incretins and Autoimmune-Diseases

Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are gastrointestinal peptides secreted from enteroendocrine cells. These hormones play significant roles in many physiological processes via binding to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) on different organs and tissues; one of them is the immunomodulatory effect on the immune system and its molecular components such as cytokines and chemokines. Anti-inflammatory effects of incretins and dependent molecules involving long-acting analogs and DPP4 inhibitors through regulation of T and B cell activation may attenuate autoimmune diseases caused by immune system disorders in mistakenly recognizing self as the foreign agent. In this review, we investigate incretin effects on the immune system response and the potential benefits of incretin-based therapy for treating autoimmune diseases.

Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; B-Lymphocyte Subsets; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; Humans; Immune System; Incretins; T-Lymphocytes

To explore insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in people with latent autoimmune diabetes in adulthood (LADA) compared with that in people with type 2 diabetes.. A total of 12 people with LADA, defined as glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody positivity and > 1 year of insulin independency (group A) were age-matched pairwise to people with type 2 diabetes (group B) and to six people with type 2 diabetes of similar age and BMI (group C). β-Cell function (first-phase insulin secretion and assessment of insulin pulsatility), insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) and metabolic response during a mixed meal were studied.. Both first-phase insulin secretion and insulin release during the meal were greater (P = 0.05 and P = 0.009, respectively) in type 2 diabetes as compared with LADA; these differences were lost on adjustment for BMI (group C) and could be explained by BMI alone in a multivariate analysis. Neither insulin pulsatility, incretin secretion nor insulin sensitivity differed among the groups.. We found no evidence that LADA and type 2 diabetes were distinct disease entities beyond the differences explained by BMI.

Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose Clamp Technique; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Incretins; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Insulin Secretion; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Matched-Pair Analysis; Obesity; Overweight; Postprandial Period