related to aspiration.

Topics: Bacteria; Cough; Deglutition; Humans; Interleukin-8; Lung; Periodontal Diseases; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk Factors; Saliva; Smoking

The respiratory system is the first line of defense against outside pollutants. Recently, respiratory health has been receiving increasing attention due to the increase in fine dust, which reduces respiratory function and increases incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in coronavirus pandemic, which can cause severe acute respiratory syndrome.. This clinical pilot trial was designed to secure evidence for a main clinical trial and to confirm the efficacy and safety of Liriope platyphylla (LP) extract for improving respiratory function. We conducted a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial with 22 participants from June 30, 2021, to August 25, 2021. The primary outcome was Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale score. Secondary outcomes included forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume at 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio, cough assessment test score, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test score, peripheral blood mononuclear cell counts (white blood cells, eosinophils, T cells, and B cells), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, cytokine (interleukin-1β, interleukin-4, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interferon-γ, and immunoglobulin E) levels, antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) levels, and nitric oxide level.. A total of 22 participants were randomly assigned to 2 groups: the LP group (n = 11), who took 1000 mg of LP extract per day, and the placebo group, who took 1000 mg of dextrin per day. Participants took 1 capsule twice a day for 4 weeks. For the Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale, the interaction between group and visit was statistically significant in a blend of analyses of variance. interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ levels decreased more in the LP group than in the placebo group. The sample size required for large-scale clinical trials in the future was 50. There were no side effects.. LP extract can enhance respiratory function. The detailed data we obtained support conducting the future main large-scale clinical trial.

Topics: Antioxidants; C-Reactive Protein; Cough; Dextrins; Dust; Dyspnea; Glutathione Peroxidase; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Nitric Oxide; Pilot Projects; Plant Extracts; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Superoxide Dismutase; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Little is known about the effects of long-term nasal low-flow oxygen (NLFO) on mucus and symptoms and how this variable is affected by dry or cold humidified gas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dry-NLFO and cold bubble humidified-NLFO on nasal mucociliary clearance (MCC), mucus properties, inflammation, and symptoms in subjects with chronic hypoxemia requiring long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy.. Eighteen subjects (mean age, 68 years; 7 male; 66% with COPD) initiating NLFO were randomized to receive dry-NLFO (n = 10) or humidified-NLFO (n = 8). Subjects were assessed at baseline, 12 h, 7 days, 30 days, 12 months, and 24 months by measuring nasal MCC using the saccharin transit test, mucus contact angle (surface tension), inflammation (cells and cytokine concentration in nasal lavage), and symptoms according to the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-20.. Nasal MCC decreased significantly (40% longer saccharin transit times) and similarly in both groups over the study period. There was a significant association between impaired nasal MCC and decline in lung function. Nasal lavage revealed an increased proportion of macrophages, interleukin-8, and epidermal growth factor concentrations with decreased interleukin-10 during the study. No changes in the proportion of ciliated cells or contact angle were observed. Coughing and sleep symptoms decreased similarly in both groups. There were no outcome differences comparing dry vs cold bubble humidified NLFO.. In subjects receiving chronic NLFO, cold bubble humidification does not adequately humidify inspired oxygen to prevent deterioration of MCC, mucus hydration, and pulmonary function. The unheated bubble humidification performed no better than no humidification.. ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT02515786; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bronchiectasis; Cough; Cytokines; Disease Progression; Epidermal Growth Factor; Female; Humans; Humidifiers; Humidity; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-8; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Mucociliary Clearance; Mucus; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Respiratory Function Tests; Surface Tension

In cystic fibrosis (CF), the inflammatory process contributes to progressive lung tissue damage. Cysteinyl leukotrienes have been found in the sputum of patients with CF at high concentrations sufficient to cause potent biological effects.. To evaluate the effect of anti-inflammatory treatment with montelukast sodium in patients with CF.. Twenty-six patients aged 6 to 18 years were recruited to this 20-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Patients received montelukast or placebo for 8 weeks in addition to their regular CF treatment. Before and after treatment, findings from spirometry, whole-body plethysmography, and the clinical wheezing and cough scales were evaluated. At the same time, serum and sputum samples were obtained for the measurement of eosinophil cationic protein, interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-8, and myeloperoxidase levels.. Twenty-three patients completed the study. Compared with placebo use, montelukast treatment significantly improved forced expiratory volume in I second, peak expiratory flow, and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% and significantly decreased cough and wheezing scale scores (P < .001 for all). There were no significant changes in vital capacity, thoracic gas volume, airway resistance, and residual volume after treatment. Compared with placebo use, montelukast treatment decreased serum and sputum levels of eosinophil cationic protein and IL-8, decreased sputum levels of myeloperoxidase, and increased serum and sputum levels of IL-10 (P < .001 for all).. Montelukast may have measurable anti-inflammatory properties in patients with CF.

Topics: Acetates; Adolescent; Airway Resistance; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Child; Cough; Cross-Over Studies; Cyclopropanes; Cystic Fibrosis; Double-Blind Method; Eosinophil Cationic Protein; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-8; Male; Peroxidase; Quinolines; Respiratory Sounds; Sputum; Sulfides; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Chronic Disease; Citric Acid; Cough; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fruit; Guinea Pigs; Interleukin-8; Lung; Male; Mucus; Plant Extracts; Prunus; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

During the novel coronavirus pandemic, organ transplant recipients represent a frail susceptible category due to long-term immunosuppressive therapy. For this reason, clinical manifestations may differ from general population and different treatment approaches may be needed. We present the case of a 36-year-old kidney-transplanted woman affected by Senior-Loken syndrome diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia after a contact with her positive mother. Initial symptoms were fatigue, dry cough, and coryza; she never had fever nor oxygen supplementation. Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir were started, and the antiviral drug was replaced with darunavir/cobicistat after 2 days for diarrhea. Immunosuppressant levels were closely monitored, and we observed very high tacrolimus trough levels despite initial dose reduction. The patient was left with steroid therapy alone. The peculiarity of clinical presentation and the management difficulties represent the flagship of our case report. We stress the need for guidelines in transplant recipients with COVID-19 infection with particular regard to the management of therapy.

Topics: Adult; Antiviral Agents; Betacoronavirus; C-Reactive Protein; Ciliopathies; Cobicistat; Common Cold; Coronavirus Infections; Cough; COVID-19; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; Darunavir; Deprescriptions; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fatigue; Female; Glucocorticoids; Graft Rejection; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppressive Agents; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Kidney Diseases, Cystic; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Transplantation; Leber Congenital Amaurosis; Lopinavir; Methylprednisolone; Optic Atrophies, Hereditary; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Ritonavir; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index; Tacrolimus

Respiratory pathogens are frequently isolated from the airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the absence of an exacerbation. This bacterial "colonization" by potential pathogens is associated with host inflammatory and immune responses, which could increase respiratory symptoms.. To study whether bacterial colonization impacts daily respiratory symptoms in COPD.. In a longitudinal prospective observational study of COPD, patients recorded daily symptoms electronically on the Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale (BCSS). Sputum cultures and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed every 2 weeks. The relationship of BCSS and bacterial colonization was analyzed with generalized linear mixed effects models, after controlling for exacerbations, weather conditions, lung function, and demographic variables.. A total of 41 patients recorded daily symptoms for 12,527 days. The average BCSS score was higher during the periods of colonization, determined by sputum culture with one or more of the following pathogens: nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compared to periods without colonization (5.28 vs. 4.46; P = 0.008) after controlling for confounding variables. The finding did not change when colonization was defined by quantitative PCR (average BCSS, 4.77 vs. 4.25; P = 0.006). Sputum IL-8 levels were elevated with bacterial colonization.. Even in the absence of clinical exacerbation, colonization by bacterial pathogens in COPD was associated with a clinically significant moderate increase in daily symptoms, likely mediated by increased airway inflammation. Novel therapies that decrease bacterial colonization in COPD could improve daily symptoms and quality of life.

Topics: Aged; Cough; Dyspnea; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Interleukin-8; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Moraxella catarrhalis; Prospective Studies; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Sputum; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Previous studies on the relationship of chronic bronchitis to incident airflow limitation and all-cause mortality have provided conflicting results, with positive findings reported mainly by studies that included populations of young adults. This study sought to determine whether having chronic cough and sputum production in the absence of airflow limitation is associated with onset of airflow limitation, all-cause mortality and serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), and whether subjects' age influences these relationships.. 1412 participants in the long-term Tucson Epidemiological Study of Airway Obstructive Disease who at enrolment (1972-1973) were 21-80 years old and had FEV(1)/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity) > or = 70% and no asthma were identified. Chronic bronchitis was defined as cough and phlegm production on most days for > or = 3 months in two or more consecutive years. Incidence of airflow limitation was defined as the first follow-up survey with FEV(1)/FVC <70%. Serum IL-8 and CRP levels were measured in cryopreserved samples from the enrolment survey.. After adjusting for covariates, chronic bronchitis at enrolment significantly increased the risk for incident airflow limitation and all-cause mortality among subjects <50 years old (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.8; and HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.8; respectively), but not among subjects > or = 50 years old (HR 0.9, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.4; and HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.3). Chronic bronchitis was associated with increased IL-8 and CRP serum levels only among subjects <50 years old.. Among adults <50 years old, chronic bronchitis unaccompanied by airflow limitation may represent an early marker of susceptibility to the effects of cigarette smoking on systemic inflammation and long-term risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and all-cause mortality.

Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Airway Obstruction; Bronchitis, Chronic; C-Reactive Protein; Chronic Disease; Cough; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sputum; Vital Capacity; Young Adult

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a blistering chemical agent which has short and long term toxicity against many organs. The respiratory tract is one of the main targets, and is the most disabling long term complication of SM. Inflammatory mediators especially IL-8 and IL-6 play the primary role in the various chronic pulmonary diseases. Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study (SICS) was designed to evaluate immunological and molecular parameters in SM exposed people 20 years after exposure. In the present study, the association of the serum levels of IL-8, IL-6, C reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor (RF) with long term pulmonary involvement was evaluated. There were 348 exposed and 120 control participants. The clinical evaluations were done for all subjects and Spirometry was performed according to American Thoracic Society Criteria. Severity of pulmonary involvement was assessed by Global Initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification. The serum levels of IL-8, IL-6 and RF were assessed by ELISA assay. CRP was assessed by photometric method. The serum levels of IL-8 and IL-6 significantly decreased in the SM exposed participants compared to the control group. There were no significant associations between the serum levels of IL-8 and pulmonary symptoms (chronic cough, sputum, hemoptysis, and dyspnea), pulmonary findings (crackles, rales, and wheezing) as well as spirometry parameters. IL-6 was associated with wheezing and CRP was associated with wheezing and rales in SM exposed group. We concluded the serum levels of these inflammatory mediators probably do not have any major role in pathogenesis and persistence of pulmonary complications and do not reflect the degree of severity of pulmonary involvement following SM exposure.

Topics: C-Reactive Protein; Chemical Warfare Agents; Cohort Studies; Cough; Dyspnea; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Iran; Mustard Gas; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Sounds; Rheumatoid Factor; Time Factors

Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a common cause of paediatric chronic moist cough. PBB is defined as the presence of isolated chronic moist cough which resolves with antibiotic therapy within 2 weeks and an absence of pointers suggesting alternative diagnoses. Our aim was to describe the clinical profile and examine the airway cellularity and likely promoters of neutrophilic inflammation in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of children with PBB compared with chronic cough due to other causes and controls. We explored the innate immune signaling receptors, toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and TLR-4, as well as relevant effector molecules. A cross-sectional comparison was made of 100 children median age 2.58 years (with either PBB, coughing due to another cause or no cough controls) who underwent flexible bronchoscopy with lavage. BAL was evaluated for airway cytology, microbiology, inflammatory mediators interleukin 8 (IL-8) and active matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and TLR-2 and TLR-4 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Children with PBB had marked airway neutrophilia and increased median cytokine levels when compared to those with cough that resolved naturally and no cough controls: IL-8 0.67 versus 0.07 and 0.06 ng/ml (P < 0.005) and active MMP-9 7.25 versus 1.35 and 0.38 ng/ml (P < 0.005). The values for TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNA expression were significantly elevated in children with PBB when compared to the control group. PBB is a paediatric condition which presents with chronic moist cough and its airway profile is characterized by intense neutrophilic airway inflammation with marked inflammatory mediator response and evidence of innate immune activation.

Topics: Bronchitis; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Female; Humans; Infant; Interleukin-8; Leukocytosis; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Neutrophils; RNA, Messenger; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 4

Possible health hazards of fumes and aerosols of bitumen are in discussion, and data on their adverse effects on human airways under current exposure conditions are limited. To assess the irritative effects of exposure to fumes and aerosols of bitumen on the airways, a cross-sectional cross-shift study was conducted including external and internal exposure measurements, spirometry and especially non-invasive methods like nasal lavage collection and induction of sputum in order to identify and evaluate more precisely inflammatory process in the upper and lower airways. The cross-shift study comprised 74 mastic asphalt workers who were exposed to fumes and aerosols of bitumen and 49 construction workers without this exposure as reference group. Questionnaire, spirometry, ambient monitoring and urinary analysis were performed. Humoral and cellular parameters were measured in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and induced sputum. For data analysis, a mixed linear model was performed on the different outcomes with exposure group, time of measurement (pre-, post-shift), current smoking, German nationality and age as fixed factors and subjects as random factor. Based on personal exposure measurements during shift, mastic asphalt workers were classified into a low (< or =10 mg/m(3); n = 46) and a high (>10 mg/m(3); n = 28) exposure group. High exposure was accompanied by significant higher urinary post-shift concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene and the sum of hydroxyphenanthrenes. Acute respiratory symptoms were reported more frequently in the high exposure group after shift. Significant cross-shift declines in lung function parameters (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV(1) (% predicted)] and forced vital capacity [FVC (% predicted)]) were measured in mastic asphalt workers. Pre-shift FEV(1) (% predicted) and FVC (% predicted) were higher in the low exposure group. In pre- and post-shift NALF samples, interleukin (IL)-1beta-, IL-8- and total protein concentrations were lower in the low exposure group compared to the reference and the high exposure group. Pre- and post-shift neutrophil percentages in both nasal and sputum samples were also lower in the low exposure group. Significantly higher pre- and post-shift sputum concentrations of IL-8, IL-6, nitrogen oxide (NO) derivatives and total protein were detected especially in highly exposed workers. Irritative effects of exposure to fumes and aerosols of bitumen on the upper and lower airways were apparent, especially in mas

Topics: Adult; Aerosols; Air Pollutants, Occupational; Cough; Cross-Sectional Studies; Eye; Germany; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Irritants; Middle Aged; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Nitrites; Nose; Occupational Exposure; Phenanthrenes; Picrates; Pyrenes; Respiratory Function Tests; Spirometry; Sputum; Surveys and Questionnaires

Sarcoidosis (SAR) is a systemic granulomatous inflammatory disease characterized by recruitment and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to the sites of disease. Neovascularisation is a principal vascular response in chronic inflammation and hypoxia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sera from sarcoidosis patients on angiogenic capability of different subsets of normal peripheral human mononuclear cells (MNC) in relation to IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels, to radiological stages of disease and to the presence of extrapulmonary changes. Serum samples obtained from 42 sarcoidosis patients were examined. There were 12 patients in stage I, 16 patients in stage II, and 14 in stage III. In order to quantify angiogenesis, a leukocyte-induced angiogenesis assay was performed by a method of Sidky and Auerbach. MNC were depleted in monocytes by glass adherence and phagocytosis of iron particles techniques. IL-6 and IL-8 in sera from sarcoidosis patients were evaluated by an ELISA-based assay. Sera from sarcoidosis patients enhanced angiogenic capability of normal MNC significantly stronger than sera from healthy donors (P<0.001). Angiogenic activity of sera in sarcoidosis depended on the stage of disease and appeared most pronounced in stage II (P<0.05). Sera from patients with extrapulmonary changes exerted stronger effect on angiogenesis than sera from patients with thoracic changes only (P<0.001). IL-6 and IL-8 serum level correlated with each other, but no correlation was found between IL-6 and IL-8 serum level and angiogenic activity of the examined sera. Removal of monocytes from MNC eliminated the effect of sera from sarcoidosis patients on angiogenesis compared with the effect of these sera on intact MNC (P<0.001). Sera from sarcoidosis patients and from healthy people constitute a source of mediators participating in angiogenesis. Sera from sarcoidosis patients prime monocytes for production of proangiogenic factors.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Cough; Dyspnea; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Lymphocyte Subsets; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Radiography; Sarcoidosis; Smoking

It is unclear how chronic expectoration influences airway inflammation in patients with chronic lung disease. The aim of this study was to investigate factors influencing inflammation in induced sputum samples, including, in particular, chronic sputum production. Myeloperoxidase, interleukin-8, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), neutrophil elastase, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) and protein leakage were compared in induced sputum samples from 48 patients (36 with chronic expectoration) with COPD (with and without alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency; AATD), 9 individuals with AATD but without lung disease and 14 healthy controls. There were no differences in inflammation in induced sputum samples from healthy control subjects and from AATD deficient patients with normal lung function but without chronic expectoration (P>0.05). Inflammation in induced sputum from AATD patients with airflow obstruction and chronic sputum expectoration was significantly greater than for similar patients who did not expectorate: Interleukin-8 (P<0.01), elastase activity (P=0.01), and protein leakage (P<0.01). The presence of spontaneous sputum expectoration in AATD patients with airflow obstruction was associated with increased neutrophilic airway inflammation in induced sputum samples. The presence of chronic expectoration in some patients will clearly complicate interpretation of studies employing sputum induction where this feature has not been identified.

Topics: Adult; Aged; alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency; Biomarkers; Bronchi; Case-Control Studies; Cough; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Leukotriene B4; Male; Middle Aged; Pancreatic Elastase; Peroxidase; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Saline Solution, Hypertonic; Serum Albumin; Sputum

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-dominated inflammation is prominent in the airways of subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic bronchitis (CB). Interleukin (IL)-8, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and DNA are markers of neutrophilic inflammation. We hypothesized that sputum MPO, DNA, and IL-8 concentrations would negatively correlate with pulmonary function and sputum transportability.. We measured pulmonary function and analyzed sputum IL-8, MPO, and DNA concentrations, as well as the transport properties of sputum samples obtained from 16 subjects with CF and 15 subjects with CB. We also evaluated changes in these measurements in paired sputum samples from these subjects obtained 2 to 12 months apart.. IL-8 and MPO concentrations in the sputum of CF subjects was inversely correlated with FEV(1) percent predicted (IL-8: r = -0.40; p = 0.003; MPO: r = -0.38; p = 0.003) and FVC percent predicted (IL-8: r = -0.4; p = 0.02; MPO: r = -0.4; p = 0.02). IL-8 and DNA concentrations were inversely correlated with sputum cough transportability (CTR) [IL-8: r = -0.4; p = 0.02; DNA: r = -0.36; p = 0.048]. Changes in DNA concentration in sputum samples from CF subjects over time were inversely correlated with changes in FEV(1) percent predicted (r = -0.58; p = 0.02), FVC percent predicted (r = -0.74; p = 0.002), and CTR (r = -0.59; p = 0.02). There was no correlation among pulmonary function, sputum properties, and inflammatory markers in the sputum from subjects with CB.. The sputum concentrations of IL-8, MPO, and DNA appear to be closely associated with pulmonary function in subjects with CF but not in subjects with CB.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Bronchitis, Chronic; Child; Cough; Cystic Fibrosis; DNA; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Peroxidase; Respiratory Function Tests; Severity of Illness Index; Sputum

To observe the effect on infantile allergic cough with Minkeqing oral liquid (Minkeqing) and to study its cell molecular biologic mechanism.. The rat model was induced by inhalating ovalbumin; then the effects of Minkeqing on IL-6, IL-8, ET-1, TX-B2 in the blood and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the animal model were observed.. Minkeqing could reduce the levels of IL-6,IL-8,ET-1,Tx-B2 in the blood and BALF of the animal model.. Minkeqing has the significant function of inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediums.

Topics: Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cough; Drug Combinations; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Endothelin-1; Hypersensitivity; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Male; Ovalbumin; Plants, Medicinal; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thromboxane B2

To study the clinical features and airway inflammation in eosinophilic bronchitis (EB) and the treatment outcomes.. Irwin's anatomic protocol for diagnosing chronic cough was used in 86 patients with chronic cough, and induced sputum by hypertonic saline aerosol inhalation was performed. Differential cell counts were performed in induced sputum, and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) was measured with fluoroimmunoassay, while interleukin-8 (IL-8) was measured with enzyme-linked absorbed immunoassay. EB was diagnosed according to Gibson's criteria and treated with inhaled budesonide 200 - 400 micro g twice daily for four weeks, and in some patients oral prednisone 10 - 15 mg/d or methyl-prednisone 8 - 12 mg/d was given for one week.. 13 (15%) out of 86 patients with chronic cough were diagnosed as having EB. Dry cough was the major compliant and all had normal lung function with negative histamine provocation test. The Eos count was 0.1862 +/- 0.1632 and the concentration of ECP (2.53 +/- 2.07) mg/L in induced sputum were significant higher in patients with EB as compared with those normal subjects (P < 0.01). The cough disappeared in all patients at the end of one week of inhaled or orally administered corticosteroids.. EB, an eosinophilic airway inflammation, is one of important causes of chronic cough and responds well to corticosteroid therapy.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Asthma; Blood Proteins; Bronchitis; Cough; Eosinophil Granule Proteins; Eosinophilia; Female; Humans; Interleukin-8; Male; Middle Aged; Ribonucleases

A noninvasive method to characterize inflammation and infection in the airways of nonexpectorating children with cystic fibrosis (CF) is needed for clinical and research purposes. Accordingly, we performed sputum inductions by administering 3% saline to 11 healthy control children and 20 children with CF, composed of 7 sputum producers (capable of spontaneously expectorating sputum) and 13 nonproducers. Induced sputum weights were comparable in each group, whereas the amount of induced sputum collected from the CF producers was over 10-fold higher than the spontaneously expectorated samples. We found a significant increase in indices of airway inflammation, including total cell counts, absolute neutrophil counts, interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels, and neutrophil elastase activity in the CF subjects compared with the healthy control subjects. These same indices in the induced sputum specimens from CF producers were significantly correlated with levels in the matched expectorated sputum specimens. Sputum total protein concentration was elevated in the CF groups, whereas urea and albumin levels were not significantly different. Salivary analysis, performed separately, revealed higher levels of IL-8 and total protein in the CF groups. Airway infection, as assessed by quantitative counts of CF-related bacterial pathogens, was also higher in the CF subjects. The same bacterial pathogens, in similar colony counts, were isolated from both the induced and expectorated sputum samples from the CF producers. We conclude that airway inflammation and infection, assessed through sputum induction, are significantly increased in children with CF as compared with healthy children. Furthermore, induced sputum samples are similar to spontaneously expectorated samples in describing both inflammation and infection in the CF airway.

Topics: Child; Cough; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Saliva; Sputum

Cough persisting after a respiratory infection is common in children and is often managed as asthma. However, little is known about the pathophysiologic mechanisms of such cough and how it compares with asthma.. We used the technique of induced sputum to examine the inflammatory index values associated with persistent cough or allergic asthma in children. We hypothesized that the sputum from children with persistent postinfectious cough would differ from that of children with allergic asthma in that the former would lack eosinophils compared with the latter.. Sputum production was induced with hypertonic saline solution in 34 children: 12 with cough persisting for 1 month or more after an apparent respiratory tract infection, not treated with corticosteroid; 11 with untreated atopic asthma, not using inhaled corticosteroid; and 11 with treated atopic asthma using inhaled corticosteroid.. The percentage of eosinophils in the sputum of children with cough was significantly lower than in the sputum of children with untreated allergic asthma (median 0.5% vs 14.5%, P <.0001). Similarly, the percentage of eosinophils in the sputum of children with asthma treated with inhaled steroids was significantly lower compared with untreated asthmatic children (1.5% vs 14.5%, P <.0001). The peripheral blood eosinophils, serum eosinophil cationic protein, and nasal percent eosinophils of the patients with cough were also significantly lower than those from patients with untreated asthma. Methacholine challenge in 6 of the 11 cough patients tested showed mild-to-moderate hyperresponsiveness, whereas the other 5 had a negative methacholine challenge.. Children with persistent postinfectious cough do not have airway eosinophilia typical of untreated asthma. Despite the absence of eosinophilic inflammation, some of the patients with chronic cough had reactive airways. These results suggest that postinfectious cough in children has different pathophysiologic features than allergic asthma and probably represents a different disease.

Topics: Asthma; Blood Proteins; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Eosinophil Granule Proteins; Eosinophils; Female; Humans; Infections; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Count; Male; Methacholine Compounds; Ribonucleases; Sputum

The pathogenesis of non-asthmatic chronic dry cough remains unclear.. A study was undertaken to determine whether airway inflammation could be a contributing factor by analysing inflammatory cells and cytokines in induced sputum from 19 patients with chronic dry cough of varying aetiology, excluding asthma and bronchiectasis, and from 10 normal controls. The associated causes for the chronic cough were postnasal drip (n = 5), gastro-oesophageal reflux (n = 4), and idiopathic (n = 10). All patients had an enhanced cough reflex to capsaicin.. Sputum neutrophilia (median (interquartile range)) was found in the patients with chronic cough (59.4 (27.1)%) compared with the normal controls (28.4 (22.0)%; p < 0.01, 95% CI 11.3 to 42.2). Sputum levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were also significantly increased compared with normal controls (0.57 (1.08) and 0.25 (0.72) ng/ml; p < 0.05 (95% CI 0.05 to 1.75) for IL-8; 48.3 (34.4) and 12.6 (33.6) pg/ml, p < 0.01 (95% CI 8.8 to 69.8) for TNF-alpha).. Neutrophils and cytokines associated with neutrophil chemotaxis and activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of non-asthmatic chronic dry cough.

Topics: Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Chronic Disease; Cough; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Sputum; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The alveolar macrophage (AM) secretes interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), all of them inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of many lung diseases. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the basal and stimulated secretion of these cytokines by human AMs. Human AMs were collected by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from four healthy controls and 13 patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease (five cases of sarcoidosis, three of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and five of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis). AMs were cultured in the presence or absence of different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbolmyristate and gamma-interferon. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8 levels were measured in BAL fluid and culture supernatant using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The substance found to stimulate the secretion of inflammatory cytokines to the greatest extent was LPS at a concentration of 10 microg/ml. Regarding the secretion of IL-1beta, four observations were of interest: basal secretion was very low; LPS exerted a potent stimulatory effect; considerable within-group variability was observed; and there were no significant differences in the comparisons among groups. With respect to TNF-alpha secretion, the results were similar. The only striking finding was the higher basal secretion of this cytokine with respect to that of IL-1beta. Regarding the secretion of IL-6, the same pattern followed by TNF-alpha was found. However, it should be stressed that the increase induced by LPS was smaller than in the two previous cytokines. Regarding the secretion of IL-8, three findings were patent: the strong basal secretion of this cytokine; the moderate increase induced by LPS; and the existence of significant differences among the different groups with respect to the stimulated secretion of this cytokine, which reached maximum values in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, it should be noted that the pattern of cytokines observed in the BAL fluid was similar to that found in cultured AM supernatants. The pattern of inflammatory cytokine secretion by AMs differs from that of other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). In this sense. AMs secrete low amounts of IL-1, moderate amounts of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and high quantities of IL-8. Adherence is an important stimulus in the secretion of these molecules and LPS elicits an incr

Topics: Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoscopy; Cells, Cultured; Chemokines; Cough; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages, Alveolar; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Reference Values; Sarcoidosis; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha