indigo-carmine and Edema

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cyclooxygenase 2; Edema; Female; I-kappa B Kinase; I-kappa B Proteins; Indigo Carmine; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Locomotion; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; NF-kappa B; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Prostaglandins E; Transcription Factor RelA; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

2-isoprenylhydroquinone-1-glucoside (1), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (2), and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (3), isolated from Phagnalon rupestre, improved the contact hypersensitivity response to 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene in mice. These phenolics reduced ear swelling and IL-1β content by 50% 24 h after challenge; in addition, 2 inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α by 53%. All three compounds also reduced interleukin-2 content by 50% 72 h after challenge. Both 2 and 3 inhibited metalloproteinase-9 levels in the skin lesions by 66% and 41%, respectively, and lowered cyclooxygenase-2 expression by 44% and 49%, respectively, at 24 h. Moreover, 2 was effective against atopic dermatitis induced by repeated application of 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene; it attenuated edema by over 40% from day 7 and inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration by 44% at day 22. In addition, 1-3 reduced metalloproteinase-9 expression in a dose-dependent manner in macrophages RAW 264.7 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Thus, compounds 2 and 3 were found to exhibit a greater activity against contact hypersensitivity than 1.

Topics: Animals; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Dermatitis, Contact; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ear; Edema; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-2; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Mice; Phenols; Picryl Chloride; Skin; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha