Page last updated: 2024-10-28

ibuprofen and Cardiovascular Diseases

ibuprofen has been researched along with Cardiovascular Diseases in 56 studies

Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine

Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Patients who required NSAIDs for osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis and were at increased cardiovascular risk were randomly assigned to receive celecoxib, ibuprofen, or naproxen."9.22Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis. ( Bao, W; Beckerman, B; Berger, MF; Borer, JS; Gaffney, M; Graham, DY; Husni, ME; Libby, P; Lincoff, AM; Lüscher, TF; Menon, V; Nissen, SE; Ruschitzka, F; Solomon, DH; Wang, Q; Wisniewski, LM; Wolski, KE; Yeomans, ND, 2016)
"To determine the cardiovascular outcomes in high risk patients with osteoarthritis treated with ibuprofen, naproxen or lumiracoxib."9.12Cardiovascular outcomes in high risk patients with osteoarthritis treated with ibuprofen, naproxen or lumiracoxib. ( Abramson, SB; Chesebro, JH; Farkouh, ME; Fuster, V; Greenberg, JD; Hochman, JS; Jeger, RV; Kirshner, H; Lay, CL; Matchaba, PT; Mellein, B; Ramanathan, K; Ruland, S; Verheugt, FW, 2007)
"Nonsteroidal antiinf lammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain the mainstay of the pharmacologic management for relieving osteoarthritis pain, and low-dose aspirin is often prescribed to osteoarthritis patients who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)."8.31Interactions of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Aspirin and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Osteoarthritis. ( Lane, NE; Lei, G; Li, X; Wei, J; Zeng, C; Zhang, Y, 2023)
" We determined whether paracetamol or ibuprofen use is associated with major cardiovascular events (MACE) or major bleeding in 19 120 patients with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack of mainly atherothrombotic origin included in the Prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events of ischemic origin with terutroban in patients with a history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (PERFORM) trial."7.83Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, and Recurrent Major Cardiovascular and Major Bleeding Events in 19 120 Patients With Recent Ischemic Stroke. ( Amarenco, P; Bousser, MG; Chamorro, A; Fisher, M; Ford, I; Fox, KM; Gonzalez-Valcarcel, J; Hennerici, MG; Labreuche, J; Mattle, HP; Rothwell, PM; Sissani, L; Steg, PG; Vicaut, E, 2016)
" To compare the risk for thrombotic cardiovascular events among patients receiving rofecoxib, nonselective NSAIDs, and placebo, cardiovascular safety was assessed in 5,435 participants in 8 phase IIB/III osteoarthritis trials."7.71Comparison of cardiovascular thrombotic events in patients with osteoarthritis treated with rofecoxib versus nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, diclofenac, and nabumetone). ( Barr, E; Reicin, AS; Shapiro, D; Sperling, RS; Yu, Q, 2002)
"Pain management in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis often requires long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)."6.74Rationale, design, and governance of Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Celecoxib Integrated Safety versus Ibuprofen Or Naproxen (PRECISION), a cardiovascular end point trial of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents in patients with arthritis. ( Becker, MC; Borer, JS; Graham, DY; Husni, ME; Krum, H; Libby, P; Lincoff, AM; Lüscher, TF; Mascette, AM; Nissen, SE; Ruschitzka, F; Solomon, DH; Wang, TH; Wisniewski, L; Wolski, K; Yeomans, ND, 2009)
"Twenty-four thousand eighty-one patients who required NSAIDs for osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and had increased CV risk randomly received celecoxib, ibuprofen, or naproxen."5.51Cardiorenal risk of celecoxib compared with naproxen or ibuprofen in arthritis patients: insights from the PRECISION trial. ( Bao, W; Davey, DA; Husni, E; Libby, P; Lüscher, TF; Nissen, SE; Obeid, S; Ruschitzka, F; Walker, C; Wang, Q; Wisniewski, LM; Wolski, KE; Xia, F, 2022)
"Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent commonly used in diabetic patients."5.37The nephrologist's role in metformin-induced lactic acidosis. ( Basterrechea, MA; de Arriba, G; Gómez-Navarro, L; Hernández-Sevillano, B; Pérez del Valle, KM; Rodríguez-Palomares, JR; Sánchez-Heras, M; Tallón, S; Torres-Guinea, M, 2011)
"To determine the relative risks of cardiovascular (CV), gastrointestinal (GI), and renal adverse events during long-term treatment with celecoxib, compared with ibuprofen and naproxen, in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."5.27Differences in Safety of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Patients With Osteoarthritis and Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ( Bao, W; Berger, MF; Borer, JS; Graham, DY; Husni, ME; Libby, P; Lincoff, AM; Lüscher, TF; Menon, V; Nissen, SE; Solomon, DH; Wang, Q; Wisniewski, LM; Wolski, KE; Yeomans, ND, 2018)
"Patients who required NSAIDs for osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis and were at increased cardiovascular risk were randomly assigned to receive celecoxib, ibuprofen, or naproxen."5.22Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis. ( Bao, W; Beckerman, B; Berger, MF; Borer, JS; Gaffney, M; Graham, DY; Husni, ME; Libby, P; Lincoff, AM; Lüscher, TF; Menon, V; Nissen, SE; Ruschitzka, F; Solomon, DH; Wang, Q; Wisniewski, LM; Wolski, KE; Yeomans, ND, 2016)
"To determine the cardiovascular outcomes in high risk patients with osteoarthritis treated with ibuprofen, naproxen or lumiracoxib."5.12Cardiovascular outcomes in high risk patients with osteoarthritis treated with ibuprofen, naproxen or lumiracoxib. ( Abramson, SB; Chesebro, JH; Farkouh, ME; Fuster, V; Greenberg, JD; Hochman, JS; Jeger, RV; Kirshner, H; Lay, CL; Matchaba, PT; Mellein, B; Ramanathan, K; Ruland, S; Verheugt, FW, 2007)
"Celecoxib is the first COX-2-specific inhibitor approved for relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as for treatment of familial adenomatous polyposis."4.80Celecoxib clinical profile. ( Tive, L, 2000)
"Nonsteroidal antiinf lammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain the mainstay of the pharmacologic management for relieving osteoarthritis pain, and low-dose aspirin is often prescribed to osteoarthritis patients who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)."4.31Interactions of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Aspirin and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Osteoarthritis. ( Lane, NE; Lei, G; Li, X; Wei, J; Zeng, C; Zhang, Y, 2023)
" We used a Mantel-Haenszel method to obtain odds ratios (ORs) of the association between NSAID use (ibuprofen, naproxen, or diclofenac) and MACE (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, heart failure, or all-cause death)."4.31Impact of Lifestyle and Socioeconomic Position on the Association Between Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Case-Crossover Study. ( Bonnesen, K; Ehrenstein, V; Grønkjær, MS; Hallas, J; Lash, TL; Pedersen, L; Schmidt, M; Sørensen, HT, 2023)
" We determined whether paracetamol or ibuprofen use is associated with major cardiovascular events (MACE) or major bleeding in 19 120 patients with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack of mainly atherothrombotic origin included in the Prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events of ischemic origin with terutroban in patients with a history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (PERFORM) trial."3.83Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, and Recurrent Major Cardiovascular and Major Bleeding Events in 19 120 Patients With Recent Ischemic Stroke. ( Amarenco, P; Bousser, MG; Chamorro, A; Fisher, M; Ford, I; Fox, KM; Gonzalez-Valcarcel, J; Hennerici, MG; Labreuche, J; Mattle, HP; Rothwell, PM; Sissani, L; Steg, PG; Vicaut, E, 2016)
" Naproxen users had the lowest adjusted rates of serious coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death) and serious cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke)/death from any cause, with respective incidence rate ratios (relative to NSAID nonusers) of 0."3.75Cardiovascular risks of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in patients after hospitalization for serious coronary heart disease. ( Arbogast, PG; Castellsague, J; Chung, CP; Daugherty, JR; García-Rodríguez, LA; Murray, KT; Ray, WA; Stein, CM; Varas-Lorenzo, C, 2009)
"To estimate the net cardiovascular (CV) (coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure), and gastrointestinal (GI) (peptic ulcer complications) risk-benefit public health impact of the use of celecoxib compared to non-selective NSAIDs in the arthritis population."3.74Quantitative assessment of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk-benefit of celecoxib compared to individual NSAIDs at the population level. ( Castellsague, J; Maguire, A; Perez-Gutthann, S; Varas-Lorenzo, C, 2007)
" To compare the risk for thrombotic cardiovascular events among patients receiving rofecoxib, nonselective NSAIDs, and placebo, cardiovascular safety was assessed in 5,435 participants in 8 phase IIB/III osteoarthritis trials."3.71Comparison of cardiovascular thrombotic events in patients with osteoarthritis treated with rofecoxib versus nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, diclofenac, and nabumetone). ( Barr, E; Reicin, AS; Shapiro, D; Sperling, RS; Yu, Q, 2002)
" The risk score was designed to predict the 1-year occurrence of major toxicity among NSAID users, including major adverse cardiovascular events, acute kidney injury, significant gastrointestinal events, and mortality."2.90Derivation and Validation of a Major Toxicity Risk Score Among Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Users Based on Data From a Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Husni, ME; Nissen, S; Paynter, N; Shao, M; Solomon, DH; Wolski, K, 2019)
"Pain management in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis often requires long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)."2.74Rationale, design, and governance of Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Celecoxib Integrated Safety versus Ibuprofen Or Naproxen (PRECISION), a cardiovascular end point trial of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents in patients with arthritis. ( Becker, MC; Borer, JS; Graham, DY; Husni, ME; Krum, H; Libby, P; Lincoff, AM; Lüscher, TF; Mascette, AM; Nissen, SE; Ruschitzka, F; Solomon, DH; Wang, TH; Wisniewski, L; Wolski, K; Yeomans, ND, 2009)
"Among their beneficial effects, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may also exert several side effects which depend on the dosage and the type of these medications."2.52[Cardiovascular side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the light of recent recommendations. Diclofenac is not more dangerous]. ( Horváth, VJ; Koós, CG; Lakatos, P; Putz, Z; Szabó, G; Tabák, GÁ, 2015)
"Ibuprofen risk was seen only with higher doses."2.47Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies. ( Henry, D; McGettigan, P, 2011)
" These results suggest that even the acute use of an NSAID (regardless of COX-2 selectivity) can induce gastric damage when combined with the long-term use of low-dose aspirin in an animal model."1.43Gastric and renal effects of COX-2 selective and non-selective NSAIDs in rats receiving low-dose aspirin therapy. ( Baglie, S; Baller, EM; Franco, GC; Gevert, MV; Lupepsa, AC; Moro, MG; Sanchez, PK; Tostes, AF, 2016)
"Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent commonly used in diabetic patients."1.37The nephrologist's role in metformin-induced lactic acidosis. ( Basterrechea, MA; de Arriba, G; Gómez-Navarro, L; Hernández-Sevillano, B; Pérez del Valle, KM; Rodríguez-Palomares, JR; Sánchez-Heras, M; Tallón, S; Torres-Guinea, M, 2011)
" Etoricoxib is partly metabolised by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP 3A4 and increases the bioavailability of ethinylestradiol."1.34Etoricoxib: new drug. Avoid using cox-2 inhibitors for pain. ( , 2007)
"Treatment with ibuprofen might limit the cardioprotective effects of aspirin."1.32Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin. ( MacDonald, TM; Wei, L, 2003)
" We explore the toxicities of OTC cough and cold medications, discuss mechanisms of dosing errors, and suggest why physicians should be more vigilant in specifically inquiring about OTCs when evaluating an ill child."1.31Toxicity of over-the-counter cough and cold medications. ( Gunn, VL; Liebelt, EL; Serwint, JR; Taha, SH, 2001)

Research

Studies (56)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19901 (1.79)18.7374
1990's1 (1.79)18.2507
2000's27 (48.21)29.6817
2010's19 (33.93)24.3611
2020's8 (14.29)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Obeid, S1
Libby, P4
Husni, E1
Wang, Q3
Wisniewski, LM3
Davey, DA1
Wolski, KE3
Xia, F1
Bao, W3
Walker, C1
Ruschitzka, F3
Nissen, SE5
Lüscher, TF4
Zhou, C1
Wu, Q1
Ye, Z1
Zhang, Y3
Yang, S1
Liu, M1
He, P1
Qin, X1
van Ham, WB1
Cornelissen, CM1
van Veen, TAB1
Minhas, D3
Nidhaan, A3
Husni, ME7
Wei, J1
Zeng, C1
Lane, NE1
Li, X1
Lei, G1
Bonnesen, K1
Pedersen, L2
Ehrenstein, V1
Grønkjær, MS1
Sørensen, HT2
Hallas, J2
Lash, TL1
Schmidt, M3
Ernst, MT1
Pottegård, A1
Vaja, R1
Chan, JSK1
Ferreira, P1
Harky, A1
Rogers, LJ1
Gashaw, HH1
Kirkby, NS1
Mitchell, JA1
Raschle, J1
Ganju, J1
Rom, D1
Solomon, DH4
Borer, JS3
Graham, DY3
Lincoff, AM3
Menon, V2
Yeomans, ND3
Berger, MF2
Prozzi, GR1
Cañás, M1
Urtasun, MA1
Buschiazzo, HO1
Dorati, CM1
Mordujovich-Buschiazzo, P1
Shao, M1
Wolski, K2
Nissen, S1
Paynter, N1
Reed, GW1
Sifferlin, A1
Moore, N1
Salvo, F1
Duong, M1
Blin, P1
Pariente, A1
Harbin, M1
Turgeon, RD1
Kolber, MR1
Horváth, VJ1
Tabák, GÁ1
Szabó, G1
Putz, Z1
Koós, CG1
Lakatos, P1
Gonzalez-Valcarcel, J1
Sissani, L1
Labreuche, J1
Bousser, MG1
Chamorro, A1
Fisher, M1
Ford, I1
Fox, KM1
Hennerici, MG1
Mattle, HP1
Rothwell, PM1
Steg, PG1
Vicaut, E1
Amarenco, P1
Moro, MG1
Sanchez, PK1
Gevert, MV1
Baller, EM1
Tostes, AF1
Lupepsa, AC1
Baglie, S1
Franco, GC1
Gaffney, M1
Beckerman, B1
González-Gay, MA1
González-Juanatey, C1
Castelli, G1
Petrone, A1
Xiang, J1
Shrader, C1
King, D1
Becker, MC1
Wang, TH1
Wisniewski, L1
Mascette, AM1
Krum, H1
Ray, WA1
Varas-Lorenzo, C2
Chung, CP1
Castellsague, J2
Murray, KT1
Stein, CM1
Daugherty, JR1
Arbogast, PG1
García-Rodríguez, LA1
Gómez-Navarro, L1
de Arriba, G1
Sánchez-Heras, M1
Pérez del Valle, KM1
Hernández-Sevillano, B1
Basterrechea, MA1
Tallón, S1
Torres-Guinea, M1
Rodríguez-Palomares, JR1
McGettigan, P1
Henry, D1
MacDonald, TM2
Wei, L2
Mainous, AG1
Pearson, WS1
Etminan, M1
Samii, A1
Smout, J1
Cleanthis, M1
Stansby, G1
Jerie, P1
Weiss, HJ1
Curtis, JP1
Krumholz, HM1
Cross, PL1
Hillarp, A1
Gaziano, JM1
Gibson, CM1
Motsko, SP1
Rascati, KL1
Busti, AJ1
Wilson, JP1
Barner, JC1
Lawson, KA1
Worchel, J1
Sibbald, B1
Maguire, A1
Perez-Gutthann, S1
Flipo, RM1
Farkouh, ME1
Greenberg, JD1
Jeger, RV1
Ramanathan, K1
Verheugt, FW1
Chesebro, JH1
Kirshner, H1
Hochman, JS1
Lay, CL1
Ruland, S1
Mellein, B1
Matchaba, PT1
Fuster, V1
Abramson, SB1
Wehrmacher, WH1
Messmore, HL1
Haque, W1
Hennekens, CH1
Borzak, S1
Purcell, H1
Hogan, DB1
Campbell, NR1
Jennett, P1
MacLeod, N1
Brant, R1
Tive, L1
Gunn, VL1
Taha, SH1
Liebelt, EL1
Serwint, JR1
Reicin, AS1
Shapiro, D1
Sperling, RS1
Barr, E1
Yu, Q1
Miser, WF1
Walker, E1

Clinical Trials (5)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Randomized, Double Blind, Parallel-group Study Of Cardiovascular Safety In Osteoarthritis Or Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients With Or At High Risk For Cardiovascular Disease Comparing Celecoxib With Naproxen And Ibuprofen[NCT00346216]Phase 424,081 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-04Completed
Single Dose Oral Celecoxib (With or Without Acetaminophen) for Acute Post-operative Pain Following Impacted Third Molar Surgery.[NCT04790812]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-22Recruiting
Use of a Self-Guided Mindfulness Mobile Application to Improve Pain Outcomes in Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis[NCT03936088]75 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-02Completed
A Phase IIa Randomized, Active-controlled, Double-blind, Dose-escalation Study in Patients With Vulvovaginal Candidiasis to Evaluate Dose Response Relationship of Clinical Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Topically Administered ProF-001[NCT03115073]Phase 2/Phase 384 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-04Completed
Comparison of Supportive Therapies for Symptom Relief From Pediatric Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs)[NCT01814293]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Withdrawn (stopped due to loss of funding. No data was collected.)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Change From Baseline in Patient's Assessment of Arthritis Pain (VAS)

"VAS question How much pain do you have was graded on a scale from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating No pain and 100 indicating Worst possible pain." (NCT00346216)
Timeframe: ITT and MITT Population - Baseline to 42 months

,,
InterventionNumber of participants (Mean)
Baseline (ITT) N= 8014, 8001, 7928Change-Baseline to Mon1 (ITT) N=7382, 7379, 7325Change-Baseline to Mon2 (ITT) N=7180, 7090, 7149Change-Baseline to Mon4 (ITT) N=6777, 6696, 6740Change-Baseline to Mon8 (ITT) N=6230, 6137, 6159Change-Baseline to Mon12 (ITT) N=5792, 5696, 5846Change-Baseline to Mon18 (ITT) N=5310, 5181. 5246Change-Baseline to Mon24 (ITT) N=4818, 4776, 4785Change-Baseline to Mon30 (ITT) N=4140, 4069, 4086Change-Baseline to Mon36 (ITT) N=3692, 3627, 3635Change-Baseline to Mon42 (ITT) N=3469, 3406, 3439Baseline (MITT) N=7974, 7954, 7894Change-Baseline to Mon1 MITT N=7372, 7367, 7321Change-Baseline to Mon2 MITT N=7170, 7078, 7142Change-Baseline to Mon4 MITT N=6772, 6686, 6732Change-Baseline to Mon8 MITT N=6224, 6128, 6155Change-Baseline to Mon12 MITT N=5787, 5689, 5844Change-Baseline to Mon18 MITT N=5305, 5175, 5242Change-Baseline to Mon24 MITT N=4815, 4769, 4782Change-Baseline to Mon30 MITT N=4139, 4067, 4085Change-Baseline to Mon36 MITT N=3691, 3623, 3635Change-Baseline to Mon42 MITT N=3468, 3404, 3438
Celecoxib54.0-8.2-10.5-11.4-11.7-11.0-11.3-11.3-10.5-10.1-11.454.0-8.2-10.5-11.4-11.7-11.0-11.3-11.4-10.5-10.2-11.4
Ibuprofen54.1-9.0-10.6-11.7-12.1-11.6-11.3-11.5-11.2-10.7-11.154.1-9.0-10.6-11.7-12.1-11.6-11.3-11.5-11.2-10.7-11.1
Naproxen54.1-9.9-11.1-12.3-12.1-11.9-11.7-11.4-11.3-11.6-12.154.1-9.9-11.1-12.3-12.1-11.9-11.7-11.3-11.3-11.6-12.1

The First Occurrence of a Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE)

MACE defined as the composite of CV death (including hemorrhagic death), non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, hospitalization for UA, revascularization or hospitalization for TIA (NCT00346216)
Timeframe: ITT Population - 30 months; MITT Population - 42 months

,,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
ITT (N = 8072, 8040, 7969)MITT (N = 8030, 7990, 7933)
Celecoxib4.23.1
Ibuprofen4.83.6
Naproxen4.33.2

The First Occurrence of Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration (APTC) Composite Endpoint, Confirmed by the Clinical Events Committee (CEC).

APTC events are defined as a composite of any of the following events: Death due to CV causes (including cardiac, cerebrovascular, venous thromboembolic, haemorrhagic, other vascular, or unknown cause); Non-fatal MI; Non-fatal stroke (including intracranial hemorrhages, stroke of ischemic or unknown etiology). (NCT00346216)
Timeframe: Intent to Treat (ITT) Population - 30 months; Modified ITT (MITT) Population - 42 months

,,
InterventionPercentage of Partcipants (Number)
ITT (N = 8072, 8040, 7969)MITT (N = 8030, 7990, 7933)
Celecoxib2.31.7
Ibuprofen2.71.9
Naproxen2.51.8

The First Occurrence of Clinically Significant Gastrointestinal Events (CSGIE)

CSGIE include: Gastroduodenal (GD) hemorrhage, Gastric outlet obstruction, Gastroduodenal, small bowel or large bowel perforation, Large bowel hemorrhage, Small bowel hemorrhage, Acute GI hemorrhage of unknown origin, including presumed small bowel hemorrhage, Symptomatic gastric or duodenal ulcer (NCT00346216)
Timeframe: ITT Population - 30 months; MITT Population - 42 months

,,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
ITT (N = 8072, 8040, 7969)MITT (N = 8030, 7990, 7933)
Celecoxib0.70.3
Ibuprofen0.90.7
Naproxen0.70.7

Reviews

13 reviews available for ibuprofen and Cardiovascular Diseases

ArticleYear
Uremic toxins in chronic kidney disease highlight a fundamental gap in understanding their detrimental effects on cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis.
    Acta physiologica (Oxford, England), 2022, Volume: 236, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cardio-Renal Syndrome; Cardiovascular Diseases; Electrophysiologic Te

2022
Recommendations for the Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Decades Later, Any New Lessons Learned?
    Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2023, Volume: 49, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2

2023
Recommendations for the Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Decades Later, Any New Lessons Learned?
    Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2023, Volume: 49, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2

2023
Recommendations for the Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Decades Later, Any New Lessons Learned?
    Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2023, Volume: 49, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2

2023
Recommendations for the Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Decades Later, Any New Lessons Learned?
    Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2023, Volume: 49, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2

2023
Recommendations for the Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Decades Later, Any New Lessons Learned?
    Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2023, Volume: 49, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2

2023
Recommendations for the Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Decades Later, Any New Lessons Learned?
    Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2023, Volume: 49, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2

2023
Recommendations for the Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Decades Later, Any New Lessons Learned?
    Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2023, Volume: 49, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2

2023
Recommendations for the Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Decades Later, Any New Lessons Learned?
    Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2023, Volume: 49, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2

2023
Recommendations for the Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Decades Later, Any New Lessons Learned?
    Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2023, Volume: 49, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2

2023
The COVID-19 ibuprofen controversy: A systematic review of NSAIDs in adult acute lower respiratory tract infections.
    British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2021, Volume: 87, Issue:3

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; COVID-19; COVID-19 Drug Treatment;

2021
[Cardiovascular risk of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs].
    Medicina, 2018, Volume: 78, Issue:5

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Drug Interacti

2018
Cardiovascular risks associated with low-dose ibuprofen and diclofenac as used OTC.
    Expert opinion on drug safety, 2014, Volume: 13, Issue:2

    Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diclofenac; Humans; Ibuprofen; Nonprescription Drugs; Risk Factors

2014
[Cardiovascular side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the light of recent recommendations. Diclofenac is not more dangerous].
    Orvosi hetilap, 2015, Mar-29, Volume: 156, Issue:13

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Di

2015
Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies.
    PLoS medicine, 2011, Volume: 8, Issue:9

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diclofenac; Humans; Ibuprofen; Nap

2011
[Acetylsalicylic acid resistance--clinical diagnosis with unclear mechanism].
    Lakartidningen, 2004, Nov-04, Volume: 101, Issue:45

    Topics: Aspirin; Bleeding Time; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Drug Interactions; Drug

2004
Is there an interaction between the cardiovascular protective effects of low-dose aspirin and ibuprofen?
    Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2006, Volume: 98, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Interaction

2006
Potential for drug-drug interactions in patients taking analgesics for mild-to-moderate pain and low-dose aspirin for cardioprotection.
    The American journal of cardiology, 2006, May-08, Volume: 97, Issue:9A

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Aspirin; Cardiotonic Agents; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclo

2006
[Are the NSAIDs able to compromising the cardio-preventive efficacy of aspirin?].
    Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 2006, Volume: 35, Issue:9 Spec No

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clopidogrel;

2006
Ibuprofen and cardiovascular safety: where do we stand?
    Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2007, Volume: 100 Suppl 48

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

2007
Celecoxib clinical profile.
    Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2000, Volume: 39 Suppl 2

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celec

2000

Trials

7 trials available for ibuprofen and Cardiovascular Diseases

ArticleYear
Cardiorenal risk of celecoxib compared with naproxen or ibuprofen in arthritis patients: insights from the PRECISION trial.
    European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, 2022, Sep-03, Volume: 8, Issue:6

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib;

2022
    Praxis, 2017, Volume: 106, Issue:8

    Topics: Adult; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy,

2017
Differences in Safety of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Patients With Osteoarthritis and Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
    Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2018, Volume: 70, Issue:4

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celec

2018
Derivation and Validation of a Major Toxicity Risk Score Among Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Users Based on Data From a Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2019, Volume: 71, Issue:8

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celec

2019
Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 12-29, Volume: 375, Issue:26

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cycloo

2016
Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 12-29, Volume: 375, Issue:26

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cycloo

2016
Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 12-29, Volume: 375, Issue:26

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cycloo

2016
Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 12-29, Volume: 375, Issue:26

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cycloo

2016
Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 12-29, Volume: 375, Issue:26

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cycloo

2016
Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 12-29, Volume: 375, Issue:26

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cycloo

2016
Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 12-29, Volume: 375, Issue:26

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cycloo

2016
Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 12-29, Volume: 375, Issue:26

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cycloo

2016
Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2016, 12-29, Volume: 375, Issue:26

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cycloo

2016
Rationale, design, and governance of Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Celecoxib Integrated Safety versus Ibuprofen Or Naproxen (PRECISION), a cardiovascular end point trial of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents in patients with arthritis.
    American heart journal, 2009, Volume: 157, Issue:4

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygena

2009
Cardiovascular outcomes in high risk patients with osteoarthritis treated with ibuprofen, naproxen or lumiracoxib.
    Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2007, Volume: 66, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2 In

2007

Other Studies

36 other studies available for ibuprofen and Cardiovascular Diseases

ArticleYear
Regular use of ibuprofen or paracetamol and incident type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.
    Diabetes & metabolism, 2022, Volume: 48, Issue:6

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Biological Specimen Banks; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort Studies; Diabetes M

2022
Interactions of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Aspirin and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Osteoarthritis.
    American journal of epidemiology, 2023, 09-01, Volume: 192, Issue:9

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Ibuprofen; Naprox

2023
Impact of Lifestyle and Socioeconomic Position on the Association Between Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Case-Crossover Study.
    Drug safety, 2023, Volume: 46, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Over Studies; Diclofe

2023
Cardiovascular risks of continuing vs. initiating NSAIDs after first-time myocardial infarction or heart failure: a nationwide cohort study.
    European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, 2023, 09-20, Volume: 9, Issue:6

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort Studies; Diclofenac; Heart

2023
Non-inferiority versus superiority drug claims: the (not so) subtle distinction.
    Trials, 2017, 06-15, Volume: 18, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibi

2017
Diclofenac use and cardiovascular risks: series of nationwide cohort studies.
    BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2018, Sep-04, Volume: 362

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort

2018
NSAID choice: lessons from PRECISION.
    Aging, 2019, 04-29, Volume: 11, Issue:8

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Humans; Ibuprofen; Napr

2019
More pain for painkillers.
    Time, 2013, Jun-24, Volume: 181, Issue:24

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase

2013
Cardiovascular safety of NSAIDs.
    Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2014, Volume: 60, Issue:3

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Diclo

2014
NSAIDs and serious cardiovascular disorders: especially cox-2 inhibitors and diclofenac.
    Prescrire international, 2016, Volume: 25, Issue:167

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Diclo

2016
Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, and Recurrent Major Cardiovascular and Major Bleeding Events in 19 120 Patients With Recent Ischemic Stroke.
    Stroke, 2016, Volume: 47, Issue:4

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Brain Ischemia; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Hemo

2016
Gastric and renal effects of COX-2 selective and non-selective NSAIDs in rats receiving low-dose aspirin therapy.
    Brazilian oral research, 2016, Nov-28, Volume: 30, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Creatinine; Cycl

2016
Inflammation: NSAIDs and cardiovascular risk in arthritis.
    Nature reviews. Cardiology, 2017, Volume: 14, Issue:2

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Humans; Ibup

2017
Rates of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use in Patients with Established Cardiovascular Disease: A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study from NHANES 2009-2010.
    American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions, 2017, Volume: 17, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fe

2017
Cardiovascular risks of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in patients after hospitalization for serious coronary heart disease.
    Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes, 2009, Volume: 2, Issue:3

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cohort Studies; C

2009
The nephrologist's role in metformin-induced lactic acidosis.
    Nefrologia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola Nefrologia, 2011, Volume: 31, Issue:5

    Topics: Acidosis, Lactic; Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibi

2011
Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin.
    Lancet (London, England), 2003, Feb-15, Volume: 361, Issue:9357

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Dis

2003
Aspirin and ibuprofen: potential mediators of the cardiovascular risk due to smoking?
    Family medicine, 2003, Volume: 35, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aspirin; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Data Collection; Fema

2003
Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin.
    Lancet (London, England), 2003, May-03, Volume: 361, Issue:9368

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Interactions; Humans

2003
Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin.
    Lancet (London, England), 2003, May-03, Volume: 361, Issue:9368

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Interactions; Humans

2003
Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin.
    Lancet (London, England), 2003, May-03, Volume: 361, Issue:9368

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Interactions; Humans

2003
Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin.
    Lancet (London, England), 2003, May-03, Volume: 361, Issue:9368

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Interactions; Humans

2003
Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin.
    Lancet (London, England), 2003, May-03, Volume: 361, Issue:9368

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Interactions; Epidem

2003
Effect of ibuprofen on cardioprotective effect of aspirin.
    Lancet (London, England), 2003, May-03, Volume: 361, Issue:9368

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Interactions; Eviden

2003
Temporal relationship between use of NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, and cardiovascular risk.
    Drug safety, 2006, Volume: 29, Issue:7

    Topics: Age Factors; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Cohort Stu

2006
Ibuprofen should go behind-the-counter says expert panel.
    CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2006, Aug-01, Volume: 175, Issue:3

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Canada; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Prescriptions; Health

2006
Quantitative assessment of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk-benefit of celecoxib compared to individual NSAIDs at the population level.
    Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular D

2007
Pain, analgesics, and the cardiovascular system.
    Comprehensive therapy, 2006,Winter, Volume: 32, Issue:4

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Gastr

2006
Etoricoxib: new drug. Avoid using cox-2 inhibitors for pain.
    Prescrire international, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:92

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clinical

2007
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and most traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause similar moderately increased risks of cardiovascular disease.
    Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics, 2008, Volume: 13, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclooxy

2008
Exercise caution when taking ibuprofen. High doses of ibuprofen have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. How much is safe?
    Heart advisor, 2007, Volume: 10, Issue:8

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adve

2007
Increased use of cardiovascular medications in seniors prescribed non-ASA non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
    Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale, 1996, Volume: 19, Issue:1

    Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Alberta; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans

1996
Toxicity of over-the-counter cough and cold medications.
    Pediatrics, 2001, Volume: 108, Issue:3

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Antitussive Agents; Bradycardia; Brompheniramine; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child, Pre

2001
Comparison of cardiovascular thrombotic events in patients with osteoarthritis treated with rofecoxib versus nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, diclofenac, and nabumetone).
    The American journal of cardiology, 2002, Jan-15, Volume: 89, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Butanones; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clinical T

2002
An aspirin a day keeps the MI away (for some).
    American family physician, 2002, May-15, Volume: 65, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Antagonism; H

2002
New drugs and new treatments.
    Modern healthcare. [Short-term care ed.], 1975, Volume: 4, Issue:1

    Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Car

1975