inosinic-acid and Body-Weight

This study investigated the effects of feeding Hermetia illucens larvae (0, 4, and 8%; HI0, HI4, and HI8 groups, respectively) on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Results showed that the HI4 diet increased (P < .05) final body weight and average daily gain and decreased (P < .05) feed to gain ratio compared with HI0 and HI8 group. HI4 and HI8 diets increased (P < .05) loin-eye area, marbling scores, and inosine monophosphate content of longissimus thoracis (LT) compared with HI0 diet. The intramuscular fat content was greater (P < .05) in HI4 group than in the HI0 group. Furthermore, HI4 diet up-regulated (P < .05) lipogenic genes and MyHC-IIa mRNA levels in LT compared with HI0 diet. Our results indicated that dietary inclusion of H. illucens larvae has a beneficial impact on growth performance and meat quality, and the underlying mechanism may be due to the altered lipogenic potential induced by H. illucens larvae.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Diptera; Female; Gene Expression; Inosine Monophosphate; Larva; Muscle, Skeletal; Pork Meat; Sus scrofa

Inosine monophosphate (IMP) is a key factor affecting the fleshy flavor of meat; meanwhile, the free-range mode is an efficient strategy to improve muscular IMP content. To assess expression differences in IMP metabolism-related genes under different feeding patterns, Illumina Nextseq 500 sequencing was used to catalog the global gene expression profiles of muscle samples from Lueyang black-bone chicken under free-range and caging conditions. A total of 15510 unigenes were assembled, with 13423 (86.54%) and 6088 (39.25%) unigenes correctly annotated in the GO and KOG databases, respectively. Next, the "purine metabolism" pathway in the "nucleotide metabolism group" was assessed in depth. Through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, we retrieved 172 nucleotide- and 5 purine- metabolism related genes that were differentially expressed in muscle samples from free-range and caged chickens. At 60-day-old, AMPD1, NT5C1A and ENTPD8 showed higher levels in the free-range group, while only ENTPD8 was upregulated in 120-day-old chickens. In addition, GART, GARS and ADSL in free-range chickens showed higher levels compared with caged animals. Furthermore, IMPDH levels in free-range chicken were lower than those of caged chicken. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to validate the above findings. These results revealed a set of differentially expressed genes potentially related to IMP metabolism in chicken under different breeding modes, providing novel insights into controlling IMP levels in chicken meat.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Breeding; Chickens; Gene Expression Profiling; Inosine Monophosphate; Movement; Muscles

1. The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms identified within the ADSL (adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency) gene and GARS-AIRS-GART (glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase-glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase) gene with the content of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) was studied in a population of male Beijing-you (BJY) chickens slaughtered at 90 d of age. 2. A single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 2 of the ADSL gene had an effect on IMP content. Chickens inheriting the positive allele at ADSL, both homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, had a higher content of IMP in breast muscle than did individuals without it. 3. Similar results were obtained for the GARS-AIRS-GART gene. The marker at the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the GARS-AIRS-GART gene was also significant for the IMP value. Chickens inheriting the genotypes with the positive allele at this locus had a much higher content of IMP than did those homozygous for the unfavourable one. 4. Interactions between ADSL and GARS-AIRS-GART were detected for such traits as body weight and muscle yields in the tested population. The two loci acted in an additive fashion. Because IMP is one of the most important flavour components in meat, markers developed at these two genes, as well as the combination genotypes, could be used as potential molecular markers for improving chicken quality.

Topics: Adenylosuccinate Lyase; Alleles; Animals; Avian Proteins; Body Weight; Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases; Chickens; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Genetic Markers; Genotype; Inosine Monophosphate; Male; Phosphoribosylglycinamide Formyltransferase; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

This study was conducted to estimate genetic parameters of meat quality-related traits by a MTDFREML procedure, using 1,069 purebred Beijing-You full-sib male chickens derived from the first 2 generations of divergent selection for the percentage of intramuscular fat (IMF) and selection for increased inosine-5'-monophosphate content (IMP) in breast meat. The results show that estimated heritability of IMP was moderate (0.23), and heritability of IMF was low (0.11). Other traits with high heritabilities, ranging between 0.56 and 0.79, were BW, abdominal fat weight (AFW), breast meat yield, ratio of breast meat yield to evisceration weight (BMP), leg muscle yield, comb weight, and ratio of comb weight to BW (CWP). Moderate heritabilities for the ratio of AFW to BW (AFP) and leg muscle yield to evisceration weight were estimated, 0.24 and 0.32, respectively. Lower significant phenotypic correlations of IMP with BMP and ratio of leg muscle weight to evisceration weight were discovered (P < 0.05), whereas IMF exhibited slightly positive, though significant, phenotypic correlations with BW (0.11) and AFP (0.27). Genetic correlations of IMP with BW and CWP were negative (-0.38 and -0.62, respectively), whereas a high positive genetic correlation was found between IMP and BMP (0.57). It was found that IMF had high genetic correlations with BW (0.75) and AFW (0.66) and moderate correlations with AFP (0.32) and CWP (0.40). A low positive genetic correlation was estimated between IMP and IMF (0.27). In conclusion, both IMP and IMF contents in chicken meat have the potential to be increased through genetic selection with little or no positive effect on BW. Furthermore, close managerial control of growth rate (and BW) will be needed to assure high quality of chicken meat so that increased IMP and IMF can be obtained with less abdominal fat deposited.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; China; Inosine Monophosphate; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Sexual Maturation

To examine whether age influences taste solution preferences, we measured taste preferences of C57BL/6J and 129X1/SvJ mice given a series of 48-h 2-bottle tests with a choice between water and one of the following taste solutions: 2 mM saccharin, 5 mM citric acid, 30 microM quinine hydrochloride, 75 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), 10 mM inosine monophosphate (IMP), 50 mM calcium chloride (CaCl(2)), and 10% ethanol. We tested separate groups of male mice fed Teklad 8604 chow at ages 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 50 weeks and retested some of these mice at 54, 75, and 100 weeks and again at 125 weeks. Female mice fed chow were tested at ages 4, 12, 25, and 50 weeks and retested at 54, 75, 100, and 125 weeks. Male mice fed AIN-93G semisynthetic diet were tested at ages 4, 12, 25, and 50 weeks and retested at 54, 75, and 100 weeks. Concentration-response functions for each taste solution were collected from male and female mice fed chow aged 8 or 125 weeks. In general, the results showed that age had little effect on taste preferences. Exceptions included 1) a small increase in quinine hydrochloride preference between 54 and 125 weeks in mice of both strains and sexes, 2) a marked increase in NaCl preference between 4 and 12 weeks in female B6 mice, 3) a gradual decrease in IMP preference between 4 and 125 weeks in male and female 129 mice, 4) a marked decrease in CaCl(2) preference between 54 and 125 weeks in male and female 129 mice, and 5) a marked reduction in ethanol preference between 4 and 12 weeks in male B6 mice fed AIN-93G diet but not chow. These results show that over a wide range and with the exceptions noted, age contributes little to the variation in taste preferences observed in C57BL/6J and 129X1/SvJ mice.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Calcium Chloride; Citric Acid; Diet; Drinking; Drinking Behavior; Eating; Ethanol; Female; Food Preferences; Inosine Monophosphate; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred Strains; Quinine; Saccharin; Sex Factors; Sodium Chloride; Survival Analysis; Taste

An inbred murine model (BALB/c) was utilized to assess the protective effect of the immunomodulator methyl inosine 5'-monophosphate (MIMP) against infection with influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus. Contrary to the data reported for outbred mice (NMRI) infected with the aerosolized virus (Masihi, Hadden, 2003. J. Int. Immunopharmacol. 3, 1205-1215), there were no improvements in the outcomes of infection in the inbred animals treated with MIMP intranasally 1 day before the challenge and/or orally after the challenge for 5 days (up to 10 mg/kg/day). Nevertheless, complete protection against lethality was afforded by the treatment with the neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir given once daily for 5 days after the challenge (10 mg/kg/day). We speculate that the rapid progression of the disease in inbred mice caused by the intranasal challenge may render the MIMP-treatment ineffective. Our results emphasize the need for careful consideration of murine strains and routes of virus challenge in the design of experiments utilizing lethal influenza virus infection.

Topics: Acids, Carbocyclic; Age Factors; Animals; Antiviral Agents; Body Weight; Cyclopentanes; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Guanidines; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Inosine Monophosphate; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Orthomyxoviridae Infections

The genetic parameters for some important flavor traits like inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) and intramuscular fat (IMF) contents in breast meat were estimated using a MTDFREML procedure on 1063 male, 90-day-old, purebred Beijing-You meat-type chicks (BJY). The result showed that the heritability of IMP and IMF contents in BJY breast meat was moderate or low (h2=0.23, 0.10), whereas these parameters were higher for abdominal fat weight (AFW), breast meat yield (BMY), ratio of BMY to carcass weight (BMR), leg muscle yield (LMY), body weight (BW), comb weight(CW) and comb weight percentage (CWB) (h2=0.56-0.79). The heritability of abdominal fat percentage (AFP), leg meat yield (LMY), testicle weight (TW) and testicle weight percentage (TWP) were 0.24, 0.32, 0.39 and 0.35, respectively. IMP exhibited low phenotypic correlations with BMY, LMY and SFT and no significant phenotypic correlations with other traits. IMF, to some extent, exhibited positive phenotypic correlation with BW, AFP, SFT and FSW (rP=0.11-0.33). In terms of genetic correlation, IMP was moderately or significantly negatively correlated with BW and CWP (rA=-0.38,-0.62), and a high level of positive correlation was observed with BMY (rA=0.57). Moreover, IMF was highly correlated with BW and AFW (rA=0.75,0.66), and moderately correlated with AFP and CWP (rA=0.32, 0.40). A low level of positive correlation was observed between IMP and IMF (rA =0.27). We propose that IMP and IMF contents in chicken meat could be increased with selection through line-breeding.

Topics: Abdominal Fat; Animals; Body Composition; Body Fat Distribution; Body Weight; Chickens; Female; Inosine Monophosphate; Male; Meat; Muscle, Skeletal; Organ Size

Glycogen storage disease type II (GSD II) is an inherited progressive muscle disease in which lack of functional acid alpha-glucosidase (AGLU) results in lysosomal accumulation of glycogen. We report on the impact of a null mutation of the acid alpha-glucosidase gene (AGLU(-/-)) in mice on the force production capabilities, contractile mass, oxidative capacity, energy status, morphology, and desmin content of skeletal muscle. Muscle function was assessed in halothane-anesthetized animals, using a recently designed murine isometric dynamometer. Maximal torque production during single tetanic contraction was 50% lower in the knockout mice than in wild type. Loss of developed torque was found to be disproportionate to the 20% loss in muscle mass. During a series of supramaximal contraction, fatigue, expressed as percentile decline of developed torque, did not differ between AGLU(-/-) mice and age-matched controls. Muscle oxidative capacity, energy status, and protein content (normalized to either dry or wet weight) were not changed in knockout mice compared to control. Alterations in muscle cell morphology were clearly visible. Desmin content was increased, whereas alpha-actinin was not. As the decline in muscle mass is insufficient to explain the degree in decline of mechanical performance, we hypothesize that the large clusters of noncontractile material present in the cytoplasm hamper longitudinal force transmission, and hence muscle contractile function. The increase in muscular desmin content is most likely reflecting adaptations to altered intracellular force transmission.

Topics: Actinin; Adenosine Diphosphate; Adenosine Monophosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate; alpha-Glucosidases; Animals; Body Weight; Desmin; Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase; Glycogen; Glycogen Storage Disease Type II; Inosine Monophosphate; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle Weakness; Muscle, Skeletal; Phosphocreatine; Stress, Mechanical