interleukin-8 and Bacteroides-Infections

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Toxins; Bacteroides fragilis; Bacteroides Infections; Cadherins; Colitis; Colon; Epithelial Cells; HT29 Cells; Humans; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-8; Metalloendopeptidases; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Sesquiterpenes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

To investigate latent conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Bacteroides fragilis (BF) infections as potential risk factors for posttrabeculectomy bleb failure.. This retrospective observational study included 50 primary open-angle glaucoma eyes of 50 patients who were submitted to trabeculectomy without cytostatics from September 2010 to June 2011 and were followed up for at least a year. Preoperatively, conjunctival scrapings were taken and their specimens subjected to polymerase chain reaction, direct fluorescent assay and cell culture testing for CT, and culture for BF on blood agar medium. Serum CT-specific IgG and IgA and tear interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8 concentrations were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We defined bleb failure as intraocular pressure >21 mm Hg with antiglaucoma medications, resulting from reduced bleb filtration capacity due to bleb fibrosis, fistula obstruction, flattened bleb, or encapsulated bleb, and no earlier than 2 weeks after surgery. At the time of the reintervention, a scleroconjunctival biopsy was obtained for histopathology (including direct fluorescent assay testing for CT). Eyes were divided into a failure group and a nonfailure group, depending on whether they developed bleb failure (required reintervention) or not within a follow-up year.. In the failure group (n=18), the frequencies of detection of CT and BF in conjunctival specimens were 27.8% and 66.7%, respectively, versus 0% and 9.4% in the nonfailure group (n=32). CT and BF were detected in 11.1% and 11.1%, respectively, of scleroconjunctival biopsies. IgG and IgA seropositivity to CT was found in 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively, of the failure group patients, versus 9.4% and 0% of the nonfailure group patients. Tear IL-1β and IL-8 levels were markedly elevated in the failure group (468.83±80.43 and 107.89±15.11 pg/mL, respectively) versus the nonfailure group (22.34±5.43 and 9.34±2.83 pg/mL, respectively).. Being a contributor to low-grade conjunctival inflammation, latent conjunctival CT, and BF infections in primary open-angle glaucoma patients represent risk factors for posttrabeculectomy bleb failure.

Topics: Aged; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacteroides fragilis; Bacteroides Infections; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Eye Proteins; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Tears; Tonometry, Ocular; Trabeculectomy; Treatment Failure

The approximately 20-kDa heat-labile toxin produced by enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis is known to be associated with the development of enteritis. However, the molecular mechanism involved is not yet fully understood. In this study, we assessed whether B. fragilis enterotoxin (BFT)-induced enteritis is related to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. In human colon epithelial cells, BFT activated three major MAPK cascades. The activation of p38 was sustained for a relatively long period, while the stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was transient. BFT stimulation also activated AP-1 signals composed of c-Jun/c-Fos heterodimers. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 and the ERK inhibitor U0126 reduced not only AP-1 activity, but also decreased IL-8 and MCP-1 expression. In addition, the overexpression of superrepressors for c-Jun and Ras induced by BFT stimulation decreased the levels of IL-8 and MCP-1 production. Furthermore, SB203580 prevented BFT-induced colitis in the mouse ileum, as evidenced by significant decreases in villous destruction, neutrophil infiltration, and mucosal congestion. These results suggest that a pathway, including Ras, MAPK, and subsequent AP-1 activation, is required for IL-8 and MCP-1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells exposed to BFT, and can be involved in the development of enteritis.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Bacteroides fragilis; Bacteroides Infections; Butadienes; Chemokine CCL2; Colon; Down-Regulation; Enteritis; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Imidazoles; Interleukin-8; Intestinal Mucosa; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Metalloendopeptidases; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Nitriles; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Pyridines; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Transcription Factor AP-1

This study aimed to determine the relationships among interleukin (IL)-8 and granulocyte elastase levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the concomitant presence of periodontopathogens in untreated adult periodontitis.. GCF and subgingival plaque samples were collected from 16 patients with untreated adult periodontitis and 10 healthy control subjects. IL-8 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Granulocyte elastase was analyzed with a neutrophilic granulocyte-specific, low molecular weight and chromogenic substrate, L-pyroglutamyl-L-prolyl-L-valine-p-nitroanilide, and the maximal rate of elastase activity (MR-EA) was calculated. Five DNA probes were used to detect the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.), B. forsythus (B.f.), P. gingivalis (P.g.), P. intermedia (P.i.), and T. denticola (T.d.).. Lower IL-8 concentrations and higher granulocyte elastase activities were found in patients than in healthy controls as well as in diseased conditions co-infected with B.f., P.g., P.i., and T.d. as compared to healthy conditions without the target species (P <0.05). IL-8 concentrations were positively correlated with MR-EA levels in the periodontitis conditions co-infected with B.f., P.g., P.i., and T.d. (P <0.05). A wide range of IL-8 concentrations was found among 15 patients when the periodontitis condition was characterized by co-infection with B.f., P.g., P.i., and T.d. MR-EA levels in the high IL-8 group of subjects were significantly higher than those in the low IL-8 group of subjects (P <0.01).. The present study shows that the local host-bacteria interactions in untreated periodontitis are diverse in terms of the intensity of inflammatory responses measured by IL-8-related granulocyte elastase activity in GCF. This might reflect different phases of the inflammatory response due to shifts in host-bacteria interactions and therefore be indicative of a range of periodontal disease activity levels.

Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Adult; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Analysis of Variance; Bacteria; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Bacteroides; Bacteroides Infections; Dental Plaque; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Humans; Interleukin-8; Leukocyte Elastase; Linear Models; Middle Aged; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Statistics, Nonparametric; Treponema; Treponemal Infections

To stimulate early-phase immunologic events following Bacteroides fragilis infection in the peritoneal cavity, we examined the cytokine response of several cell types to purified capsular polysaccharide complex (CPC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of this organism. Cytokines were produced from murine resident peritoneal (MRP) cells as well as human peripheral blood leukocytes. MRP cells cocultured with either B. fragilis CPC of LPS in vitro produced tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha). In addition, MRP cells challenged with CPC produced IL-10. Human peripheral blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes secreted IL-8 when cultured in the presence of CPC.

Topics: Animals; Bacteroides fragilis; Bacteroides Infections; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Humans; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Phagocytes; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha