hydroxychloroquine and Rheumatoid Arthritis studies

Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970)
hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"A variety of placebo-controlled and open studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."	10.16	Hydroxychloroquine treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Rynes, RI, 1988)
"To compare efficacy and safety of two different combination csDMARD therapy in Methotrexate-failed Rheumatoid arthritis patients."	9.51	Comparison between leflunomide and sulfasalazine based triple therapy in methotrexate refractory rheumatoid arthritis: an open-label, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. ( Belani, PJ; Kavadichanda, CG; Negi, VS, 2022)
"Leflunomide (LEF) is a conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."	9.34	Leflunomide monotherapy versus combination therapy with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective study. ( Deng, D; Li, M; Li, S; Tian, L; Wang, T; Wu, J; Yang, J; Zeng, F; Zhou, J; Zou, J, 2020)
"To identify and validate clinical baseline predictors associated with inadequate response (IR) to methotrexate (MTX) therapy in newly diagnosed patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.27	Inadequate response to treat-to-target methotrexate therapy in patients with new-onset rheumatoid arthritis: development and validation of clinical predictors. ( Bijlsma, JWJ; Borm, MEA; de Jong, PHP; Hazes, JMW; Jacobs, JWG; Lafeber, FPJG; Pethö-Schramm, A; Teitsma, XM; van Laar, JM; Weel, AEAM; Welsing, PMJ, 2018)
"Although it is common for rheumatologists to initiate biologic agents after failure of methotrexate monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ample data support the initial use of combinations of conventional therapies in this clinical scenario."	9.24	Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment After Methotrexate: The Durability of Triple Therapy Versus Etanercept. ( Brophy, M; Lew, R; Mikuls, T; O'Dell, J; Peper, SM; Rybin, D; Wu, H, 2017)
"In early, methotrexate-refractory rheumatoid arthritis, a treatment strategy commencing with addition of infliximab, as compared to sulfasalazine+hydroxychloroquine, was not cost-effective over 21 months at willingness to pay levels generally considered acceptable."	9.20	Cost-effectiveness of infliximab versus conventional combination treatment in methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year results of the register-enriched randomised controlled SWEFOT trial. ( Bratt, J; Eriksson, JK; Ernestam, S; Geborek, P; Karlsson, JA; Neovius, M; Petersson, IF; van Vollenhoven, RF, 2015)
"Observational studies suggest that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) may reduce the risk of developing diabetes mellitus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.19	Effect of hydroxychloroquine on insulin sensitivity and lipid parameters in rheumatoid arthritis patients without diabetes mellitus: a randomized, blinded crossover trial. ( Garg, R; Lu, B; Massarotti, E; Mercer, E; Norton, T; Solomon, DH; Todd, DJ, 2014)
"To study changes in lipid profiles at 24 weeks among patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) participating in the Treatment of Early RA (TEAR) trial and randomized to receive methotrexate (MTX) plus etanercept, triple therapy (MTX plus sulfasalazine plus hydroxychloroquine), or aggressively titrated MTX monotherapy."	9.17	Changes in lipoproteins associated with methotrexate or combination therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis trial. ( Bathon, JM; Bridges, SL; Charles-Schoeman, C; Chen, L; Cofield, SS; Curtis, JR; Dell'Italia, LJ; Moreland, LW; Navarro-Millán, I; O'Dell, JR; Paulus, HE; Yang, S, 2013)
"In the Treatment of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (TEAR) trial, 755 participants with early, poor-prognosis RA were randomized to receive MTX monotherapy or combination therapy (MTX plus etanercept or MTX plus sulfasalazine plus hydroxychloroquine)."	9.17	Validation of the methotrexate-first strategy in patients with early, poor-prognosis rheumatoid arthritis: results from a two-year randomized, double-blind trial. ( Bridges, SL; Cofield, SS; Curtis, JR; Mikuls, TR; Moreland, LW; O'Dell, JR; Ranganath, VK, 2013)
"We conducted a 48-week, double-blind, noninferiority trial in which we randomly assigned 353 participants with rheumatoid arthritis who had active disease despite methotrexate therapy to a triple regimen of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine) or etanercept plus methotrexate."	9.17	Therapies for active rheumatoid arthritis after methotrexate failure. ( Ahluwalia, V; Anis, AH; Brophy, M; Cannella, AC; Keystone, E; Kunkel, G; Leatherman, S; Lew, RA; Mikuls, TR; O'Dell, JR; Phibbs, CS; Taylor, TH; Warren, SR, 2013)
"To compare EuroQol 5-Dimensions (EQ-5D) utility and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in patients with early, methotrexate (MTX) refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA), randomised to addition of infliximab (IFX) or sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine (SSZ+HCQ)."	9.17	Addition of infliximab compared with addition of sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year quality-of-life results of the randomised, controlled, SWEFOT trial. ( Bratt, J; Ernestam, S; Geborek, P; Karlsson, JA; Neovius, M; Nilsson, JÅ; Petersson, IF; van Vollenhoven, RF, 2013)
"Analysis of the Swedish Farmacotherapy (Swefot) trial at 12 months showed that the addition of an anti-tumour-necrosis-factor agent gave an improved clinical outcome compared with the addition of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis."	9.16	Conventional combination treatment versus biological treatment in methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis: 2 year follow-up of the randomised, non-blinded, parallel-group Swefot trial. ( Albertsson, K; Bratt, J; Chatzidionysiou, K; Ernestam, S; Forslind, K; Geborek, P; Petersson, IF; van Vollenhoven, RF, 2012)
"The study participants included patients with early RA (<3 years in duration) enrolled in the Treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis study, a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial comparing early intensive therapy (MTX + etanercept or MTX + hydroxychloroquine + sulfasalazine triple therapy) versus initial treatment with MTX with step-up to MTX + etanercept or to triple therapy if the disease was still active at 24 weeks."	9.16	Serum cotinine as a biomarker of tobacco exposure and the association with treatment response in early rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bridges, SL; Cofield, SS; Curtis, JR; Maska, LB; Mikuls, TR; Moreland, LW; O'Dell, JR; Sayles, HR, 2012)
"This study was done to see the efficacy and tolerability of methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis."	9.16	Comparative study on methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ahmed, S; Akhter, S; Alam, MK; Bari, MA; Bhattacharjee, M; Islam, MZ; Khan, NA; Miah, AH; Pandit, H; Sutradhar, SR; Zannat, KF, 2012)
"Two groups of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were studied: group 1 (n = 82) received combined basic treatment with methotrexate (7."	9.14	[Combined basic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate and plaquenil]. ( Erov, NK; Sergiets, NA, 2009)
" We enrolled patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (symptom duration <1 year) and administered methotrexate (up to 20 mg per week)."	9.14	Addition of infliximab compared with addition of sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (Swefot trial): 1-year results of a randomised trial. ( Akre, F; Bratt, J; Chatzidionysiou, A; Cöster, L; Dackhammar, C; Ernestam, S; Forslind, K; Geborek, P; Hellström, H; Ljung, L; Oding, R; Petersson, IF; Teleman, A; Theander, J; Thörner, A; van Vollenhoven, RF; Waltbrand, E; Wörnert, M; Zickert, A, 2009)
"To compare efficacy and tolerability of combined therapy with methotrexate (MTX), sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with MTX-monotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.13	[Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of triple combination therapy (methotrexate + sulfasalazine + hydroxychloroquine) with methotrexate monotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. ( Bochkova, AG; Bunchuk, NV; Gubar', EE, 2008)
"To prospectively determine the efficacy and safety of etanercept in combination with sulfasalazine (SSZ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.12	Etanercept in combination with sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, or gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Blakely, K; Fernandez, A; Haire, C; Leff, R; O'Dell, JR; Palmer, W; Petersen, K; Schned, E, 2006)
"To determine the efficacy of subsequent disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapies after initial methotrexate (MTX) failure in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA), treated according to the DAS for 2 years."	9.12	Limited efficacy of conventional DMARDs after initial methotrexate failure in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis treated according to the disease activity score. ( Allaart, CF; Breedveld, FC; de Vries-Bouwstra, JK; Dijkmans, BA; Gerards, AH; Goekoop-Ruiterman, YP; Hazes, JM; Kerstens, PJ; van der Kooij, SM; van Groenendael, JH; van Zeben, D, 2007)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been used for a long time worldwide as a therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.12	Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine sulphate in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial--an Indian experience. ( Agarwal, GG; Chauhan, RS; Das, SK; Mathur, DS; Pareek, A; Srivastava, R; Wanchu, A, 2007)
"To determine whether a regimen of cyclosporine (CSA) and methotrexate (MTX), or CSA and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) introduced in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can produce a significant improvement in clinical outcome and/or retard radiographic damage in comparison with standard monotherapy with CSA alone."	9.11	An open, randomized comparison study of cyclosporine A, cyclosporine A + methotrexate and cyclosporine A + hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of early severe rheumatoid arthritis. ( Alfieri, G; Atzeni, F; Beyene, NB; Cazzola, M; Chérié-Lignière, EL; Corbelli, V; D'Ingianna, E; Fiorentini, F; Fiorini, T; Fumagalli, M; Locati, M; Mastaglio, C; Menozzi, G; Monti, G; Panni, B; Saccardo, F; Sarzi-Puttini, P; Scarpellini, M; Severi, C, 2005)
"To compare the efficacy of combination therapy with methotrexate (MTX) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), MTX and sulfasalazine (SSZ), and MTX, HCQ, and SSZ in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.10	Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and sulfasalazine, or a combination of the three medications: results of a two-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Blakely, K; Churchill, M; Eckhoff, PJ; Felt, J; Fernandez, A; Hadley, S; Haire, C; Klassen, L; Leff, R; Mallek, J; Moore, G; O'Dell, JR; Palmer, W; Paulsen, G; Stoner, J; Waytz, P; Wees, S, 2002)
"To examine the bioavailability of methotrexate (MTX) in the presence of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and vice versa, to determine a possible pharmacokinetic explanation for the observation that combination treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with MTX and HCQ has been shown, clinically, to be more potent than MTX used alone."	9.10	Combination therapy with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis increases exposure to methotrexate. ( Beal, J; Carmichael, SJ; Day, RO; Tett, SE, 2002)
"To investigate the usefulness of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) dose-loading to increase the percentage of responders or rate of response in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.09	Dose-loading with hydroxychloroquine improves the rate of response in early, active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind six-week trial with eighteen-week extension. ( Baethge, B; Botstein, GR; Caldwell, J; Dietz, F; Ettlinger, R; Furst, DE; Golden, HE; Lindsley, H; McLaughlin, GE; Moreland, LW; Roberts, WN; Rooney, TW; Rothschild, B; Sack, M; Sebba, AI; Weisman, M; Welch, KE; Yocum, D, 1999)
"A 6 month prospective randomized double blind study was conducted to investigate hydroxychloroquine dose concentration-effect relationships in people with rheumatoid arthritis."	9.09	Concentration-effect relationship of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--a prospective, dose ranging study. ( Beck, C; Cutler, DJ; Day, RO; Tett, SE, 2000)
"To investigate the therapeutic benefit of cyclosporin A (CSA) switching to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.09	Treatment with cyclosporin switching to hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Cho, CS; Kim, HY; Kim, WU; Lee, SK; Lee, WK; Paek, SI; Park, SH; Seo, YI; Song, HH, 2001)
"To compare the efficacy of minocycline with that of a conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), hydroxychloroquine, in patients with early seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.09	Treatment of early seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: a two-year, double-blind comparison of minocycline and hydroxychloroquine. ( Blakely, KW; Eckhoff, PJ; Fernandez, AM; Haire, CE; Klassen, LW; Leff, RD; Mallek, JA; Moore, GF; O'Dell, JR; Palmer, WR; Paulsen, GA; Sems, KM; Wees, SJ, 2001)
"To compare the clinical efficacy, effect on serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and safety of tenidap with a combination of hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam, and piroxicam alone, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients."	9.08	Tenidap in rheumatoid arthritis. A 24-week double-blind comparison with hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam, and piroxicam alone. ( Blackburn, WD; Caldwell, JR; Collins, RL; Fleischmann, R; Kaplan, H; Miller, MJ; Poiley, JE; Prupas, HM; Sikes, DH; Silverfield, JC, 1995)
"Studies of the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis have had methodological flaws and have failed to produce definitive results."	9.08	A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine in early rheumatoid arthritis: the HERA Study. ( , 1995)
"In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, combination therapy with methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine is more effective than either methotrexate alone or a combination of sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine."	9.08	Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medications. ( Drymalski, W; Eckhoff, PJ; Erikson, N; Garwood, V; Haire, CE; Klassen, LW; Klein, H; Maloley, P; Moore, GF; O'Dell, JR; Palmer, W; Wees, S, 1996)
"We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporine A (CsA) in combination with methotrexate (MTX) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.08	Combination therapy of cyclosporine A with methotrexate or hydroxychloroquine in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. ( Carotti, M; Cervini, C; Salaffi, F, 1996)
"To evaluate the ability of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) to extend the response to combination therapy with HCQ and methotrexate (MTX) and the safety of longterm HCQ maintenance therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	9.08	Safety and efficacy of hydroxychloroquine as maintenance therapy for rheumatoid arthritis after combination therapy with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine. ( Bell, CL; Clegg, DO; Dietz, F; Duffy, J; Germain, BF; Hurd, E; Sleckman, J; Wall, B; Wallace, DJ; Willkens, RF, 1997)
"To compare the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine, penicillamine, sodium aurothiomalate and auranofin in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis over a period of 5 yr."	9.08	A long-term five-year randomized controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine, sodium aurothiomalate, auranofin and penicillamine in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Camilleri, JP; Coles, EC; Jessop, JD; Lewis, PA; O'Sullivan, MM; Plant, MJ; Williams, LA, 1998)
"To compare the effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine alone and in combination in rheumatoid arthritis."	9.07	Hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine alone and in combination in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised double blind trial. ( Egsmose, C; Faarvang, KL; Hansen, TM; Ingeman-Nielsen, M; Kryger, P; Pødenphant, J, 1993)
"To assess the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine, 400 mg daily, for rheumatoid arthritis."	9.07	Hydroxychloroquine compared with placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized controlled trial. ( Casas, E; Clark, P; Gheno, C; Medina, C; Orozco, JA; Tenorio, G; Tugwell, P, 1993)
"Eighty patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) entered a double-blind randomized study of 24 weeks duration, to compare the efficacy and toxicity of hydroxychloroquine, dapsone, and a combination of both drugs in treatment of RA."	9.07	A double-blind comparative study of hydroxychloroquine and dapsone, alone and in combination, in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Christensen, L; Haar, D; Hansen, TM; Rasmussen, KJ; Sølvkjaer, M; Unger, B, 1993)
"In eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving racemic hydroxychloroquine, blood and urine concentrations of the enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine and its major metabolites were measured each month over the first 6 months of therapy."	9.07	Disposition of the enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis following multiple doses of the racemate. ( Cutler, DJ; Day, RO; McLachlan, AJ; Tett, SE, 1993)
"To determine if there is any advantage in adding hydroxychloroquine to intramuscular gold therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with a suboptimal response to gold after 6 months of treatment."	9.07	Combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis--no benefit of addition of hydroxychloroquine to patients with a suboptimal response to intramuscular gold therapy. ( Capell, HA; Hunter, J; Porter, DR, 1993)
"The effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine on progression of joint damage shown by X-rays were compared in a double-blind, randomised trial in 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis not previously treated with slow-acting antirheumatic drugs."	9.06	Effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine on progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Gribnau, FW; Nuver-Zwart, IH; vad de Putte, LB; van der Heijde, DM; van Riel, PL, 1989)
"In a double blind, single observer, 48 week study the effects of sulphasalazine (2 g daily) and hydroxychloroquine (400 mg daily months 0-6, thereafter 200 mg daily) were compared in 60 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis."	9.06	A double blind comparative study of sulphasalazine and hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis: evidence of an earlier effect of sulphasalazine. ( Gribnau, FW; Nuver-Zwart, IH; van de Putte, LB; van Riel, PL, 1989)
"A controlled, double blind, parallel group, long term study of hydroxychloroquine sulphate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, comparing daily doses of 200 mg and 400 mg, is described."	9.06	Hydroxychloroquine sulphate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind comparison of two dose regimens. ( Pavelka, K; Pelísková, Z; Sen, KP; Trnavský, K; Vácha, J, 1989)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) improves metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but its efficacy appears to be moderate as compared to placebo."	9.05	Clinical and Structural Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review. ( Barnetche, T; Combe, B; Gaujoux-Viala, C; Hua, C; Lukas, C; Morel, J; Rempenault, C, 2020)
"Review of the records of 108 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were treated with hydroxychloroquine sulfate for at least six months revealed that 63 percent responded: 12 percent achieved complete remission (no joint pain or tenderness, two or less joints with trace swelling); 14 percent showed a 75 percent response (75 percent or greater reduction in active joint count and 50 percent or greater reduction in morning stiffness); and 37 percent had between 30 percent (30 percent or greater reduction in active joint count and morning stiffness) and 75 percent response."	9.05	Hydroxychloroquine sulfate in rheumatoid arthritis: long-term response rate and predictive parameters. ( Bell, CL, 1983)
"A 2-year, controlled, double-blind trial of D-penicillamine and hydroxychloroquine either alone or in combination was conducted on patients with progressive rheumatoid arthritis."	9.05	Controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine and D-penicillamine singly and in combination in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bunch, TW; O'Duffy, JD; O'Fallon, WM; Tompkins, RB, 1984)
"Seventeen patients (15 women, two men) with progressive, erosive seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) refractory to conventional therapy were treated with cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate for an average of 27 +/- 19 months (mean +/- SD throughout) (range, five to 60 months)."	9.05	Intractable rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment with combined cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine. ( Carrera, GF; McCarty, DJ, 1982)
"To evaluate the efficacy of the triple synthetic Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (sDMARD) combination methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine versus a biologic DMARD (bDMARD) in the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis."	8.95	Efficacy of triple association methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine in early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with insufficient response to methotrexate: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Baillet, A; Bernard, AC; Clay, M; Gaudin, P; Mazouyès, A, 2017)
"This review examines the pharmacokinetics, modes of action and therapeutic properties of the anti-malarial drugs, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ), in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and related conditions, as well as osteoarthritis (OA)."	8.91	Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. ( Clifford-Rashotte, M; Kean, WF; Parke, AL; Rainsford, KD, 2015)
"A review of the literature on the longterm use of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) showed that many questions on protocol remain unanswered."	8.77	Longterm methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a review. ( Kremer, JM, 1985)
"We evaluated the potential temporal association between hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use and cardiovascular (CV) events among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	8.31	Hydroxychloroquine Use and Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Avina-Zubieta, JA; Choi, H; Esdaile, JM; Jorge, A; Lacaille, D; Lu, N, 2023)
"To characterise the incidence rate of skin cancer associated with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	8.31	Risk of malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating methotrexate versus hydroxychloroquine: a cohort study. ( Chen, SK; Desai, RJ; Gautam, N; Glynn, RJ; He, M; Kim, SC; Lee, H; Vine, SM; Weinblatt, ME, 2023)
"Recent evidence suggests that hydroxychloroquine use is not associated with higher 1-year risk of long QT syndrome (LQTS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	8.31	Hydroxychloroquine and Risk of Long QT Syndrome in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Veterans Cohort Study With Nineteen-Year Follow-up. ( Ahmed, A; Arundel, C; Cheng, Y; Dowell, S; Faselis, C; Fletcher, RD; Fonarow, GC; Heimall, MS; Joseph, JK; Karasik, PE; Kerr, GS; Liappis, AP; Moore, HJ; Quiñones, ME; Sheriff, HM; Taub, DD; Zeng-Treitler, Q; Zhang, S, 2023)
"We assessed the association between hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) initiation and risk of arrhythmia among patients with incident rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or with incident systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)."	8.31	Risk of Arrhythmia Among New Users of Hydroxychloroquine in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Population-Based Study. ( Aviña-Zubieta, JA; Daftarian, N; Esdaile, JM; Hoque, MR; Lu, L; Xie, H, 2023)
"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory joint disease, and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an established treatment."	8.31	Retinal microvascular density analysis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with hydroxychloroquine. ( Esser, EL; Eter, N; Mihailovic, N; Storp, JJ; Zimmermann, JA, 2023)
"To study whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy increases the risks of cataracts in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	8.31	Hydroxychloroquine is neutral on incidental cataracts in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ma, X; Shi, X; Wang, YH; Wei, JC; Zhang, Z, 2023)
"To evaluate the effect of hydroxychloroquine on conjunctival and retinal microvascular density in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients."	8.31	Retinal alterations in evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis with chloroquine treatment: A new approach. ( Chen, J; Chen, X; Huang, H; Kang, M; Li, QJ; Liu, LQ; Shao, Y; Shi, WQ; Wang, YX; Wei, H; Xu, SH, 2023)
"A 28-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, treated with leflunomide therapy without marked relief of joint pain, developed multiple rashes with pruritis covering the body 5 days after switching to hydroxychloroquine treatment."	8.31	Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis caused by hydroxychloroquine in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and CARD14 mutation: Case report. ( Chen, CM; Luo, F; Ma, WK; Xiong, H; Yao, XM; Yuan, XM, 2023)
"The study was conducted to investigate the effects of hydroxychloroquine, an anti-inflammatory drug, which was recently approved and used as an add on oral antidiabetic drug for uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) on an adequate dose of sulfonylurea and metformin on the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in subjects with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus."	8.12	Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Subjects with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. ( Baidya, A, 2022)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy decreased immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in previous studies."	8.12	Hydroxychloroquine Therapy and Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in Women with IgG Subclass Deficiency and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjögren Syndrome, and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective Study. ( Barton, JC; Bertoli, LF, 2022)
" As a proof-of-concept, a complex of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with sulfonated azocalix[4]arene (HCQ@SAC4A) is prepared to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a combined fashion."	8.12	Drug in Drug: A Host-Guest Formulation of Azocalixarene with Hydroxychloroquine for Synergistic Anti-Inflammation. ( Geng, WC; Guo, DS; Hu, XY; Kong, X; Li, HB; Li, S; Ma, R; Zhang, C, 2022)
"The study aimed to assess the ocular toxicity of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) by confocal microscopy, multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), and scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDxVCC) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	8.12	Evaluation of Corneal and Retinal Toxicity in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated with Hydroxychloroquine. ( Ma, X; Qian, Y; Shi, T; Zhou, D; Zhu, D; Zou, J, 2022)
"Hydroxychloroquine is often used as a first-line treatment of rheumatoid arthritis despite limited evidence on its cardiovascular risk."	8.12	Cardiovascular Risks of Hydroxychloroquine vs Methotrexate in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( D'Andrea, E; Desai, RJ; Glynn, RJ; He, M; Kim, SC; Lee, H; Weinblatt, ME, 2022)
"In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of iguratimod (IGU) combined with methotrexate (MTX) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	8.02	The effects of iguratimod combined with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine on bone mineral density in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ma, RR; Wu, F; Wu, TJ; Ying, ZH; Yu, JJ; Zhang, Y, 2021)
"This study was performed to investigate the multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	8.02	Targets of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A network pharmacology study. ( Chen, Y; Geng, Q; Hu, Y; Lu, H; Luo, H; Song, X; Xie, B; Xu, J, 2021)
"To examine the relationship between the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and risk of developing heart failure (HF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	8.02	Use of Hydroxychloroquine and Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Achenbach, SJ; Crowson, CS; Kurmann, RD; Mankad, R; Myasoedova, E; Shahin, YE; Sorour, AA, 2021)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) may prolong the QT interval, a risk factor for torsade de pointes, a potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmia."	8.02	Cardiovascular Safety of Hydroxychloroquine in US Veterans With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Ahmed, A; Arundel, C; Boehm, D; Cheng, Y; Connell, LB; Faselis, C; Fletcher, RD; Fonarow, GC; Heimall, MS; Karasik, PE; Kerr, GS; Liappis, AP; Moore, HJ; Nashel, DJ; Redd, DF; Shao, Y; Sheriff, HM; Taub, DD; Weintrob, AC; Zeng-Treitler, Q; Zhang, S, 2021)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is one of the most commonly prescribed immune-suppressants in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	7.96	The mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis treatment: Inhibition of dendritic cell functions via Toll like receptor 9 signaling. ( Han, J; Han, Y; He, J; He, Y; Huang, X; Jie, H; Li, X; Li, Y; Luo, X; Sun, E; Wu, S; Yang, B; Yang, F; Zhai, Z; Zhou, Q; Zhuang, J, 2020)
" We report a case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in a patient under hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment for rheumatoid arthritis."	7.96	COVID-19 Pneumonia during Hydroxychloroquine Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Demirbilek, SG; Dogan, E; Gürsoy, C; Tapan, ÖO; Togan, T, 2020)
"Combination treatments for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX) alone include the addition of a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) or the addition of sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine to MTX (triple therapy)."	7.91	Low Persistence Rates in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Triple Therapy and Adverse Drug Events Associated With Sulfasalazine. ( Cannon, GW; Curtis, JR; Erhardt, DP; Mikuls, TR; Sauer, BC; Teng, CC, 2019)
"The aim of this study is to measure retinal vessel density and thickness of the macula by optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking hydroxychloroquine."	7.91	The optical coherence tomography angiography findings of rheumatoid arthritis patients taking hydroxychloroquine. ( Coskun, C; Karaca, EE; Kemer, OE; Omma, A; Onen, M; Ozek, D, 2019)
"To investigate the effects of hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine and methotrexate on ischemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	7.88	Methotrexate might reduce ischemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based retrospective cohort study. ( Chen, CH; Chen, CM; Chiou, JY; Leong, PY; Li, YC; Lin, LC; Tam, HW; Wang, YH; Wei, JC, 2018)
"Hydroxychloroquine is widely used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis."	7.88	Hydroxychloroquine Use and Risk of CKD in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Chang, CC; Chiu, PF; Hsu, CC; Kor, CT; Tarng, DC; Wu, CL; Yang, TH, 2018)
"The aim of this study was to determine whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) usage is associated with incidental risk of coronary artery diseases (CAD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	7.88	Hydroxychloroquine may be associated with reduced risk of coronary artery diseases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A nationwide population-based cohort study. ( Chiou, JY; Hung, YM; Lin, L; Wang, PYP; Wang, YH; Wei, JC, 2018)
" Concentration of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its metabolites, desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ), desethylchloroquine (DCQ), and bisdesethylchloroquine (BDCQ), in capillary blood on VAMS sampler were compared to those in venous blood in rheumatoid arthritis patients."	7.85	Capillary blood collected on volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) device for monitoring hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Alexander, RV; Apilado, R; Brady, K; Chitkara, P; Dervieux, T; Ibarra, C; O'Malley, T; Qu, Y; Reddy, S, 2017)
"For patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX), the relative effectiveness of the combination of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) compared with the combination of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and MTX, as second-line therapy, is uncertain."	7.85	Triple Oral Therapy Versus Antitumor Necrosis Factor Plus Methotrexate (MTX) in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response to MTX: A Systematic Literature Review. ( Combe, B; De Bandt, M; Lukas, C; Mary, J; Morel, J, 2017)
"To compare the retinal toxicity due to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and optical coherence tomography (OCT)."	7.85	Retinal toxicity related to hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ornek, F; Ozdemir, Y; Sungur, G; Telek, HH; Yesil, NK; Yesilirmak, N, 2017)
"To compare persistence and adherence to triple therapy with the nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) methotrexate (MTX), hydroxychloroquine, and sulfasalazine, versus a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) plus MTX in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	7.85	Persistence With Conventional Triple Therapy Versus a Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor and Methotrexate in US Veterans With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Cannon, GW; Curtis, JR; Harrison, DJ; Leng, J; Mikuls, TR; Sauer, BC; Tang, D; Teng, CC, 2017)
"We examined the association between hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and plasma lipid and glucose levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohort."	7.85	Use of Hydroxychloroquine Is Associated With Improved Lipid Profile in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. ( Battafarano, DF; Del Rincon, I; Escalante, A; Molina, E; Restrepo, JF, 2017)
" Her medical history revealed that she was taking quinine or a derivative in three different forms: hydroxychloroquine, quinine sulfate (for leg cramps), and her gin mixed with tonic water (containing quinine)."	7.83	Quinine and the ABCs of Long QT: A Patient's Misfortune with Arthritis, (Alcoholic) Beverages, and Cramps. ( Frizzell, JD; Gabaldon, J; Sheehan, ET; West, MB, 2016)
" Hydroxychloroquine, an original antimalarial drug, prevents inflammation caused by lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis."	7.83	Hydroxychloroquine, a promising choice for coronary artery disease? ( Bai, X; Li, R; Liu, J; Liu, M; Ma, Q; Sun, L; Wei, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, Y; Yuan, Z; Zhang, L; Zhao, Q; Zhou, J, 2016)
"To develop a population model describing the disease activity (DAS28) time course in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with triple disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy (methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine)."	7.81	A population model of early rheumatoid arthritis disease activity during treatment with methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine. ( Foster, DJ; Proudman, SM; Upton, RN; Wiese, MD; Wojciechowski, J, 2015)
"To estimate adherence and persistence with etanercept plus methotrexate (ETN-MTX) combination therapy and MTX, hydroxychloroquine, and sulfasalazine triple therapy at 1 year following treatment initiation in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	7.81	Etanercept-Methotrexate Combination Therapy Initiators Have Greater Adherence and Persistence Than Triple Therapy Initiators With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Bonafede, M; Collier, DH; Harrison, DJ; Johnson, BH; Shah, N; Tang, DH, 2015)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug used extensively in treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis."	7.81	Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity by Automated Perimetry in 60 Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Normal Fundoscopic Findings. ( Abbaszadeh, M; Aidenloo, NS; Motarjemizadeh, Q, 2015)
"To evaluate the association of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use with lipid profiles in a Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis (VARA) cohort."	7.80	Associations of hydroxychloroquine use with lipid profiles in rheumatoid arthritis: pharmacologic implications. ( Aujero, M; Cannon, G; Caplan, L; Davis, L; Kerr, G; Michaud, K; Mikuls, T; Richards, J; Sayles, H, 2014)
"To evaluate pregnancy safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for rheumatologic diseases."	7.79	Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to hydroxychloroquine: a prospective comparative observational study. ( Blyakhman, S; Diav-Citrin, O; Ornoy, A; Shechtman, S, 2013)
"The aims of this study were to describe the rate of leflunomide discontinuation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, in standard clinical practice, and to analyse which factors could influence this rate, paying particular attention to the concomitant treatment with other disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)."	7.79	Leflunomide discontinuation in rheumatoid arthritis and influence of associated disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: a survival analysis. ( Abásolo, L; Fernández-Gutierrez, B; Fontsere, O; Jover-Jover, JA; León, L; Peña-Blanco, RC; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, L, 2013)
"Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial agent that has been used in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis treatment for many years."	7.79	Hydroxychloroquine decreases Th17-related cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Dantas, AT; Duarte, AL; Galdino, SL; Mariz, HA; Oliveira, PS; Pitta, Ida R; Pitta, MG; Rocha, LF; Silva, JC, 2013)
"The study included 105 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were treated with methotrexate, leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine and biological drugs."	7.79	Anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in use of methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and biological drugs. ( Nardi, AE; Ornelas, AC; Pinho de Oliveira Ribeiro, N; Pinho de Oliveira, CM; Rafael de Mello Schier, A; Silva, AC, 2013)
"A 71-year-old female with a history of rheumatoid arthritis developed urinary incontinence as an adverse drug reaction to hydroxychloroquine administered at therapeutic doses."	7.79	A case of urinary incontinence by hydroxychloroquine in a geriatric patient. ( Antoniazzi, S; Borsadoli, C; Carnovale, C; Clementi, E; Froldi, G; Magistro, L; Mambrini, A; Perrone, V; Radice, S; Speziali, A, 2013)
" Two years prior to admission to our hospital, she had been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with a cumulative dose of 164 g."	7.78	Hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy that presented as pulmonary hypertension: a newly noted complication. ( Bae, SM; Chin, JY; Ihm, SM; Jung, HO; Kim, JJ; Kim, TS; Lee, KY; Park, SH; Youn, HJ, 2012)
"Several studies have associated hydroxychloroquine use with decreased risk of diabetes mellitus (diabetes) or improved glycemic control in rheumatoid arthritis patients, but the studies were small or used data from self-report."	7.77	Hydroxychloroquine use and decreased risk of diabetes in rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Antohe, JL; Bili, A; Dancea, S; Kirchner, HL; Ledwich, LJ; Morris, SJ; Newman, ED; Sartorius, JA; Wasko, MC, 2011)
"To determine the relationship between current hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use and 2 indicators of glycemic control, fasting glucose and insulin sensitivity, in nondiabetic women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	7.76	Hydroxychloroquine and glycemia in women with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. ( Elliott, JR; Kao, AH; Kuller, L; Manzi, S; Penn, SK; Schott, LL; Toledo, FG; Wasko, MC, 2010)
" We examined medical records of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and concomitant rheumatic illness to measure changes in HbA(1c) after starting HCQ or methotrexate (MTX)."	7.76	Changes in glycosylated hemoglobin after initiation of hydroxychloroquine or methotrexate treatment in diabetes patients with rheumatic diseases. ( Bhatia, R; Garg, R; Gleeson, T; Lu, B; Massarotti, E; Rekedal, LR; Solomon, DH, 2010)
"We report two cases of hydroxychloroquine-induced hyperpigmentation presenting in a 50-year-old Caucasian female (case 1) and a 78-year-old female (case 2), both receiving 400 mg per day."	7.74	Hydroxychloroquine-induced hyperpigmentation: the staining pattern. ( Ferringer, T; Lountzis, NI; Puri, PK; Tyler, W, 2008)
"To determine the association between hydroxychloroquine use and the incidence of self-reported diabetes in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis."	7.74	Hydroxychloroquine and risk of diabetes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Elliott, JR; Fries, JF; Hubert, HB; Lingala, VB; Luggen, ME; Ward, MM; Wasko, MC, 2007)
" We report a case of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in a patient taking adalimumab, methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis."	7.74	Primary cutaneous Cryptococcosis during therapy with methotrexate and adalimumab. ( Mowad, CM; Sewell, LD; Wilson, ML, 2008)
"To study genetic polymorphisms in the folate pathway, a site of action of methotrexate (MTX) and sulfasalazine (SSZ), as predictors of efficacy of combination disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) regimens containing MTX and SSZ in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	7.74	Common polymorphisms in the folate pathway predict efficacy of combination regimens containing methotrexate and sulfasalazine in early rheumatoid arthritis. ( Cleland, LG; Gillis, D; Hissaria, P; James, HM; Lester, S; Proudman, SM; Somogyi, AA, 2008)
"Acute leukemia is uncommonly seen with rheumatoid arthritis during or following treatment with low-dose methotrexate, a safe and effective treatment for the arthritic condition."	7.73	Acute erythroleukemia in a rheumatoid arthritis patient during low-dose methotrexate therapy. ( Ahn, MJ; Bae, SC; Choi, BR; Jun, JB; Kim, TH; Lee, WS, 2005)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug that is also used as a second-line treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	7.72	Population pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Carmichael, SJ; Charles, B; Tett, SE, 2003)
"A dose-response relationship for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), in terms of the proportion of patients achieving the Paulus 20% criteria for improvement, had previously been observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving a 6-week loading regimen of 400, 800, or 1,200 mg HCQ daily."	7.71	Hydroxychloroquine concentration-response relationships in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Baethge, BA; Botstein, GR; Caldwell, J; Dietz, F; Ettlinger, R; Furst, DE; Gibbs, JP; Golden, HE; Lindsley, H; McLaughlin, GE; Moreland, LW; Munster, T; Roberts, WN; Rooney, TW; Rothschild, B; Sack, M; Sebba, AI; Shen, D; Weisman, M; Welch, KE; Yocum, D, 2002)
"To report the antiinflammatory and antiviral effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment in 2 patients with AIDS and inflammatory arthritis."	7.69	The antiinflammatory and antiviral effects of hydroxychloroquine in two patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and active inflammatory arthritis. ( Ornstein, MH; Sperber, K, 1996)
"To determine the extent to which characteristics of rheumatologists and their practices explain the variation in their use of prednisone and 2nd line agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	7.69	What explains the variation among rheumatologists in their use of prednisone and second line agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? ( Criswell, LA; Henke, CJ, 1995)
") gold, hydroxychloroquine, and prednisone for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment among patients managed by rheumatologists and nonrheumatologists."	7.69	Differences in the use of second-line agents and prednisone for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by rheumatologists and non-rheumatologists. ( Criswell, LA; Such, CL; Yelin, EH, 1997)
"Methotrexate is successfully used in the treatment of arthritis but little is known about its effects on extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis."	7.68	Accelerated nodulosis and systemic manifestations during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. ( Anaya, JM; Combe, B; Didry, C; Gutierrez, M; Sany, J, 1993)
"To determine the relationship between hydroxychloroquine concentration and effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	7.68	Concentration-effect relationship of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis--a cross sectional study. ( Cutler, DJ; Day, RO; Tett, SE, 1993)
"Hydroxychloroquine is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)."	7.68	Continuation of long term treatment with hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. ( Littlejohn, GO; McCloud, PI; Morand, EF, 1992)
"Steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine (HC) sulfate (Plaquenil) were studied in five volunteers with rheumatoid arthritis who had taken 6 mg/kg/d of the drug for at least six months."	7.68	Steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Khalil, SK; Miller, DR; Nygard, GA, 1991)
"A 56 year old woman with rheumatoid arthritis developed relapsing thrombocytopenia during successive treatments with aurothioglucose, sulphasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine."	7.68	Thrombocytopenia due to aurothioglucose, sulphasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine. ( Allebes, WA; Boerbooms, AM; van de Putte, LB; van Riel, PL; Wijnands, MJ, 1990)
"Although the use of chloroquine (C) and hydroxychloroquine (HC) in the treatment of malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy is probably safe, the use of much higher doses for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy has been controversial."	7.68	Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to chloroquine. ( Buskila, D; Gladman, DD; Koren, G; Levy, M; Urowitz, MB, 1991)
"Forty-two patients with active rheumatoid arthritis treated with hydroxychloroquine sulphate (400 mg day-1) for six months have been compared with patients treated with D-penicillamine (n = 14), aurothiomalate (n = 13), sulphasalazine (n = 15) and chloroquine (n = 17) to compare the changes in articular index, plasma viscosity and ESR."	7.67	How reliable is ESR as a measure of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis treated with hydroxychloroquine? ( Bird, HA; Dixon, JS; Greenwood, M, 1988)
"Plasma levels of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its metabolites were measured, by high performance liquid chromatography, in 37 rheumatoid arthritis patients who could be clearly distinguished as responders (n = 28) or nonresponders (n = 9) to HCQ, 400 mg/day."	7.67	Plasma hydroxychloroquine concentrations and efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Brown, RR; Carpenter, JR; Fiechtner, JJ; Miller, DR; Stecher, VJ; Stroshane, RM, 1987)
"Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate were prescribed for 31 patients (26 women and five men) with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to conventional therapy."	7.67	Treatment of intractable rheumatoid arthritis with combined cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine. A follow-up study. ( Carrera, GF; Csuka, M; McCarty, DJ, 1986)
"Groups of 15 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were treated for 24 weeks with zinc sulphate, trien, captopril, clozic in two doses or a combination of D-penicillamine and hydroxychloroquine."	7.66	The effect of drugs on serum histidine levels in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bird, HA; Dixon, JS; Martin, MF; Pickup, ME; Sitton, NG; Surrall, KE, 1983)
"Sixty patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (mean ESR = 51 mm/h) were treated for six months with D-penicillamine (15 patients), sodium aurothiomalate (15 patients), hydroxychloroquine (15 patients) or enteric-coated aspirin (15 patients)."	7.66	Enteric-coated aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bird, HA; Leatham, P; Rhind, V; Saunders, A; Wright, V, 1981)
"Biochemical and clinical changes have been monitored in 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with either hydroxychloroquine or sodium aurothiomalate over a period of 6 months."	7.66	Biochemical indices of response to hydroxychloroquine and sodium aurothiomalate in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bird, HA; Dixon, JS; Downie, WW; Lee, MR; Pickup, ME; Wright, V, 1981)
"One hundred eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis received hydroxychloroquine for six to 24 months and were studied retrospectively to examine long-term efficacy and predictors of a favorable response to the drug."	7.66	Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Adams, EM; Bell, CL; Yocum, DE, 1983)
" Secondary outcomes will include the incremental cost per reducing 1 case of relapse; patient reported intolerance to the treatment; adverse events; change of mean disease activity measured by DAS28, clinical disease activity index (CDAI) and simplified disease activity index (SDAI); the proportion of modified Sharp score increase < 0."	7.01	The efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, methotrexate triple therapy in preventing relapse among patients with rheumatoid arthritis achieving clinical remission or low disease activity: the study protocol of a rand ( Ji, P; Wu, Y; Yan, X; Yang, L; Zhang, Z; Zhao, J; Zhou, W, 2021)
" No differences were found in adverse events between the 2 groups."	6.94	Efficacy and safety of low-dose glucocorticoids combined with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis: A single-center, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. ( Du, H; Fan, J; Hua, L; Shi, X; Wu, H; Ying, M, 2020)
" Bioavailability was estimated using a sequential exponential least squares deconvolution method."	6.67	Bioavailability of hydroxychloroquine tablets in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Cutler, DJ; Day, RO; McLachlan, AJ; Tett, SE, 1994)
"This only reached statistical significance (at the 1% level) for C-reactive protein."	6.66	Combination therapy with gold and hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. ( Clarke, S; Collins, M; Dawes, PT; Fisher, J; Fowler, PD; Jones, P; Popert, AJ; Scott, DL; Shadforth, MF; Tunn, E, 1989)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been shown to improve survival rates in other inflammatory diseases."	6.58	Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Barnetche, T; Combe, B; Gaujoux-Viala, C; Hua, C; Lukas, C; Morel, J; Rempenault, C, 2018)
" Therefore, in the author's opinion, HCQ is safe for the treatment of autoimmune diseases during pregnancy."	6.47	Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis and its safety in pregnancy. ( Abarientos, C; Aronow, WS; Ash, JY; Chao, CP; Shapiro, DL; Sperber, K, 2011)
"A variety of placebo-controlled and open studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."	6.16	Hydroxychloroquine treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Rynes, RI, 1988)
"Hydroxychloroquine is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug used for various rheumatological conditions."	5.91	Endomyocardial biopsy-proven hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Dalia, T; Malhotra, A; Pathak, MA; Vidic, A, 2023)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic because of its reported anti-viral activity."	5.72	Effect of chronic hydroxychloroquine use on COVID-19 risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a multicenter retrospective cohort. ( Al Maimouni, HM; Al-Najjar, AH; Alajra, RK; Alali, AS; Alanazi, DS; Albadi, MA; Albarqi, HA; Alghanim, NS; Alkahtani, SA; Alqahtani, F; Alqhtani, H; Alsaweed, OS; Alshabi, AM; Hazzazi, MA; Sabei, AA; Walbi, IA, 2022)
"There is a lack of information on the role of chronic use of hydroxychloroquine during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak."	5.62	Chronic use of hydroxychloroquine did not protect against COVID-19 in a large cohort of patients with rheumatic diseases in Brazil. ( Abreu, MM; Albuquerque, CP; Araújo, NC; Bacchiega, AB; Bianchi, DV; Bica, B; Bonfa, ED; Borba, EF; Brito, DCSE; de Souza, VA; Duarte, ÂLBP; Fernandes, PR; Ferreira, GA; Gomes, KWP; Guimarães, MP; Junior, LFR; Kakehasi, AM; Klumb, EM; Lacerda, MVG; Lanna, CCD; Marques, CDL; Monticielo, OA; Mota, LMH; Munhoz, GA; Paiva, ES; Pereira, HLA; Pileggi, GS; Pinheiro, MM; Provenza, JR; Reis, APMG; Reis-Neto, ET; Ribeiro, SLE; Sampaio, CSJC; Sampaio, VS; Santo, RCE; Sato, EI; Skare, T; Valim, V; Xavier, RM, 2021)
"To compare efficacy and safety of two different combination csDMARD therapy in Methotrexate-failed Rheumatoid arthritis patients."	5.51	Comparison between leflunomide and sulfasalazine based triple therapy in methotrexate refractory rheumatoid arthritis: an open-label, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. ( Belani, PJ; Kavadichanda, CG; Negi, VS, 2022)
"Hydroxychloroquine (10 µM) treatment induced the phosphorylation of ERK, SAPK/JNK and p38."	5.42	15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is upregulated by hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. ( Chang, SH; Kim, HJ; Lee, HY; Lee, S; Nah, SS; Won, H, 2015)
" Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an immunomodulator used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus."	5.41	Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on endOthelial function in eLDerly with sleep apnea (HOLD): study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. ( Boll, L; Cadaval Gonçalves, S; Cortes, A; Eibel, B; Irigoyen, MC; Martinez, D; Rossi, B; Tedesco Silva, LM; Waclawovsky, G, 2021)
"To compare the pain course between methotrexate (MTX)-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients randomized to infliximab (IFX) versus sulfasalazine (SSZ) plus hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)."	5.41	Pain Over Two Years After Start of Biologic Versus Conventional Combination Treatment in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From a Swedish Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Ernestam, S; Jöud, A; Lampa, J; Olofsson, T; Saevarsdottir, S; Schelin, MEC; van Vollenhoven, R; Wallman, JK, 2021)
"To assess the incidence and severity of disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)-induced adverse effects (AE) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) taking/not taking glucocorticoids (GC)."	5.35	Low-dose prednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis: adverse effects of various disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. ( Arnold, S; Baerwald, CG; Häntzschel, H; Malysheva, OA; Pierer, M; Wagner, U; Wahle, M, 2008)
"Leflunomide (LEF) is a conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."	5.34	Leflunomide monotherapy versus combination therapy with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective study. ( Deng, D; Li, M; Li, S; Tian, L; Wang, T; Wu, J; Yang, J; Zeng, F; Zhou, J; Zou, J, 2020)
" The results highlight the efficacy and safety of active conventional treatment based on methotrexate combined with corticosteroids, with nominally better results for abatacept, in treatment naive early rheumatoid arthritis."	5.34	Active conventional treatment and three different biological treatments in early rheumatoid arthritis: phase IV investigator initiated, randomised, observer blinded clinical trial. ( Baecklund, E; Bakland, G; Brodin, E; Cagnotto, G; Ellingsen, T; Faustini, F; Grondal, G; Grøn, KL; Gudbjornsson, B; Haavardsholm, EA; Heiberg, MS; Hendricks, O; Hetland, ML; Hultgård Ekwall, AK; Husmark, T; Hyldstrup, LH; Hørslev-Petersen, K; Just, SA; Kapetanovic, M; Krabbe, S; Lampa, J; Larsson, P; Laurberg, TB; Lend, K; Lindqvist, J; Ljoså, MA; Lorenzen, T; Nordström, D; Nurmohamed, M; Olsen, IC; Olsson, ÅR; Rizk, M; Rudin, A; Söderbergh, A; Sokka-Isler, T; Stevens, DJ; Tuompo, R; Twisk, J; Uhlig, T; Uhrenholt, L; van Vollenhoven, R; Vedder, D; Østergaard, M, 2020)
"Sensorineural deafness has previously been reported with chloroquine treatment, but this is the first report of ototoxicity associated with HQ in RA."	5.31	Hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Borman, P; Bostan, EE; Ikinciogullari, A; Ozoran, K; Seçkin, U, 2000)
" The proportion of adverse events was lowest in group 1 (14%) and highest in groups 3 and 4 (25%)."	5.30	Toxicity profile of dual methotrexate combinations with gold, hydroxychloroquine, sulphasalazine and minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Caspi, D; Elkayam, O; Segal, R; Yaron, M; Zhukovsky, G, 1997)
"To identify and validate clinical baseline predictors associated with inadequate response (IR) to methotrexate (MTX) therapy in newly diagnosed patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.27	Inadequate response to treat-to-target methotrexate therapy in patients with new-onset rheumatoid arthritis: development and validation of clinical predictors. ( Bijlsma, JWJ; Borm, MEA; de Jong, PHP; Hazes, JMW; Jacobs, JWG; Lafeber, FPJG; Pethö-Schramm, A; Teitsma, XM; van Laar, JM; Weel, AEAM; Welsing, PMJ, 2018)
"Although it is common for rheumatologists to initiate biologic agents after failure of methotrexate monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ample data support the initial use of combinations of conventional therapies in this clinical scenario."	5.24	Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment After Methotrexate: The Durability of Triple Therapy Versus Etanercept. ( Brophy, M; Lew, R; Mikuls, T; O'Dell, J; Peper, SM; Rybin, D; Wu, H, 2017)
"Hydroxychloroquine, when used to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, has been found to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD)."	5.22	The cardiac effects of hydroxychloroquine in immune-mediated rheumatologic diseases. ( Porter, M; Weidman-Evans, E, 2022)
"To compare long-term work loss in methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients randomized to the addition of infliximab or conventional combination treatment."	5.22	Infliximab Versus Conventional Combination Treatment and Seven-Year Work Loss in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results of a Randomized Swedish Trial. ( Eriksson, JK; Ernestam, S; Miller, H; Neovius, M; Petersson, IF; van Vollenhoven, RF; Vivar, N; Wallman, JK, 2016)
"In early, methotrexate-refractory rheumatoid arthritis, a treatment strategy commencing with addition of infliximab, as compared to sulfasalazine+hydroxychloroquine, was not cost-effective over 21 months at willingness to pay levels generally considered acceptable."	5.20	Cost-effectiveness of infliximab versus conventional combination treatment in methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year results of the register-enriched randomised controlled SWEFOT trial. ( Bratt, J; Eriksson, JK; Ernestam, S; Geborek, P; Karlsson, JA; Neovius, M; Petersson, IF; van Vollenhoven, RF, 2015)
"610 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA 2010 criteria) or undifferentiated arthritis (UA) started treatment with methotrexate (MTX) and a tapered high dose of prednisone."	5.19	A two-step treatment strategy trial in patients with early arthritis aimed at achieving remission: the IMPROVED study. ( Allaart, CF; Bijkerk, C; de Buck, MP; de Sonnaville, PB; Goekoop, RJ; Grillet, BA; Harbers, JB; Heimans, L; Huizinga, TW; Speyer, I; van Oosterhout, M; Visser, K; Wevers-de Boer, KV, 2014)
"Observational studies suggest that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) may reduce the risk of developing diabetes mellitus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.19	Effect of hydroxychloroquine on insulin sensitivity and lipid parameters in rheumatoid arthritis patients without diabetes mellitus: a randomized, blinded crossover trial. ( Garg, R; Lu, B; Massarotti, E; Mercer, E; Norton, T; Solomon, DH; Todd, DJ, 2014)
"To compare 1-year clinical efficacy of (1) initial triple disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy (iTDT) with initial methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy (iMM) and (2) different glucocorticoid (GC) bridging therapies: oral versus a single intramuscular injection in early rheumatoid arthritis."	5.19	Randomised comparison of initial triple DMARD therapy with methotrexate monotherapy in combination with low-dose glucocorticoid bridging therapy; 1-year data of the tREACH trial. ( de Jong, PH; de Sonnaville, PB; Gerards, AH; Han, HK; Hazes, JM; Huisman, M; Luime, JJ; van der Lubbe, PA; van Krugten, MV; van Schaeybroeck, B; van Zeben, D; Weel, AE, 2014)
"To study changes in lipid profiles at 24 weeks among patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) participating in the Treatment of Early RA (TEAR) trial and randomized to receive methotrexate (MTX) plus etanercept, triple therapy (MTX plus sulfasalazine plus hydroxychloroquine), or aggressively titrated MTX monotherapy."	5.17	Changes in lipoproteins associated with methotrexate or combination therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis trial. ( Bathon, JM; Bridges, SL; Charles-Schoeman, C; Chen, L; Cofield, SS; Curtis, JR; Dell'Italia, LJ; Moreland, LW; Navarro-Millán, I; O'Dell, JR; Paulus, HE; Yang, S, 2013)
"In the Treatment of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (TEAR) trial, 755 participants with early, poor-prognosis RA were randomized to receive MTX monotherapy or combination therapy (MTX plus etanercept or MTX plus sulfasalazine plus hydroxychloroquine)."	5.17	Validation of the methotrexate-first strategy in patients with early, poor-prognosis rheumatoid arthritis: results from a two-year randomized, double-blind trial. ( Bridges, SL; Cofield, SS; Curtis, JR; Mikuls, TR; Moreland, LW; O'Dell, JR; Ranganath, VK, 2013)
"We conducted a 48-week, double-blind, noninferiority trial in which we randomly assigned 353 participants with rheumatoid arthritis who had active disease despite methotrexate therapy to a triple regimen of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine) or etanercept plus methotrexate."	5.17	Therapies for active rheumatoid arthritis after methotrexate failure. ( Ahluwalia, V; Anis, AH; Brophy, M; Cannella, AC; Keystone, E; Kunkel, G; Leatherman, S; Lew, RA; Mikuls, TR; O'Dell, JR; Phibbs, CS; Taylor, TH; Warren, SR, 2013)
"In this study, 610 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or undifferentiated arthritis (UA) were treated with methotrexate (MTX) and tapered high dose of prednisone."	5.17	Health-related quality of life and functional ability in patients with early arthritis during remission steered treatment: results of the IMPROVED study. ( Allaart, CF; Goekoop-Ruiterman, YP; Grillet, BA; Harbers, JB; Heimans, L; Huizinga, TW; Koudijs, KK; Lard, LR; Steup-Beekman, GM; Visser, K; Wevers-de Boer, KV, 2013)
"Early treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with combination treatment starting with methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine and prednisolone (FIN-RACo strategy) is superior to monotherapy."	5.17	Infliximab for 6 months added on combination therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year results from an investigator-initiated, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (the NEO-RACo Study). ( Blåfield, H; Hannonen, PJ; Ilva, K; Julkunen, HA; Kaipiainen-Seppänen, O; Karjalainen, A; Kauppi, MJ; Kautiainen, H; Korpela, M; Laasonen, L; Leirisalo-Repo, M; Luosujärvi, R; Luukkainen, R; Moilanen, E; Möttönen, T; Paimela, L; Puolakka, K; Uutela, T, 2013)
"To compare EuroQol 5-Dimensions (EQ-5D) utility and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in patients with early, methotrexate (MTX) refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA), randomised to addition of infliximab (IFX) or sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine (SSZ+HCQ)."	5.17	Addition of infliximab compared with addition of sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year quality-of-life results of the randomised, controlled, SWEFOT trial. ( Bratt, J; Ernestam, S; Geborek, P; Karlsson, JA; Neovius, M; Nilsson, JÅ; Petersson, IF; van Vollenhoven, RF, 2013)
"Analysis of the Swedish Farmacotherapy (Swefot) trial at 12 months showed that the addition of an anti-tumour-necrosis-factor agent gave an improved clinical outcome compared with the addition of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis."	5.16	Conventional combination treatment versus biological treatment in methotrexate-refractory early rheumatoid arthritis: 2 year follow-up of the randomised, non-blinded, parallel-group Swefot trial. ( Albertsson, K; Bratt, J; Chatzidionysiou, K; Ernestam, S; Forslind, K; Geborek, P; Petersson, IF; van Vollenhoven, RF, 2012)
"The study participants included patients with early RA (<3 years in duration) enrolled in the Treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis study, a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial comparing early intensive therapy (MTX + etanercept or MTX + hydroxychloroquine + sulfasalazine triple therapy) versus initial treatment with MTX with step-up to MTX + etanercept or to triple therapy if the disease was still active at 24 weeks."	5.16	Serum cotinine as a biomarker of tobacco exposure and the association with treatment response in early rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bridges, SL; Cofield, SS; Curtis, JR; Maska, LB; Mikuls, TR; Moreland, LW; O'Dell, JR; Sayles, HR, 2012)
"This study was done to see the efficacy and tolerability of methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis."	5.16	Comparative study on methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ahmed, S; Akhter, S; Alam, MK; Bari, MA; Bhattacharjee, M; Islam, MZ; Khan, NA; Miah, AH; Pandit, H; Sutradhar, SR; Zannat, KF, 2012)
"Two groups of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were studied: group 1 (n = 82) received combined basic treatment with methotrexate (7."	5.14	[Combined basic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate and plaquenil]. ( Erov, NK; Sergiets, NA, 2009)
" We enrolled patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (symptom duration <1 year) and administered methotrexate (up to 20 mg per week)."	5.14	Addition of infliximab compared with addition of sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (Swefot trial): 1-year results of a randomised trial. ( Akre, F; Bratt, J; Chatzidionysiou, A; Cöster, L; Dackhammar, C; Ernestam, S; Forslind, K; Geborek, P; Hellström, H; Ljung, L; Oding, R; Petersson, IF; Teleman, A; Theander, J; Thörner, A; van Vollenhoven, RF; Waltbrand, E; Wörnert, M; Zickert, A, 2009)
"To compare efficacy and tolerability of combined therapy with methotrexate (MTX), sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with MTX-monotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.13	[Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of triple combination therapy (methotrexate + sulfasalazine + hydroxychloroquine) with methotrexate monotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. ( Bochkova, AG; Bunchuk, NV; Gubar', EE, 2008)
"To prospectively determine the efficacy and safety of etanercept in combination with sulfasalazine (SSZ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.12	Etanercept in combination with sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, or gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Blakely, K; Fernandez, A; Haire, C; Leff, R; O'Dell, JR; Palmer, W; Petersen, K; Schned, E, 2006)
"To determine the efficacy of subsequent disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapies after initial methotrexate (MTX) failure in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA), treated according to the DAS for 2 years."	5.12	Limited efficacy of conventional DMARDs after initial methotrexate failure in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis treated according to the disease activity score. ( Allaart, CF; Breedveld, FC; de Vries-Bouwstra, JK; Dijkmans, BA; Gerards, AH; Goekoop-Ruiterman, YP; Hazes, JM; Kerstens, PJ; van der Kooij, SM; van Groenendael, JH; van Zeben, D, 2007)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been used for a long time worldwide as a therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.12	Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine sulphate in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial--an Indian experience. ( Agarwal, GG; Chauhan, RS; Das, SK; Mathur, DS; Pareek, A; Srivastava, R; Wanchu, A, 2007)
"To determine whether a regimen of cyclosporine (CSA) and methotrexate (MTX), or CSA and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) introduced in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can produce a significant improvement in clinical outcome and/or retard radiographic damage in comparison with standard monotherapy with CSA alone."	5.11	An open, randomized comparison study of cyclosporine A, cyclosporine A + methotrexate and cyclosporine A + hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of early severe rheumatoid arthritis. ( Alfieri, G; Atzeni, F; Beyene, NB; Cazzola, M; Chérié-Lignière, EL; Corbelli, V; D'Ingianna, E; Fiorentini, F; Fiorini, T; Fumagalli, M; Locati, M; Mastaglio, C; Menozzi, G; Monti, G; Panni, B; Saccardo, F; Sarzi-Puttini, P; Scarpellini, M; Severi, C, 2005)
"In the Finnish Rheumatoid Arthritis Combination Therapy trial, 195 patients with recent-onset RA were randomly assigned to receive either combination therapy with DMARDs (sulfasalazine, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine) plus prednisolone or single therapy with a DMARD with or without prednisolone."	5.11	Impact of initial aggressive drug treatment with a combination of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on the development of work disability in early rheumatoid arthritis: a five-year randomized followup trial. ( Blåfield, H; Hakala, M; Hannonen, P; Julkunen, H; Kautiainen, H; Korpela, M; Leirisalo-Repo, M; Luukkainen, R; Möttönen, T; Paimela, L; Puolakka, K; Vuori, K, 2004)
"In 1990 the Utrecht rheumatoid arthritis cohort study group started a clinical trial in which patients with recent onset of rheumatoid arthritis (<1 year) were randomised into four treatment groups: hydroxychloroquine (n = 169); intramuscular gold (n = 163); methotrexate (n = 166); and pyramid (n = 64)."	5.11	A good response to early DMARD treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the first year predicts remission during follow up. ( Bijlsma, JW; Blaauw, AA; Haanen, HC; Jacobs, JW; Schenk, Y; van Albada-Kuipers, GA; Verstappen, SM, 2005)
"In the Finnish Rheumatoid Arthritis Combination Therapy trial, 195 patients with recent-onset RA were randomized to receive either a combination of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) with prednisolone or a single DMARD with or without prednisolone for 2 years."	5.11	Early suppression of disease activity is essential for maintenance of work capacity in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis: five-year experience from the FIN-RACo trial. ( Ahonen, J; Forsberg, S; Hakala, M; Hannonen, P; Järvinen, P; Kautiainen, H; Korpela, M; Leirisalo-Repo, M; Möttönen, T; Puolakka, K, 2005)
"To compare the efficacy of combination therapy with methotrexate (MTX) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), MTX and sulfasalazine (SSZ), and MTX, HCQ, and SSZ in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.10	Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and sulfasalazine, or a combination of the three medications: results of a two-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( Blakely, K; Churchill, M; Eckhoff, PJ; Felt, J; Fernandez, A; Hadley, S; Haire, C; Klassen, L; Leff, R; Mallek, J; Moore, G; O'Dell, JR; Palmer, W; Paulsen, G; Stoner, J; Waytz, P; Wees, S, 2002)
"To examine the bioavailability of methotrexate (MTX) in the presence of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), and vice versa, to determine a possible pharmacokinetic explanation for the observation that combination treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with MTX and HCQ has been shown, clinically, to be more potent than MTX used alone."	5.10	Combination therapy with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis increases exposure to methotrexate. ( Beal, J; Carmichael, SJ; Day, RO; Tett, SE, 2002)
"In the FIN-RACo (FINnish Rheumatoid Arthritis Combination therapy) trial, 195 patients with recent-onset RA (median duration 6 months) were randomly assigned to receive either 1) a combination of DMARDs (sulfasalazine, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and prednisolone) or 2) a single DMARD with or without prednisolone."	5.10	Delay to institution of therapy and induction of remission using single-drug or combination-disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. ( Franzen, P; Gripenberg-Gahmberg, M; Hannonen, P; Helve, T; Ilonen, J; Kaipiainen-Seppänen, O; Kautiainen, H; Korpela, M; Koski, J; Laasonen, L; Leirisalo-Repo, M; Möttönen, T; Myllykangas-Luosujärvi, R; Nissilä, M, 2002)
"To investigate the usefulness of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) dose-loading to increase the percentage of responders or rate of response in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.09	Dose-loading with hydroxychloroquine improves the rate of response in early, active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind six-week trial with eighteen-week extension. ( Baethge, B; Botstein, GR; Caldwell, J; Dietz, F; Ettlinger, R; Furst, DE; Golden, HE; Lindsley, H; McLaughlin, GE; Moreland, LW; Roberts, WN; Rooney, TW; Rothschild, B; Sack, M; Sebba, AI; Weisman, M; Welch, KE; Yocum, D, 1999)
"A 6 month prospective randomized double blind study was conducted to investigate hydroxychloroquine dose concentration-effect relationships in people with rheumatoid arthritis."	5.09	Concentration-effect relationship of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--a prospective, dose ranging study. ( Beck, C; Cutler, DJ; Day, RO; Tett, SE, 2000)
"To investigate the therapeutic benefit of cyclosporin A (CSA) switching to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.09	Treatment with cyclosporin switching to hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Cho, CS; Kim, HY; Kim, WU; Lee, SK; Lee, WK; Paek, SI; Park, SH; Seo, YI; Song, HH, 2001)
"To compare the efficacy of minocycline with that of a conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), hydroxychloroquine, in patients with early seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.09	Treatment of early seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: a two-year, double-blind comparison of minocycline and hydroxychloroquine. ( Blakely, KW; Eckhoff, PJ; Fernandez, AM; Haire, CE; Klassen, LW; Leff, RD; Mallek, JA; Moore, GF; O'Dell, JR; Palmer, WR; Paulsen, GA; Sems, KM; Wees, SJ, 2001)
"To compare the clinical efficacy, effect on serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and safety of tenidap with a combination of hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam, and piroxicam alone, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients."	5.08	Tenidap in rheumatoid arthritis. A 24-week double-blind comparison with hydroxychloroquine-plus-piroxicam, and piroxicam alone. ( Blackburn, WD; Caldwell, JR; Collins, RL; Fleischmann, R; Kaplan, H; Miller, MJ; Poiley, JE; Prupas, HM; Sikes, DH; Silverfield, JC, 1995)
"Studies of the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis have had methodological flaws and have failed to produce definitive results."	5.08	A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine in early rheumatoid arthritis: the HERA Study. ( , 1995)
"In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, combination therapy with methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine is more effective than either methotrexate alone or a combination of sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine."	5.08	Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medications. ( Drymalski, W; Eckhoff, PJ; Erikson, N; Garwood, V; Haire, CE; Klassen, LW; Klein, H; Maloley, P; Moore, GF; O'Dell, JR; Palmer, W; Wees, S, 1996)
"We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporine A (CsA) in combination with methotrexate (MTX) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.08	Combination therapy of cyclosporine A with methotrexate or hydroxychloroquine in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. ( Carotti, M; Cervini, C; Salaffi, F, 1996)
"To determine the effect of intramuscular gold and oral hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on the lipid profile of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.08	Effect of disease modifying agents on the lipid profiles of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Capell, HA; Hunter, JA; Madhok, R; McDonald, AG; Morrison, E; Munro, R, 1997)
"To evaluate the ability of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) to extend the response to combination therapy with HCQ and methotrexate (MTX) and the safety of longterm HCQ maintenance therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.08	Safety and efficacy of hydroxychloroquine as maintenance therapy for rheumatoid arthritis after combination therapy with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine. ( Bell, CL; Clegg, DO; Dietz, F; Duffy, J; Germain, BF; Hurd, E; Sleckman, J; Wall, B; Wallace, DJ; Willkens, RF, 1997)
"The aim of our study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination therapy with hydroxycloroquine, gold sodium thiomalate and methotrexate in patients affected by recent onset active rheumatoid arthritis."	5.08	[Combined drug therapy in recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Evaluation after 1 year of treatment]. ( Bambara, LM; Biasi, D; Caramaschi, P; Carletto, A; Pacor, ML; Zeminian, S, 1998)
"To assess longitudinally over a 12 month period circulating serum levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and cytokines IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-12 in a cohort of patients with early onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with either cyclosporin A (CyA) or with combination therapy of CyA plus hydroxychloroquine as disease modifying antirheumatic drugs."	5.08	Circulating levels of interleukin 10 and other cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis treated with cyclosporin A or combination therapy. ( Casatta, L; Damato, R; De Vita, S; Di Poi, E; Falleti, E; Ferraccioli, G; Salaffi, F, 1998)
"To compare the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine, penicillamine, sodium aurothiomalate and auranofin in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis over a period of 5 yr."	5.08	A long-term five-year randomized controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine, sodium aurothiomalate, auranofin and penicillamine in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Camilleri, JP; Coles, EC; Jessop, JD; Lewis, PA; O'Sullivan, MM; Plant, MJ; Williams, LA, 1998)
"To compare the effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine alone and in combination in rheumatoid arthritis."	5.07	Hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine alone and in combination in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised double blind trial. ( Egsmose, C; Faarvang, KL; Hansen, TM; Ingeman-Nielsen, M; Kryger, P; Pødenphant, J, 1993)
"To assess the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine, 400 mg daily, for rheumatoid arthritis."	5.07	Hydroxychloroquine compared with placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized controlled trial. ( Casas, E; Clark, P; Gheno, C; Medina, C; Orozco, JA; Tenorio, G; Tugwell, P, 1993)
"Eighty patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) entered a double-blind randomized study of 24 weeks duration, to compare the efficacy and toxicity of hydroxychloroquine, dapsone, and a combination of both drugs in treatment of RA."	5.07	A double-blind comparative study of hydroxychloroquine and dapsone, alone and in combination, in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Christensen, L; Haar, D; Hansen, TM; Rasmussen, KJ; Sølvkjaer, M; Unger, B, 1993)
"In eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving racemic hydroxychloroquine, blood and urine concentrations of the enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine and its major metabolites were measured each month over the first 6 months of therapy."	5.07	Disposition of the enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis following multiple doses of the racemate. ( Cutler, DJ; Day, RO; McLachlan, AJ; Tett, SE, 1993)
"Sixteen patients with definite or classical Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) of less than twelve months duration were recruited into a randomised, open twelve month study comparing Rifampicin 600 mg daily (9 patients) with Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) 400 mg daily (7 patients)."	5.07	Rifampicin in early rheumatoid arthritis. ( Borg, AA; Davis, MJ; Dawes, PT; Fowler, PD; Shadforth, MF, 1993)
"To determine if there is any advantage in adding hydroxychloroquine to intramuscular gold therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with a suboptimal response to gold after 6 months of treatment."	5.07	Combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis--no benefit of addition of hydroxychloroquine to patients with a suboptimal response to intramuscular gold therapy. ( Capell, HA; Hunter, J; Porter, DR, 1993)
"The toxicity profiles of 7 disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) (hydroxychloroquine, intramuscular (im) gold, D-penicillamine, oral gold, methotrexate (MTX), azathioprine and cyclophosphamide) were evaluated in 2,479 patients with rheumatoid arthritis consecutively enrolled at 5 centers in the Arthritis, Rheumatism and Aging Medical Information System (ARAMIS) program."	5.07	Toxicity profiles of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bloch, DA; Fries, JF; Singh, G; Spitz, P; Williams, CA; Zatarain, E, 1991)
"A 12-month double-blind controlled study comparing hydroxychloroquine 400 mg daily with placebo in 104 patients with mild RA was conducted to see whether patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis (RA) benefit from treatment with disease-modifying agents."	5.07	Should disease-modifying agents be used in mild rheumatoid arthritis? ( Clarke, S; Davis, MJ; Dawes, PT; Fisher, J; Fowler, PD; Shadforth, MF, 1991)
"The effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine on progression of joint damage shown by X-rays were compared in a double-blind, randomised trial in 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis not previously treated with slow-acting antirheumatic drugs."	5.06	Effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine on progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Gribnau, FW; Nuver-Zwart, IH; vad de Putte, LB; van der Heijde, DM; van Riel, PL, 1989)
"In a double blind, single observer, 48 week study the effects of sulphasalazine (2 g daily) and hydroxychloroquine (400 mg daily months 0-6, thereafter 200 mg daily) were compared in 60 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis."	5.06	A double blind comparative study of sulphasalazine and hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis: evidence of an earlier effect of sulphasalazine. ( Gribnau, FW; Nuver-Zwart, IH; van de Putte, LB; van Riel, PL, 1989)
"A controlled, double blind, parallel group, long term study of hydroxychloroquine sulphate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, comparing daily doses of 200 mg and 400 mg, is described."	5.06	Hydroxychloroquine sulphate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind comparison of two dose regimens. ( Pavelka, K; Pelísková, Z; Sen, KP; Trnavský, K; Vácha, J, 1989)
"In a double blind study with hydroxychloroquine sulphate used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis the correlation of six X-ray criteria of progression of RA, based on calculation of the narrowing of the articular spaces and erosions (Sharp and Amos) and 23 clinical and laboratory criteria was assessed."	5.06	[Indicators of the advance and rate of progress of radiographic changes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their correlation with clinical and laboratory criteria]. ( Gatterová, J; Pavelka, K; Pelísková, Z; Trnavský, K, 1989)
"Despite widespread clinical use of antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases, insights into the mechanism of action of these drugs are still emerging."	5.05	Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology. ( Dörner, T; Schrezenmeier, E, 2020)
"Recurrences of COVID-19 were observed in a patient with long-term usage of hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, and glucocorticoids due to her 30-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.05	A complex COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab. ( Cai, S; Dong, L; Li, M; Sun, W, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is used in the treatment of rheumatologic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other conditions."	5.05	[Hydroxychloroquine treatment rarely causes eye damage when used correctly]. ( Andersen, J; Bay-Laurberg, T; Clemmensen, K; Deleuran, B; Troldborg, A, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) improves metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but its efficacy appears to be moderate as compared to placebo."	5.05	Clinical and Structural Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review. ( Barnetche, T; Combe, B; Gaujoux-Viala, C; Hua, C; Lukas, C; Morel, J; Rempenault, C, 2020)
"Review of the records of 108 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were treated with hydroxychloroquine sulfate for at least six months revealed that 63 percent responded: 12 percent achieved complete remission (no joint pain or tenderness, two or less joints with trace swelling); 14 percent showed a 75 percent response (75 percent or greater reduction in active joint count and 50 percent or greater reduction in morning stiffness); and 37 percent had between 30 percent (30 percent or greater reduction in active joint count and morning stiffness) and 75 percent response."	5.05	Hydroxychloroquine sulfate in rheumatoid arthritis: long-term response rate and predictive parameters. ( Bell, CL, 1983)
"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine effectively suppress rheumatoid arthritis with a superior benefit to risk ratio."	5.05	Antimalarial drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. ( Mackenzie, AH, 1983)
"A 2-year, controlled, double-blind trial of D-penicillamine and hydroxychloroquine either alone or in combination was conducted on patients with progressive rheumatoid arthritis."	5.05	Controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine and D-penicillamine singly and in combination in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bunch, TW; O'Duffy, JD; O'Fallon, WM; Tompkins, RB, 1984)
"Seventeen patients (15 women, two men) with progressive, erosive seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) refractory to conventional therapy were treated with cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate for an average of 27 +/- 19 months (mean +/- SD throughout) (range, five to 60 months)."	5.05	Intractable rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment with combined cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine. ( Carrera, GF; McCarty, DJ, 1982)
"The effect of synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (Synacthen), in conjunction with hydroxychloroquine, aurothioglucose, or penicillamine, was evaluated retrospectively in 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.05	Short course of synacthen therapy as an adjunct in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ben-Chetrit, E; Ehrenfeld, M; Eliakim, M; Naparstek, Y, 1985)
" Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, with an original indication to prevent or cure malaria, have been successfully used to treat several infectious (HIV, Q fever, Whipple's disease, fungal infections), rheumatological (systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome), and other immunological diseases."	4.98	Current and Future Use of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Infectious, Immune, Neoplastic, and Neurological Diseases: A Mini-Review. ( Koudriavtseva, T; Plantone, D, 2018)
"To evaluate the efficacy of the triple synthetic Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (sDMARD) combination methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine versus a biologic DMARD (bDMARD) in the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis."	4.95	Efficacy of triple association methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine in early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with insufficient response to methotrexate: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Baillet, A; Bernard, AC; Clay, M; Gaudin, P; Mazouyès, A, 2017)
"A great body of evidence suggest that hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, and non-fluorinated steroids can be continued throughout pregnancy, while methotrexate and leflunomide should be discontinued 3 months before pregnancy."	4.93	Challenges and treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy. ( Gerosa, M; Meroni, PL; Schioppo, T, 2016)
"This review examines the pharmacokinetics, modes of action and therapeutic properties of the anti-malarial drugs, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ), in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and related conditions, as well as osteoarthritis (OA)."	4.91	Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. ( Clifford-Rashotte, M; Kean, WF; Parke, AL; Rainsford, KD, 2015)
" Hydroxychloroquine and its predecessor chloroquine are medications commonly used in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and other connective tissue disorders."	4.90	Hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy: case report, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. ( Cujec, B; Oudit, GY; Paterson, DI; Putko, BN; Ringrose, J; Tien, J; Yogasundaram, H, 2014)
" Hydroxychloroquine and other ordinary antirheumatic drugs slow down or may even prevent the progression of palindromic rheumatism into chronic rheumatoid arthritis."	4.90	[Palindromic rheumatism or incipient rheumatoid arthritis--chances of drug therapy]. ( Julkunen, H, 2014)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a widely used medication for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus."	4.89	Multifaceted effects of hydroxychloroquine in human disease. ( Karp, DR; Olsen, NJ; Schleich, MA, 2013)
"Efficacy and safety of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab) in combination with methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis is well determined."	4.84	[Effective combination therapy of TNF antagonists with DMARDs]. ( Matsuda, T; Ohtsubo, H, 2007)
"Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxycholorquine (HCQ) have been used widely for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other similar inflammatory diseases since the early 50s."	4.82	Ocular toxicity due to chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: electrophysiological and visual function correlates. ( Tzekov, R, 2005)
"Because of radiographic evidence of progressive bone loss and the inability to eliminate synovial proliferation with methotrexate, it became apparent that therapy for rheumatoid arthritis needed further advancement."	4.81	Rational use of new and existing disease-modifying agents in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Kremer, JM, 2001)
"New treatments, such as leflunomide and biologic therapy, are making an important impact on the management of rheumatoid arthritis."	4.81	Advances in the medical management of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Scott, DL, 2002)
"Combination therapy with methotrexate may be the newest standard to which future therapies for rheumatoid arthritis are compared."	4.80	Rheumatoid arthritis: new developments in the use of existing therapies. ( O'Dell, JR; Scott, DL, 1999)
"To summarize the evidence on treatment withdrawal rates reported in observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of methotrexate (MTX), parenteral gold (GST), sulphasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	4.80	Meta-analysis of treatment termination rates among rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. ( Bombardier, C; Maetzel, A; Strand, V; Tugwell, P; Wells, G; Wong, A, 2000)
"In the United States, hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) is one of the most commonly prescribed medications for mild to moderately severe rheumatoid arthritis."	4.78	Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: assessing the risk of retinal toxicity. ( Aylward, JM, 1993)
"Although several agents (for example, intramuscularly administered gold, auranofin, D-penicillamine, hydroxychloroquine, and methotrexate) are of clinical benefit in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), their effect on the long-term outcome of the disease is controversial."	4.77	Rheumatoid arthritis: can the long-term outcome be altered? ( Gabriel, SE; Luthra, HS, 1988)
"A review of the literature on the longterm use of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) showed that many questions on protocol remain unanswered."	4.77	Longterm methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a review. ( Kremer, JM, 1985)
"We evaluated the potential temporal association between hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use and cardiovascular (CV) events among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	4.31	Hydroxychloroquine Use and Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Avina-Zubieta, JA; Choi, H; Esdaile, JM; Jorge, A; Lacaille, D; Lu, N, 2023)
"To characterise the incidence rate of skin cancer associated with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	4.31	Risk of malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating methotrexate versus hydroxychloroquine: a cohort study. ( Chen, SK; Desai, RJ; Gautam, N; Glynn, RJ; He, M; Kim, SC; Lee, H; Vine, SM; Weinblatt, ME, 2023)
"Recent evidence suggests that hydroxychloroquine use is not associated with higher 1-year risk of long QT syndrome (LQTS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	4.31	Hydroxychloroquine and Risk of Long QT Syndrome in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Veterans Cohort Study With Nineteen-Year Follow-up. ( Ahmed, A; Arundel, C; Cheng, Y; Dowell, S; Faselis, C; Fletcher, RD; Fonarow, GC; Heimall, MS; Joseph, JK; Karasik, PE; Kerr, GS; Liappis, AP; Moore, HJ; Quiñones, ME; Sheriff, HM; Taub, DD; Zeng-Treitler, Q; Zhang, S, 2023)
"We assessed the association between hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) initiation and risk of arrhythmia among patients with incident rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or with incident systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)."	4.31	Risk of Arrhythmia Among New Users of Hydroxychloroquine in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Population-Based Study. ( Aviña-Zubieta, JA; Daftarian, N; Esdaile, JM; Hoque, MR; Lu, L; Xie, H, 2023)
"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory joint disease, and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an established treatment."	4.31	Retinal microvascular density analysis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with hydroxychloroquine. ( Esser, EL; Eter, N; Mihailovic, N; Storp, JJ; Zimmermann, JA, 2023)
"To study whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy increases the risks of cataracts in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	4.31	Hydroxychloroquine is neutral on incidental cataracts in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ma, X; Shi, X; Wang, YH; Wei, JC; Zhang, Z, 2023)
"To evaluate the effect of hydroxychloroquine on conjunctival and retinal microvascular density in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients."	4.31	Retinal alterations in evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis with chloroquine treatment: A new approach. ( Chen, J; Chen, X; Huang, H; Kang, M; Li, QJ; Liu, LQ; Shao, Y; Shi, WQ; Wang, YX; Wei, H; Xu, SH, 2023)
"A 28-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, treated with leflunomide therapy without marked relief of joint pain, developed multiple rashes with pruritis covering the body 5 days after switching to hydroxychloroquine treatment."	4.31	Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis caused by hydroxychloroquine in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and CARD14 mutation: Case report. ( Chen, CM; Luo, F; Ma, WK; Xiong, H; Yao, XM; Yuan, XM, 2023)
"The study was conducted to investigate the effects of hydroxychloroquine, an anti-inflammatory drug, which was recently approved and used as an add on oral antidiabetic drug for uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) on an adequate dose of sulfonylurea and metformin on the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in subjects with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus."	4.12	Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Subjects with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. ( Baidya, A, 2022)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an important medication for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other rheumatic diseases."	4.12	RetINal Toxicity And HydroxyChloroquine Therapy (INTACT): protocol for a prospective population-based cohort study. ( Adante, B; Aviña-Zubieta, JA; Bhui, RD; Bhui, SB; Butler, M; Chui, L; Daftarian, N; Dawes, M; Erasmus, M; Esdaile, J; Etminan, M; Godinho, D; Hay, E; Hoens, A; Hollands, H; Hoonjan, M; Joe, A; Levasseur, SD; Lima, A; Lukaris, A; Maberley, DAL; Mammo, Z; Marozoff, S; Navajas, E; Ojo, D; Pakzad-Vaezi, K; Sanmugasunderam, S; Shojania, K, 2022)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy decreased immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in previous studies."	4.12	Hydroxychloroquine Therapy and Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in Women with IgG Subclass Deficiency and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjögren Syndrome, and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective Study. ( Barton, JC; Bertoli, LF, 2022)
" As a proof-of-concept, a complex of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with sulfonated azocalix[4]arene (HCQ@SAC4A) is prepared to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a combined fashion."	4.12	Drug in Drug: A Host-Guest Formulation of Azocalixarene with Hydroxychloroquine for Synergistic Anti-Inflammation. ( Geng, WC; Guo, DS; Hu, XY; Kong, X; Li, HB; Li, S; Ma, R; Zhang, C, 2022)
"A morning standard dose of 250 mcg tetracosactide (Synacthen test) was given in 25 consecutive patients (13 rheumatoid arthritis, 2 psoriatic arthritis, 5 systemic lupus erythematosus, 2 dermatomyositis, 1 systemic sclerosis, 2 temporal arteritis) at the time of relapse upon small reductions (1-2 mg daily) of low prednisolone dose (<7."	4.12	Impaired adrenal cortex reserve in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases who relapse upon tapering of low glucocorticoid dose. ( Filippa, MG; Panopoulos, S; Sfikakis, PP; Spanos, E; Spanos, G; Tektonidou, MG; Yavropoulou, MP, 2022)
"The study aimed to assess the ocular toxicity of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) by confocal microscopy, multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), and scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDxVCC) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	4.12	Evaluation of Corneal and Retinal Toxicity in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated with Hydroxychloroquine. ( Ma, X; Qian, Y; Shi, T; Zhou, D; Zhu, D; Zou, J, 2022)
"Hydroxychloroquine is often used as a first-line treatment of rheumatoid arthritis despite limited evidence on its cardiovascular risk."	4.12	Cardiovascular Risks of Hydroxychloroquine vs Methotrexate in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( D'Andrea, E; Desai, RJ; Glynn, RJ; He, M; Kim, SC; Lee, H; Weinblatt, ME, 2022)
"The aim of this study was to assess whether long-term administration of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is protective from influenza in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus."	4.12	Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on Influenza Prevention. ( Finkelstein, J; Huo, X, 2022)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an autophagy inhibitor that has been used for the treatment of many diseases, such as malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer."	4.12	Quantitative Proteomics Explore the Potential Targets and Action Mechanisms of Hydroxychloroquine. ( Chen, K; Hou, W; Huang, H; Jiang, Y; Liu, G; Liu, H; Liu, K; Ren, X; Zhao, J; Zhao, Z, 2022)
" This patient was diagnosed with drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome 4 weeks after starting sulfasalazine and 5 weeks after starting hydroxychloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis."	4.12	Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome masquerading as a lymphoproliferative disorder in a young adult on immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a case report. ( Hyser, E, 2022)
"In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of iguratimod (IGU) combined with methotrexate (MTX) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	4.02	The effects of iguratimod combined with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine on bone mineral density in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ma, RR; Wu, F; Wu, TJ; Ying, ZH; Yu, JJ; Zhang, Y, 2021)
"This study was performed to investigate the multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	4.02	Targets of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A network pharmacology study. ( Chen, Y; Geng, Q; Hu, Y; Lu, H; Luo, H; Song, X; Xie, B; Xu, J, 2021)
"To examine the relationship between the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and risk of developing heart failure (HF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	4.02	Use of Hydroxychloroquine and Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Achenbach, SJ; Crowson, CS; Kurmann, RD; Mankad, R; Myasoedova, E; Shahin, YE; Sorour, AA, 2021)
"To compare the real-life effectiveness of biologic therapy (a biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug plus methotrexate [MTX]) versus triple therapy (MTX plus sulfasalazine plus hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine) for sustained remission of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	4.02	Sustained Remission in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving Triple Therapy Compared to Biologic Therapy: A Swedish Nationwide Register Study. ( C Kapetanovic, M; Einarsson, JT; Geborek, P; Källmark, H; Nilsson, JÅ; Olofsson, T; Saxne, T, 2021)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) may prolong the QT interval, a risk factor for torsade de pointes, a potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmia."	4.02	Cardiovascular Safety of Hydroxychloroquine in US Veterans With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Ahmed, A; Arundel, C; Boehm, D; Cheng, Y; Connell, LB; Faselis, C; Fletcher, RD; Fonarow, GC; Heimall, MS; Karasik, PE; Kerr, GS; Liappis, AP; Moore, HJ; Nashel, DJ; Redd, DF; Shao, Y; Sheriff, HM; Taub, DD; Weintrob, AC; Zeng-Treitler, Q; Zhang, S, 2021)
"A 62-year-old white woman with erosive rheumatoid arthritis developed hydroxychloroquine toxicity in her phakic eye, with her aphakic fellow eye only mildly affected."	4.02	ASYMMETRIC HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE MACULAR TOXICITY WITH APHAKIC FELLOW EYE. ( Fuzzard, DRW; Heriot, WJ; Mack, HG; Symons, RCA, 2021)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is one of the most commonly prescribed immune-suppressants in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.96	The mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis treatment: Inhibition of dendritic cell functions via Toll like receptor 9 signaling. ( Han, J; Han, Y; He, J; He, Y; Huang, X; Jie, H; Li, X; Li, Y; Luo, X; Sun, E; Wu, S; Yang, B; Yang, F; Zhai, Z; Zhou, Q; Zhuang, J, 2020)
"To determine the effect of hydroxychloroquine on the incidence of new respiratory infections in a large registry of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared with a matched cohort receiving other conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs)."	3.96	Hydroxychloroquine and the risk of respiratory infections among RA patients. ( Greenberg, J; Harold, LR; Kane, K; Kremer, JM; Pappas, DA; Reed, G; Winthrop, K, 2020)
" We report a case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in a patient under hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment for rheumatoid arthritis."	3.96	COVID-19 Pneumonia during Hydroxychloroquine Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Demirbilek, SG; Dogan, E; Gürsoy, C; Tapan, ÖO; Togan, T, 2020)
"Combination treatments for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX) alone include the addition of a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) or the addition of sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine to MTX (triple therapy)."	3.91	Low Persistence Rates in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Triple Therapy and Adverse Drug Events Associated With Sulfasalazine. ( Cannon, GW; Curtis, JR; Erhardt, DP; Mikuls, TR; Sauer, BC; Teng, CC, 2019)
"The aim of this study is to measure retinal vessel density and thickness of the macula by optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking hydroxychloroquine."	3.91	The optical coherence tomography angiography findings of rheumatoid arthritis patients taking hydroxychloroquine. ( Coskun, C; Karaca, EE; Kemer, OE; Omma, A; Onen, M; Ozek, D, 2019)
"To determine if the baseline presence of autoantibodies to peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) predicts therapeutic response to biologic and conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in whom methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy was unsuccessful."	3.91	Association of Baseline Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 Autoantibodies With Favorable Response to Treatment Escalation in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Cappelli, LC; Darrah, E; Mikuls, TR; O'Dell, JR; Rosen, A; Yu, F, 2019)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an immunosuppressive agent widely used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.88	Novel function of hydroxychloroquine: Down regulation of T follicular helper cells in collagen-induced arthritis. ( Han, J; Han, Y; He, J; He, Y; Jie, H; Li, X; Sun, E; Zhou, Q, 2018)
"To investigate the effects of hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine and methotrexate on ischemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.88	Methotrexate might reduce ischemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based retrospective cohort study. ( Chen, CH; Chen, CM; Chiou, JY; Leong, PY; Li, YC; Lin, LC; Tam, HW; Wang, YH; Wei, JC, 2018)
"Hydroxychloroquine is widely used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis."	3.88	Hydroxychloroquine Use and Risk of CKD in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Chang, CC; Chiu, PF; Hsu, CC; Kor, CT; Tarng, DC; Wu, CL; Yang, TH, 2018)
" Patients treated with leflunomide had increases in BP and a greater risk of incident hypertension compared with patients treated with methotrexate (hazard ratio, 1."	3.88	Initiation of Disease-Modifying Therapies in Rheumatoid Arthritis Is Associated With Changes in Blood Pressure. ( Baker, JF; Cannella, A; Cannon, GW; Caplan, L; Davis, LA; England, BR; George, M; Ibrahim, S; Michaud, K; Mikuls, TR; OʼDell, J; Sauer, B; Teng, CC, 2018)
"The aim of this study was to determine whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) usage is associated with incidental risk of coronary artery diseases (CAD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.88	Hydroxychloroquine may be associated with reduced risk of coronary artery diseases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A nationwide population-based cohort study. ( Chiou, JY; Hung, YM; Lin, L; Wang, PYP; Wang, YH; Wei, JC, 2018)
"A 61-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis treated with 400 mg/kg hydroxychloroquine daily for 6 years (daily dose, 5."	3.88	Case Report: Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy. ( Chan, EW; Eldeeb, M; Omar, A, 2018)
" Concentration of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its metabolites, desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ), desethylchloroquine (DCQ), and bisdesethylchloroquine (BDCQ), in capillary blood on VAMS sampler were compared to those in venous blood in rheumatoid arthritis patients."	3.85	Capillary blood collected on volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) device for monitoring hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Alexander, RV; Apilado, R; Brady, K; Chitkara, P; Dervieux, T; Ibarra, C; O'Malley, T; Qu, Y; Reddy, S, 2017)
"For patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX), the relative effectiveness of the combination of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) compared with the combination of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and MTX, as second-line therapy, is uncertain."	3.85	Triple Oral Therapy Versus Antitumor Necrosis Factor Plus Methotrexate (MTX) in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response to MTX: A Systematic Literature Review. ( Combe, B; De Bandt, M; Lukas, C; Mary, J; Morel, J, 2017)
"To compare the retinal toxicity due to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and optical coherence tomography (OCT)."	3.85	Retinal toxicity related to hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. ( Ornek, F; Ozdemir, Y; Sungur, G; Telek, HH; Yesil, NK; Yesilirmak, N, 2017)
"This study sought to investigate the genome-wide transcriptional effects of a combination of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (tDMARD; methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine) in synovial tissues obtained from early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients."	3.85	Triple DMARD treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis modulates synovial T cell activation and plasmablast/plasma cell differentiation pathways. ( Guo, Y; Nagpal, S; Proudman, SM; Smith, MD; Walsh, AM; Wechalekar, MD; Weedon, H; Yin, X, 2017)
"To compare persistence and adherence to triple therapy with the nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) methotrexate (MTX), hydroxychloroquine, and sulfasalazine, versus a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) plus MTX in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.85	Persistence With Conventional Triple Therapy Versus a Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor and Methotrexate in US Veterans With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Cannon, GW; Curtis, JR; Harrison, DJ; Leng, J; Mikuls, TR; Sauer, BC; Tang, D; Teng, CC, 2017)
"We performed a study of cross-reactivity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the DRI Amphetamine Assay inspired by a case report of a self-ingestion of chloroquine after a family dispute, that involved the following: (1) an in vitro study with control samples of healthy subjects, (2) an in vivo study with samples of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and (3) an evaluation of the cross-reactivity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in 3 additional immunoassays."	3.85	Cross-Reactivity of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine With DRI Amphetamine Immunoassay. ( Barceló, B; Dastis, M; Fernández, J; Gomila, I; López-Corominas, V; Quesada, L; Sahuquillo, L; Servera, MÁ; Torrents, A, 2017)
"We examined the association between hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and plasma lipid and glucose levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohort."	3.85	Use of Hydroxychloroquine Is Associated With Improved Lipid Profile in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. ( Battafarano, DF; Del Rincon, I; Escalante, A; Molina, E; Restrepo, JF, 2017)
"Steroids and hydroxychloroquine remain the most widely prescribed treatment options in pregnancy, but the use of biologic agents is becoming increasingly common."	3.83	Brief Report: Patterns and Secular Trends in Use of Immunomodulatory Agents During Pregnancy in Women With Rheumatic Conditions. ( Bateman, BT; Desai, RJ; Gopalakrishnan, C; Hernandez-Diaz, S; Huybrechts, KF; Kim, SC; Mogun, H; Patorno, E, 2016)
"To compare the risk of incident hypertension between initiators of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors and initiators of nonbiologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (hereafter referred to as nonbiologics) in rheumatoid arthritis patients taking methotrexate monotherapy."	3.83	Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Incident Hypertension in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Danaei, G; Desai, RJ; Kim, SC; Liao, KP; Schneeweiss, S; Solomon, DH, 2016)
"Several trials suggest that triple therapy (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine) and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have similar efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.83	Brief Report: Intensification to Triple Therapy After Treatment With Nonbiologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis in the United States From 2009 to 2014. ( Brill, G; Choudhry, NK; Krumme, AA; Matlin, OS; Pezalla, EJ; Shrank, WH; Solomon, DH; Sparks, JA, 2016)
" Her medical history revealed that she was taking quinine or a derivative in three different forms: hydroxychloroquine, quinine sulfate (for leg cramps), and her gin mixed with tonic water (containing quinine)."	3.83	Quinine and the ABCs of Long QT: A Patient's Misfortune with Arthritis, (Alcoholic) Beverages, and Cramps. ( Frizzell, JD; Gabaldon, J; Sheehan, ET; West, MB, 2016)
" Hydroxychloroquine, an original antimalarial drug, prevents inflammation caused by lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis."	3.83	Hydroxychloroquine, a promising choice for coronary artery disease? ( Bai, X; Li, R; Liu, J; Liu, M; Ma, Q; Sun, L; Wei, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, Y; Yuan, Z; Zhang, L; Zhao, Q; Zhou, J, 2016)
"To develop a population model describing the disease activity (DAS28) time course in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with triple disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy (methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine)."	3.81	A population model of early rheumatoid arthritis disease activity during treatment with methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine. ( Foster, DJ; Proudman, SM; Upton, RN; Wiese, MD; Wojciechowski, J, 2015)
"Optical coherence tomography retinal thickness and 10-2 VFMD are objective measures demonstrating clinically useful sensitivity and specificity for the detection of hydroxychloroquine toxicity as identified by mfERG, and thus may be suitable surrogate tests."	3.81	Subjective and objective screening tests for hydroxychloroquine toxicity. ( Cukras, C; Ferris, FL; Huynh, N; Sieving, PA; Vitale, S; Wong, WT, 2015)
"To estimate adherence and persistence with etanercept plus methotrexate (ETN-MTX) combination therapy and MTX, hydroxychloroquine, and sulfasalazine triple therapy at 1 year following treatment initiation in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.81	Etanercept-Methotrexate Combination Therapy Initiators Have Greater Adherence and Persistence Than Triple Therapy Initiators With Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Bonafede, M; Collier, DH; Harrison, DJ; Johnson, BH; Shah, N; Tang, DH, 2015)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug used extensively in treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis."	3.81	Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity by Automated Perimetry in 60 Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Normal Fundoscopic Findings. ( Abbaszadeh, M; Aidenloo, NS; Motarjemizadeh, Q, 2015)
"To evaluate the association of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use with lipid profiles in a Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis (VARA) cohort."	3.80	Associations of hydroxychloroquine use with lipid profiles in rheumatoid arthritis: pharmacologic implications. ( Aujero, M; Cannon, G; Caplan, L; Davis, L; Kerr, G; Michaud, K; Mikuls, T; Richards, J; Sayles, H, 2014)
"To determine whether patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) taking chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine are regularly visiting eye care providers and being screened for maculopathy."	3.80	Regular examinations for toxic maculopathy in long-term chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine users. ( Blachley, TS; Edwards, P; Lee, PP; Nika, M; Stein, JD, 2014)
"To evaluate pregnancy safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for rheumatologic diseases."	3.79	Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to hydroxychloroquine: a prospective comparative observational study. ( Blyakhman, S; Diav-Citrin, O; Ornoy, A; Shechtman, S, 2013)
"The aims of this study were to describe the rate of leflunomide discontinuation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, in standard clinical practice, and to analyse which factors could influence this rate, paying particular attention to the concomitant treatment with other disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)."	3.79	Leflunomide discontinuation in rheumatoid arthritis and influence of associated disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: a survival analysis. ( Abásolo, L; Fernández-Gutierrez, B; Fontsere, O; Jover-Jover, JA; León, L; Peña-Blanco, RC; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, L, 2013)
"Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial agent that has been used in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis treatment for many years."	3.79	Hydroxychloroquine decreases Th17-related cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Dantas, AT; Duarte, AL; Galdino, SL; Mariz, HA; Oliveira, PS; Pitta, Ida R; Pitta, MG; Rocha, LF; Silva, JC, 2013)
"The study included 105 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were treated with methotrexate, leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine and biological drugs."	3.79	Anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in use of methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and biological drugs. ( Nardi, AE; Ornelas, AC; Pinho de Oliveira Ribeiro, N; Pinho de Oliveira, CM; Rafael de Mello Schier, A; Silva, AC, 2013)
"A 71-year-old female with a history of rheumatoid arthritis developed urinary incontinence as an adverse drug reaction to hydroxychloroquine administered at therapeutic doses."	3.79	A case of urinary incontinence by hydroxychloroquine in a geriatric patient. ( Antoniazzi, S; Borsadoli, C; Carnovale, C; Clementi, E; Froldi, G; Magistro, L; Mambrini, A; Perrone, V; Radice, S; Speziali, A, 2013)
"In this retrospective study, we compared the mean thickness of the retinal outer band (consisting of the Bruch's membrane and retinal pigment epithelium layer), as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), of 54 eyes of 27 hydroxychloroquine-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients (study group), 40 eyes of 20 healthy similar aged individuals (control group I), and 22 eyes of 11 non-hydroxychloroquine-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients (control group II)."	3.79	A retrospective evaluation of the effect of hydroxyquinine on RPE thickness. ( Beiran, I; Chassid, O; Pikkel, J; Sharabi-Nov, A, 2013)
" Two years prior to admission to our hospital, she had been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with a cumulative dose of 164 g."	3.78	Hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy that presented as pulmonary hypertension: a newly noted complication. ( Bae, SM; Chin, JY; Ihm, SM; Jung, HO; Kim, JJ; Kim, TS; Lee, KY; Park, SH; Youn, HJ, 2012)
"Several studies have associated hydroxychloroquine use with decreased risk of diabetes mellitus (diabetes) or improved glycemic control in rheumatoid arthritis patients, but the studies were small or used data from self-report."	3.77	Hydroxychloroquine use and decreased risk of diabetes in rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Antohe, JL; Bili, A; Dancea, S; Kirchner, HL; Ledwich, LJ; Morris, SJ; Newman, ED; Sartorius, JA; Wasko, MC, 2011)
"Among patients with RA or psoriasis, the adjusted risk of DM was lower for individuals starting a TNF inhibitor or hydroxychloroquine compared with initiation of other nonbiologic DMARDs."	3.77	Association between disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and diabetes risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. ( Canning, C; Garg, R; Liu, J; Massarotti, E; Schneeweiss, S; Solomon, DH, 2011)
"To determine the relationship between current hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use and 2 indicators of glycemic control, fasting glucose and insulin sensitivity, in nondiabetic women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.76	Hydroxychloroquine and glycemia in women with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. ( Elliott, JR; Kao, AH; Kuller, L; Manzi, S; Penn, SK; Schott, LL; Toledo, FG; Wasko, MC, 2010)
" We examined medical records of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and concomitant rheumatic illness to measure changes in HbA(1c) after starting HCQ or methotrexate (MTX)."	3.76	Changes in glycosylated hemoglobin after initiation of hydroxychloroquine or methotrexate treatment in diabetes patients with rheumatic diseases. ( Bhatia, R; Garg, R; Gleeson, T; Lu, B; Massarotti, E; Rekedal, LR; Solomon, DH, 2010)
"We report two cases of hydroxychloroquine-induced hyperpigmentation presenting in a 50-year-old Caucasian female (case 1) and a 78-year-old female (case 2), both receiving 400 mg per day."	3.74	Hydroxychloroquine-induced hyperpigmentation: the staining pattern. ( Ferringer, T; Lountzis, NI; Puri, PK; Tyler, W, 2008)
" Subcutaneous administration of methotrexate was more effective than the oral administration at the same dosage in patients suffering from active rheumatoid arthritis."	3.74	[What's new in internal medicine?]. ( Francès, C, 2008)
"To determine the association between hydroxychloroquine use and the incidence of self-reported diabetes in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis."	3.74	Hydroxychloroquine and risk of diabetes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Elliott, JR; Fries, JF; Hubert, HB; Lingala, VB; Luggen, ME; Ward, MM; Wasko, MC, 2007)
" We report a case of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in a patient taking adalimumab, methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis."	3.74	Primary cutaneous Cryptococcosis during therapy with methotrexate and adalimumab. ( Mowad, CM; Sewell, LD; Wilson, ML, 2008)
"To study genetic polymorphisms in the folate pathway, a site of action of methotrexate (MTX) and sulfasalazine (SSZ), as predictors of efficacy of combination disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) regimens containing MTX and SSZ in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.74	Common polymorphisms in the folate pathway predict efficacy of combination regimens containing methotrexate and sulfasalazine in early rheumatoid arthritis. ( Cleland, LG; Gillis, D; Hissaria, P; James, HM; Lester, S; Proudman, SM; Somogyi, AA, 2008)
"Acute leukemia is uncommonly seen with rheumatoid arthritis during or following treatment with low-dose methotrexate, a safe and effective treatment for the arthritic condition."	3.73	Acute erythroleukemia in a rheumatoid arthritis patient during low-dose methotrexate therapy. ( Ahn, MJ; Bae, SC; Choi, BR; Jun, JB; Kim, TH; Lee, WS, 2005)
"To define the risk of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-related retinal toxicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who are receiving recommended dosages of the drug (< or =6."	3.72	The incidence of irreversible retinal toxicity in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: a reappraisal. ( Kostopoulos, C; Mavrikakis, E; Mavrikakis, I; Mavrikakis, M; Nikolaou, A; Rougas, K; Sfikakis, PP, 2003)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug that is also used as a second-line treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.72	Population pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Carmichael, SJ; Charles, B; Tett, SE, 2003)
"Multifocal ERG with 103-hexagon stimulation was performed on 19 patients (36 eyes) treated with hydroxychloroquine for systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or localized atypical scleroderma."	3.72	Multifocal electroretinographic evaluation of long-term hydroxychloroquine users. ( Maturi, RK; Weleber, RG; Yu, M, 2004)
"A dose-response relationship for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), in terms of the proportion of patients achieving the Paulus 20% criteria for improvement, had previously been observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving a 6-week loading regimen of 400, 800, or 1,200 mg HCQ daily."	3.71	Hydroxychloroquine concentration-response relationships in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Baethge, BA; Botstein, GR; Caldwell, J; Dietz, F; Ettlinger, R; Furst, DE; Gibbs, JP; Golden, HE; Lindsley, H; McLaughlin, GE; Moreland, LW; Munster, T; Roberts, WN; Rooney, TW; Rothschild, B; Sack, M; Sebba, AI; Shen, D; Weisman, M; Welch, KE; Yocum, D, 2002)
"Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.71	Conventional DMARD options for patients with a suboptimal response to methotrexate. ( O'Dell, J, 2001)
"This paper describes a simple, specific, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography with photodiode-array detection for the simultaneous determination of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) in serum samples from rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving either HCQ sulphate or CQ diphosphate."	3.69	Simple and specific reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method with diode-array detection for simultaneous determination of serum hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and some corticosteroids. ( Volin, P, 1995)
"Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 118) who have used or still use antimalarials (chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine)."	3.69	Antimalarial drug induced decrease in creatinine clearance. ( Breedveld, FC; Dijkmans, BA; Goeei The, SG; Landewé, RB; Van Rijthoven, AW; Vergouwen, MS, 1995)
"Growing interest in aggressive early management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with hydroxychloroquine (alone or in combination with other immunomodulating drugs) is reason to review current practices for monitoring ocular toxicity in patients who take antimalarial therapy."	3.69	Current practices for monitoring ocular toxicity related to hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) therapy. ( Brandt, KD; Katz, BP; Mazzuca, SA; Yee, RD; Yung, R, 1994)
"To report the antiinflammatory and antiviral effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment in 2 patients with AIDS and inflammatory arthritis."	3.69	The antiinflammatory and antiviral effects of hydroxychloroquine in two patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and active inflammatory arthritis. ( Ornstein, MH; Sperber, K, 1996)
"To determine the extent to which characteristics of rheumatologists and their practices explain the variation in their use of prednisone and 2nd line agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.69	What explains the variation among rheumatologists in their use of prednisone and second line agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis? ( Criswell, LA; Henke, CJ, 1995)
"To report clinical experience from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were receiving recommended doses of hydroxychloroquine for more than six years, and were monitored for evidence of hydroxychloroquine related retinopathy every six months."	3.69	Retinal toxicity in long term hydroxychloroquine treatment. ( Mavrikakis, M; Papazoglou, S; Rougas, K; Sfikakis, PP; Vaiopoulos, G, 1996)
"To investigate the effects of tenidap, a new antirheumatic drug, sodium diclofenac, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, and a disease modifying antirheumatic drug, hydroxychloroquine, on the level and expression of interleukin 1 receptors (IL-1R) on synovial fibroblasts from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.69	Tenidap reduces the level of interleukin 1 receptors and collagenase expression in human arthritic synovial fibroblasts. ( Fernandes, JC; Loose, L; Martel-Pelletier, J; Mineau, F; Pelletier, JP; Ranger, P; Tardif, G, 1996)
"The efficacy of both chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been proved in controlled clinical trials."	3.69	Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine equally affect tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and interferon-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ( de Rooij, HH; Dijkmans, BA; le Cessie, S; van den Borne, BE; Verweij, CL, 1997)
") gold, hydroxychloroquine, and prednisone for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment among patients managed by rheumatologists and nonrheumatologists."	3.69	Differences in the use of second-line agents and prednisone for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by rheumatologists and non-rheumatologists. ( Criswell, LA; Such, CL; Yelin, EH, 1997)
"Methotrexate is successfully used in the treatment of arthritis but little is known about its effects on extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis."	3.68	Accelerated nodulosis and systemic manifestations during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. ( Anaya, JM; Combe, B; Didry, C; Gutierrez, M; Sany, J, 1993)
"To determine the relationship between hydroxychloroquine concentration and effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	3.68	Concentration-effect relationship of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis--a cross sectional study. ( Cutler, DJ; Day, RO; Tett, SE, 1993)
"Hydroxychloroquine is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)."	3.68	Continuation of long term treatment with hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. ( Littlejohn, GO; McCloud, PI; Morand, EF, 1992)
"Steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine (HC) sulfate (Plaquenil) were studied in five volunteers with rheumatoid arthritis who had taken 6 mg/kg/d of the drug for at least six months."	3.68	Steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Khalil, SK; Miller, DR; Nygard, GA, 1991)
"A 56 year old woman with rheumatoid arthritis developed relapsing thrombocytopenia during successive treatments with aurothioglucose, sulphasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine."	3.68	Thrombocytopenia due to aurothioglucose, sulphasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine. ( Allebes, WA; Boerbooms, AM; van de Putte, LB; van Riel, PL; Wijnands, MJ, 1990)
"Although the use of chloroquine (C) and hydroxychloroquine (HC) in the treatment of malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy is probably safe, the use of much higher doses for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy has been controversial."	3.68	Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to chloroquine. ( Buskila, D; Gladman, DD; Koren, G; Levy, M; Urowitz, MB, 1991)
"All the patients (73) in the Rheumatology Department five year study of second line therapy who have taken hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) for rheumatoid arthritis for longer than 18 months were reviewed."	3.68	Screening for hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity: is it necessary? ( Jessop, JD; Livesey, SJ; Mills, PV; Morsman, CD; Richards, IM, 1990)
"The effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and high- (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus."	3.68	Cholesterol-lowering effect of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatic disease: reversal of deleterious effects of steroids on lipids. ( Kern, PA; Metzger, AL; Stecher, VJ; Turnbull, BA; Wallace, DJ, 1990)
"Forty-two patients with active rheumatoid arthritis treated with hydroxychloroquine sulphate (400 mg day-1) for six months have been compared with patients treated with D-penicillamine (n = 14), aurothiomalate (n = 13), sulphasalazine (n = 15) and chloroquine (n = 17) to compare the changes in articular index, plasma viscosity and ESR."	3.67	How reliable is ESR as a measure of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis treated with hydroxychloroquine? ( Bird, HA; Dixon, JS; Greenwood, M, 1988)
"Plasma levels of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its metabolites were measured, by high performance liquid chromatography, in 37 rheumatoid arthritis patients who could be clearly distinguished as responders (n = 28) or nonresponders (n = 9) to HCQ, 400 mg/day."	3.67	Plasma hydroxychloroquine concentrations and efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Brown, RR; Carpenter, JR; Fiechtner, JJ; Miller, DR; Stecher, VJ; Stroshane, RM, 1987)
" Ninety-six percent of respondents prescribed antimalarial therapy for rheumatoid arthritis with a preference for the use of hydroxychloroquine."	3.67	Current practice in antimalarial drug prescribing in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bellamy, N; Brooks, PM, 1986)
"Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate were prescribed for 31 patients (26 women and five men) with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to conventional therapy."	3.67	Treatment of intractable rheumatoid arthritis with combined cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine. A follow-up study. ( Carrera, GF; Csuka, M; McCarty, DJ, 1986)
"The eyes of 63 patients, age range 28 to 79 years, affected by rheumatoid arthritis and undergoing long-term hydroxychloroquine treatment were followed from 3 to 95 months."	3.67	Hydroxychloroquine treatment and the eye. ( Mäntyjärvi, M, 1985)
"Groups of 15 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were treated for 24 weeks with zinc sulphate, trien, captopril, clozic in two doses or a combination of D-penicillamine and hydroxychloroquine."	3.66	The effect of drugs on serum histidine levels in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bird, HA; Dixon, JS; Martin, MF; Pickup, ME; Sitton, NG; Surrall, KE, 1983)
"A hypothesis concerning the mechanism whereby chloroquine phosphate and hydroxychloroquine sulfate are therapeutically active in rheumatoid arthritis is presented, based on in vitro data that (1) utilize drug concentrations not higher than those clinically achievable, and (2) might explain mechanisms that may be applicable in treated rheumatoid arthritis patients."	3.66	Immunosuppressive potential of antimalarials. ( Lipsky, PE; Salmeron, G, 1983)
"Sixty patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (mean ESR = 51 mm/h) were treated for six months with D-penicillamine (15 patients), sodium aurothiomalate (15 patients), hydroxychloroquine (15 patients) or enteric-coated aspirin (15 patients)."	3.66	Enteric-coated aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bird, HA; Leatham, P; Rhind, V; Saunders, A; Wright, V, 1981)
"Biochemical and clinical changes have been monitored in 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with either hydroxychloroquine or sodium aurothiomalate over a period of 6 months."	3.66	Biochemical indices of response to hydroxychloroquine and sodium aurothiomalate in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bird, HA; Dixon, JS; Downie, WW; Lee, MR; Pickup, ME; Wright, V, 1981)
"One hundred eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis received hydroxychloroquine for six to 24 months and were studied retrospectively to examine long-term efficacy and predictors of a favorable response to the drug."	3.66	Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Adams, EM; Bell, CL; Yocum, DE, 1983)
" Complete remission of the nephrosis occurred after discontinuation of hydroxychloroquine therapy."	3.66	Membranous nephropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Figueroa, JE; Waxman, J, 1982)
"A study was carried out to compare the whole blood and plasma viscosities in 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with hydroxychloroquine to the corresponding values in 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with either sodium aurothiomalate or D-penicillamine to determine whether hydroxychloroquine therapy altered the rheological properties of red blood cells."	3.66	Some rheological properties of blood during anti-rheumatoid therapy. ( Bird, HA; Harkness, J; Wright, V, 1981)
"Six clinical assessments of disease activity, including a new summated change scale (SCS), have been compared in a group of 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis seen on 8 separate occasions during their first 6 months of therapy with either D-penicillamine or hydroxychloroquine."	3.66	A comparison of clinical assessments of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bird, HA; Rhind, VM; Wright, V, 1980)
" Secondary outcomes will include the incremental cost per reducing 1 case of relapse; patient reported intolerance to the treatment; adverse events; change of mean disease activity measured by DAS28, clinical disease activity index (CDAI) and simplified disease activity index (SDAI); the proportion of modified Sharp score increase < 0."	3.01	The efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, methotrexate triple therapy in preventing relapse among patients with rheumatoid arthritis achieving clinical remission or low disease activity: the study protocol of a rand ( Ji, P; Wu, Y; Yan, X; Yang, L; Zhang, Z; Zhao, J; Zhou, W, 2021)
" No differences were found in adverse events between the 2 groups."	2.94	Efficacy and safety of low-dose glucocorticoids combined with methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis: A single-center, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. ( Du, H; Fan, J; Hua, L; Shi, X; Wu, H; Ying, M, 2020)
"The main aim of this study was to examine the differences between triple therapy (T: SSZ and HCQ added to MTX) and etanercept (E) added to MTX with regard to the infectious and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) reported in The Rheumatoid Arthritis Comparison of Active Therapies Trial."	2.84	Rheumatoid arthritis triple therapy compared with etanercept: difference in infectious and gastrointestinal adverse events. ( Brophy, MT; Chang, BH; Hannagan, K; O'Dell, JR; Quach, LT; Soe Thwin, S, 2017)
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of orally administered once-daily peficitinib in combination with limited conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) in patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	2.84	Peficitinib, a JAK Inhibitor, in Combination With Limited Conventional Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Cardiel, MH; Codding, C; Garg, JP; Genovese, MC; Greenwald, M; Kivitz, AJ; Shay, K; Wang, A; Wang, X; Zubrzycka-Sienkiewicz, A, 2017)
" HCPs completed surveys before and after viewing the MBDA test result, recording dosage and frequency for all planned RA medications and physician global assessment of disease activity."	2.78	Impact of a multi-biomarker disease activity test on rheumatoid arthritis treatment decisions and therapy use. ( Cavet, G; Emerling, D; Ford, K; Li, W; Sasso, EH, 2013)
"Early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been shown to retard the development of joint damage for a period of up to 5 years."	2.75	Early combination disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy and tight disease control improve long-term radiologic outcome in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: the 11-year results of the Finnish Rheumatoid Arthritis Combination Therapy trial. ( Blåfield, H; Hannonen, P; Järvenpää, S; Karjalainen, A; Kautiainen, H; Korpela, M; Laasonen, L; Leirisalo-Repo, M; Möttönen, T; Puolakka, K; Rantalaiho, V, 2010)
"Sulfasalazine was most frequently withdrawn (30%)."	2.73	Response-driven combination therapy with conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs can achieve high response rates in early rheumatoid arthritis with minimal glucocorticoid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. ( Ayres, OC; Caughey, GE; Cleland, LG; Goldblatt, F; Hill, CL; James, MJ; Keen, HI; Lee, AT; Proudman, SM; Rischmueller, M; Stamp, LK, 2007)
"5 months) were randomized to receive step-up therapy (sulfasalazine [SSZ] monotherapy, then after 3 months, methotrexate [MTX] was added, and when the maximum tolerated dosage of MTX was reached, hydroxychloroquine [HCQ] was added) or parallel triple therapy (SSZ/MTX/HCQ)."	2.73	Triple therapy in early active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial comparing step-up and parallel treatment strategies. ( Capell, HA; Kincaid, W; McMahon, AD; Porter, DR; Saunders, SA; Stirling, A; Vallance, R, 2008)
"Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that carries an increased risk of mortality due to cardiovascular disease."	2.72	Cardiac Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role of Inflammation. ( Chen, J; Cooper, D; Norling, LV, 2021)
"Nineteen patients identified scotomata on red Amsler grid."	2.71	Utility of red amsler grid screening in a rheumatology clinic. ( Blomquist, PH; Pluenneke, AC, 2004)
"Oral prednisolone was required by 63 patients."	2.69	Comparison of combination therapy with single-drug therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised trial. FIN-RACo trial group. ( Ahonen, J; Blåfield, H; Forsberg, S; Friman, C; Hakala, M; Hakola, M; Hannonen, P; Ilva, K; Järvinen, P; Julkunen, H; Kautiainen, H; Koota, K; Korpela, M; Laasonen, L; Leirisalo-Repo, M; Luukkainen, R; Möttönen, T; Nissilä, M; Paimela, L; Pälvimäki, I; Piirainen, H; Puolakka, K; Vuori, K; Yli-Kerttula, U, 1999)
" Adverse effects were attributed to specific medications using the Naranjo scoring method."	2.69	Toxicity of anti-rheumatic drugs in a randomized clinical trial of early rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bijlsma, JW; Blaauw, AA; Brus, HL; Jacobs, JW; Jahangier, ZN; Schenk, Y; ter Borg, EJ; van Albada-Kuipers, GA; van Der Veen, MJ; van Jaarsveld, CH, 2000)
" Bioavailability was estimated using a sequential exponential least squares deconvolution method."	2.67	Bioavailability of hydroxychloroquine tablets in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Cutler, DJ; Day, RO; McLachlan, AJ; Tett, SE, 1994)
"Least toxic was hydroxychloroquine (mean +/- SEM score 1."	2.67	The relative toxicity of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. ( Bloch, DA; Fries, JF; Ramey, D; Williams, CA, 1993)
"The rapid spread of the new Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has actually become the newest challenge for the healthcare system since, to date, there is not an effective treatment."	2.66	Recent Clinical and Preclinical Studies of Hydroxychloroquine on RNA Viruses and Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review. ( De Tommasi, N; Faraone, I; Labanca, F; Milella, L; Ponticelli, M, 2020)
"This only reached statistical significance (at the 1% level) for C-reactive protein."	2.66	Combination therapy with gold and hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. ( Clarke, S; Collins, M; Dawes, PT; Fisher, J; Fowler, PD; Jones, P; Popert, AJ; Scott, DL; Shadforth, MF; Tunn, E, 1989)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been shown to improve survival rates in other inflammatory diseases."	2.58	Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Barnetche, T; Combe, B; Gaujoux-Viala, C; Hua, C; Lukas, C; Morel, J; Rempenault, C, 2018)
" Methotrexate has better bioavailability as injection."	2.52	[Update on Current Care Guidelines. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)]. ( , 2015)
" Therefore, in the author's opinion, HCQ is safe for the treatment of autoimmune diseases during pregnancy."	2.47	Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis and its safety in pregnancy. ( Abarientos, C; Aronow, WS; Ash, JY; Chao, CP; Shapiro, DL; Sperber, K, 2011)
"Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by chronic synovitis resulting in bone and joint destruction in various delays, and ultimately leading to handicap."	2.43	[Armentarium and strategies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. ( Lioté, F, 2005)
"Older disease modifying agents for treating rheumatoid arthritis were limited by long-term toxicity."	2.42	Newer approaches to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Finesilver, AG, 2003)
" Longterm safety assessment is difficult for a number of reasons: there are relatively few trials that have followed patients beyond 5 years and the use of a combination of DMARD therapy with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and corticosteroids complicates the assessment of an observed adverse event with a particular drug."	2.41	Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs: longterm safety issues. ( Capell, HA, 2001)
"The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is undergoing steady change as new medications are approved and new regimens are attempted."	2.38	Rheumatoid arthritis. Practical use of medications. ( Furst, DE, 1990)
" Many of these reviews, while generally excellent, have propagated some apparent misconceptions by disregarding or de-emphasizing data suggesting that irreversible retinal toxicity due to antimalarials can be easily avoided by judicious daily dosage and regular ophthalmologic follow-up."	2.36	Antimalarials and ophthalmologic safety. ( Olansky, AJ, 1982)
"Hydroxychloroquine is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug used for various rheumatological conditions."	1.91	Endomyocardial biopsy-proven hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Dalia, T; Malhotra, A; Pathak, MA; Vidic, A, 2023)
"Oral prednisone was used in 17 (81%) cases."	1.91	Childhood-onset rheumatoid arthritis at a tertiary hospital in Senegal, West Africa. ( Deme, A; Lissimo, H; Sabounji, MM, 2023)
"This study aimed to understand the profile of hydroxychloroquine-treated patients, referral patterns, and dosing and to assess the adherence of eye care providers to the latest 2016 screening guidelines provided by the American Academy of Ophthalmology."	1.91	Trends and practices following the 2016 hydroxychloroquine screening guidelines. ( Arnett, J; Baxter, SL; Borooah, S; Kalaw, FGP; Pedersen, B; Walker, E, 2023)
"Hydroxychloroquine therapy was associated with a reduced risk (relative risk, 0."	1.91	Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of malignancy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide cohort study from Korea. ( Ko, KM; Moon, SJ, 2023)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic because of its reported anti-viral activity."	1.72	Effect of chronic hydroxychloroquine use on COVID-19 risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a multicenter retrospective cohort. ( Al Maimouni, HM; Al-Najjar, AH; Alajra, RK; Alali, AS; Alanazi, DS; Albadi, MA; Albarqi, HA; Alghanim, NS; Alkahtani, SA; Alqahtani, F; Alqhtani, H; Alsaweed, OS; Alshabi, AM; Hazzazi, MA; Sabei, AA; Walbi, IA, 2022)
"There is a lack of information on the role of chronic use of hydroxychloroquine during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak."	1.62	Chronic use of hydroxychloroquine did not protect against COVID-19 in a large cohort of patients with rheumatic diseases in Brazil. ( Abreu, MM; Albuquerque, CP; Araújo, NC; Bacchiega, AB; Bianchi, DV; Bica, B; Bonfa, ED; Borba, EF; Brito, DCSE; de Souza, VA; Duarte, ÂLBP; Fernandes, PR; Ferreira, GA; Gomes, KWP; Guimarães, MP; Junior, LFR; Kakehasi, AM; Klumb, EM; Lacerda, MVG; Lanna, CCD; Marques, CDL; Monticielo, OA; Mota, LMH; Munhoz, GA; Paiva, ES; Pereira, HLA; Pileggi, GS; Pinheiro, MM; Provenza, JR; Reis, APMG; Reis-Neto, ET; Ribeiro, SLE; Sampaio, CSJC; Sampaio, VS; Santo, RCE; Sato, EI; Skare, T; Valim, V; Xavier, RM, 2021)
"In the absence of a commonly agreed dosing protocol based on pharmacokinetic (PK) considerations, the dose and treatment duration for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in COVID-19 disease currently vary across national guidelines and clinical study protocols."	1.62	Model informed dosing of hydroxycholoroquine in COVID-19 patients: Learnings from the recent experience, remaining uncertainties and gaps. ( Dauby, N; Delforge, M; Dogné, JM; Hamdani, J; Konopnicki, D; Lebout, F; Lescrainier, C; Libois, A; Musuamba, FT; Nasreddine, R; Payen, MC; Schrooyen, L; Thémans, P; Verlinden, V; Wuillaume, F, 2021)
"To evaluate the susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with autoimmune conditions treated with antimalarials in a population-based study."	1.62	Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Patients Treated With Antimalarials: A Population-Based Study in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy. ( Bajocchi, G; Boiardi, L; Carrozzi, G; Cassone, G; Costantini, M; Croci, S; Galli, E; Giorgi Rossi, P; Gradellini, F; Mancuso, P; Marata, AM; Muratore, F; Pandolfi, P; Pipitone, N; Reta, M; Salvarani, C; Sandri, G; Viani, N, 2021)
"Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy was prevalent in the study cohort and significantly associated with a higher daily dose of HCQ (mg/kg real body weight)."	1.62	Prevalence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy with long-term use in a cohort of Indian patients with rheumatic diseases. ( Bafna, P; Hazarika, K; Kaur, A; Manoj, M; Sahoo, RR; Singh, A; Wakhlu, A, 2021)
"In December 2019, numerous coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases were reported in Wuhan, China, which has since spread throughout the world."	1.56	Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) complicated with pneumonia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. ( Choi, SW; Kang, S; Lee, S; Lim, DH; Seo, KW; So, MW; Song, J, 2020)
"Rheumatic diseases were IA (60%) and CTD (40%)."	1.56	Clinical outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a multicentric matched cohort study. ( Alvaro-Gracia, JM; Blanco, R; Carmona, L; Castrejón, I; Fernández Fernández, D; Fernandez-Nebro, A; Galindo, M; Gonzalez-Gay, MA; Lledó, A; Manrique-Arija, S; Martinez-Lopez, D; Mena Vázquez, N; Mera-Varela, A; Pablos, JL; Retuerto, M, 2020)
" Arthralgias and arthritis are a common immune-related adverse event (IrAE), well described in the literature (Pardoll Nat Rev Cancer 12:252-264, 2012; Diesendruck and Benhar Drug Resist Updat 30:39-47, 2017; Cappelli et al."	1.51	Hydroxychloroquine is a safe and effective steroid-sparing agent for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis. ( Basappa, NS; Chu, Q; Kolinsky, M; Lyddell, C; Roberts, J; Smylie, M; Walker, J; Ye, C, 2019)
"Clinical remission is the treatment target in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	1.51	Clinical deep remission and related factors in a large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Cai, YM; Gan, YZ; He, J; Li, J; Li, R; Li, SG; Li, ZG; Liao, H; Liu, JJ; Liu, X; Shi, LJ; Sun, XL; Xu, J; Ye, H; Zhang, RJ; Zhao, JX, 2019)
"Preterm birth was defined as a birth <37 weeks gestation."	1.48	Reasons for cesarean and medically indicated deliveries in pregnancies in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. ( Clowse, MEB; Eudy, AM; Haroun, T; James, AH; Jayasundara, M; Neil, L, 2018)
"Maximum glucose intolerance was observed in patients who were on Non-HCQ drug combinations."	1.46	Prevalence of glucose intolerance in rheumatoid arthritis patients at a tertiary care centre in Haryana. ( Dangi, A; Rajput, R; Singh, H, 2017)
"We included 124 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis who were treated with HCQ."	1.46	Choroidal Thinning Associated With Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy. ( Ahn, SJ; Joung, JY; Lee, BR; Ryu, SJ, 2017)
"Hydroxychloroquine was the most frequently filled DMARD (13."	1.46	End-stage renal disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bethel, M; Brown, S; Carbone, L; Chen, CC; Nahman, NS; Paudyal, S; Rice, C; Skelton, M; Yang, FM, 2017)
"Hydroxychloroquine and abatacept were associated with decreased risk of DM, and glucocorticoids and statins with increased risk."	1.46	Risk of diabetes mellitus associated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and statins in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Avery, M; Holmqvist, ME; Michaud, K; Ozen, G; Pedro, S; Wolfe, F, 2017)
" However, long-term use can be associated with irreversible retinal toxicity."	1.46	Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: an emerging problem. ( Downes, SM; Gourier, H; Latasiewicz, M; Luqmani, R; Sharma, SM; Yusuf, IH, 2017)
"Hydroxychloroquine (10 µM) treatment induced the phosphorylation of ERK, SAPK/JNK and p38."	1.42	15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is upregulated by hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. ( Chang, SH; Kim, HJ; Lee, HY; Lee, S; Nah, SS; Won, H, 2015)
"Sarcoidosis is a chronic disease characterised by formation of non-calcified granulomas."	1.42	Co-occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and sarcoidosis. ( Karaarslan, AA; Kobak, Ş; Sever, F; Yilmaz, H, 2015)
" Cessation of at least one of MTX, SSZ or HCQ occurred because of an adverse event in 38%, remission in 7% and incomplete response in 28% of patients."	1.42	Safety and retention of combination triple disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in new-onset rheumatoid arthritis. ( Cummins, L; Duggan, E; Katikireddi, VS; Pahau, H; Shankaranarayana, S; Su, KY; Thomas, R; Videm, V, 2015)
"Hyperparathyroidism is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by dysfunction in the metabolism of bone, calcium and phosphorus."	1.42	Hypercalcemia and Lytic Bone Lesions Masquerading Inflammatory Arthritis Treated as Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Aboutorabi, RB; Rezaieyazdi, Z; Salari, M, 2015)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a slow acting DMARD used in the early stage of RA."	1.42	Design, Synthesis and In Vitro Release Studies of Co-Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis. ( Dhaneshwar, S; Kashmira, P; Poorvashree, J; Shakuntala, C, 2015)
"There is no consensus on whether it is safe to re-administer tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) flared after withdrawal of TNFα inhibitors due to active tuberculosis (TB)."	1.40	Safe re-administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis who developed active tuberculosis on previous anti-TNFα therapy. ( Ju, JH; Kwok, SK; Park, KS; Park, SH; Suh, YS; Yoon, CH, 2014)
"Hydroxychloroquine was the most commonly used DMARD in monotherapy, and most of the combination therapies prescribed it with methotrexate."	1.40	Utilization patterns of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in elderly rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Choi, NK; Jin, XM; Kim, MS; Kim, YJ; Lee, J; Park, BJ; Seong, JM; Shin, JY; Yang, BR, 2014)
" The effect of biologics was consistent across all multivariate stratified analyses and the association between biologics use and cancer risk was independent of dosage of concomitant nbDMARDs."	1.40	The risk of cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking tumor necrosis factor antagonists: a nationwide cohort study. ( Chang, YT; Chen, CC; Chen, DY; Chen, YJ; Ho, HJ; Kuo, KN; Liu, HN; Shen, JL; Wu, CY, 2014)
"Given the infrequent occurrence of hydroxychloroquine toxic effects, few data are available about the presenting features and long-term follow-up of patients with hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, making it difficult to surmise the clinical course of patients after cessation of drug treatment."	1.39	Progression of hydroxychloroquine toxic effects after drug therapy cessation: new evidence from multimodal imaging. ( Brenner, M; Bryar, PJ; Fawzi, AA; Jampol, LM; Mititelu, M; Wong, BJ, 2013)
"Drug-based treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has evolved markedly over the past 2 decades."	1.39	The decline in joint replacement surgery in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a concomitant increase in the intensity of anti-rheumatic therapy: a nationwide register-based study from 1995 through 2010. ( Hakala, M; Jämsen, E; Kauppi, MJ; Lehto, MU; Malmivaara, A; Virta, LJ, 2013)
"Our study showed that treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis with a combination regime of traditional DMARDs is highly effective in controlling disease activity as well as cardiovascular risk."	1.39	Early, structured disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy reduces cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis--a single centre study using non-biologic drugs. ( Biswas, M; Chatterjee, S; Ghosh, A; Ghosh, S; Sarkate, P, 2013)
"New hydroxychloroquine toxicity was found in 2 of 183 returning patients (1."	1.39	Impact of the revised american academy of ophthalmology guidelines regarding hydroxychloroquine screening on actual practice. ( Browning, DJ, 2013)
" Careful screening with multiple tests can detect toxic damage before prominent loss of the outer nuclear layer."	1.38	Comparison of screening procedures in hydroxychloroquine toxicity. ( Marmor, MF, 2012)
"Treatment with Sulfasalazine with and without methotrexate produced good response in 71."	1.37	Post-chikungunya chronic arthritis--our experience with DMARDs over two year follow up. ( Ganu, AS; Ganu, MA, 2011)
"Rheumatoid arthritis is one of most common chronic diseases, and represents a high cost for the health system."	1.35	[Financial cost of early rheumatoid arthritis in the first year of medical attention: three clinical scenarios in a third-tier university hospital in Colombia]. ( Díaz, J; González, A; Mora, C; Quintana, G, 2009)
" Its use has been associated with ocular side effects; the most concerning is toxic maculopathy."	1.35	Retinal toxicity secondary to Plaquenil therapy. ( Hanna, B; Holdeman, NR; Schiffman, JS; Tang, RA, 2008)
"To assess the incidence and severity of disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)-induced adverse effects (AE) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) taking/not taking glucocorticoids (GC)."	1.35	Low-dose prednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis: adverse effects of various disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. ( Arnold, S; Baerwald, CG; Häntzschel, H; Malysheva, OA; Pierer, M; Wagner, U; Wahle, M, 2008)
"Hydroxychloroquine was the most commonly cited medication for a mild disease activity/severity presentation, and methotrexate for a moderate-to-severe disease activity/severity presentation."	1.31	Physician treatment preferences in rheumatoid arthritis of differing disease severity and activity: the impact of cost on first-line therapy. ( Erkan, D; Harrison, MJ; Paget, SA; Yazici, Y, 2002)
" Risk factors for the development of toxicity are daily dosage related to body weight, total drug dosage and the specific drug used."	1.31	(Hydroxy)-chloroquine retinal toxicity: two case reports and safety guidelines. ( Herman, K; Leys, A; Spileers, W, 2002)
"To evaluate rates on the adverse side effect and discontinuation of second-line drugs frequently used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	1.31	[Retrospective study of adverse events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with second-line drugs]. ( Jiang, L; Ni, L; Zhao, N, 2002)
"A treatment with hydroxychloroquine and topical corticosteroïds was effective in 3 months."	1.31	[Bullous localization of a lupus erythematosus induced by radiotherapy]. ( Beylot Barry, M; Beylot, C; Doutre, MS; Krim, E; Marrot, F; Noblesse, I; Vergier, B, 2002)
"Sensorineural deafness has previously been reported with chloroquine treatment, but this is the first report of ototoxicity associated with HQ in RA."	1.31	Hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. ( Borman, P; Bostan, EE; Ikinciogullari, A; Ozoran, K; Seçkin, U, 2000)
" The proportion of adverse events was lowest in group 1 (14%) and highest in groups 3 and 4 (25%)."	1.30	Toxicity profile of dual methotrexate combinations with gold, hydroxychloroquine, sulphasalazine and minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis patients. ( Caspi, D; Elkayam, O; Segal, R; Yaron, M; Zhukovsky, G, 1997)
" We believe special attention should be given to elderly patients who are being treated with hydroxychloroquine because their retinal pigment epithelium may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of this drug."	1.29	Hydroxychloroquine toxicity despite normal dose therapy. ( Falcone, PM; Lou, PL; Paolini, L, 1993)
"There is wide variability between subjects in the pharmacokinetic parameters of hydroxychloroquine."	1.29	Insights from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of hydroxychloroquine. ( Cutler, D; Day, R; McLachlan, A; Tett, S, 1993)
"The long-term use of second-line antirheumatic drugs was prospectively studied in a consecutive sample of 245 patients with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis."	1.28	Long-term second-line treatment: a prospective drug survival study. ( van de Putte, LB; van Leeuwen, MA; van Riel, PL; van Rijswijk, MH; van't Hof, MA; Wijnands, MJ, 1992)
"In untreated rheumatoid arthritis 20% of the patients has a EOG Lp/Dt ratio lower than the lower 5% limit calculated for normal patients."	1.27	The EOG in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Broekhuyse, RM; Pinckers, A, 1983)
" I therefore consider these dosage rates safe, since they are below the threshold of retinal toxicity."	1.27	Dose refinements in long-term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with antimalarials. ( Mackenzie, AH, 1983)
"The drugs used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis are divided into two classes: a "first aid" and a "back up" group."	1.27	[Synthetic antimalarials in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: adverse effects and advantages]. ( Lanciani, P, 1985)
"Rheumatoid arthritis is a disorder that frequently can be controlled with a program of physical therapy, rest and therapeutic doses of aspirin or another nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication."	1.27	Slow-acting anti-rheumatic drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. ( Clegg, DO; Ward, JR, 1987)
"Numerous drugs are available for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."	1.27	Rheumatoid arthritis: a pharmacologic overview. ( Pinals, RS, 1988)

Research

Studies (675)

Authors

Clinical Trials (39)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Disease Activity as Per Ultrasound-7 (US-7) Score

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	127 (18.81)	18.7374
1990's	116 (17.19)	18.2507
2000's	114 (16.89)	29.6817
2010's	213 (31.56)	24.3611
2020's	105 (15.56)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Lim, CH	1
Hassan, MRA	1
Tan, CL	1
Ng, BH	1
Tedesco Silva, LM	1
Cortes, A	1
Rossi, B	1
Boll, L	1
Waclawovsky, G	1
Eibel, B	1
Cadaval Gonçalves, S	1
Irigoyen, MC	1
Martinez, D	1
Borrelli, E	1
Battista, M	1
Cascavilla, ML	1
Viganò, C	1
Borghesan, F	1
Nicolini, N	1
Clemente, L	1
Sacconi, R	1
Barresi, C	1
Marchese, A	1
Miserocchi, E	1
Modorati, G	1
Bandello, F	1
Querques, G	1
Belani, PJ	1
Kavadichanda, CG	1
Negi, VS	1
Pileggi, GS	1
Ferreira, GA	2
Reis, APMG	2
Reis-Neto, ET	1
Abreu, MM	1
Albuquerque, CP	1
Araújo, NC	1
Bacchiega, AB	1
Bianchi, DV	1
Bica, B	1
Bonfa, ED	1
Borba, EF	1
Brito, DCSE	1
Duarte, ÂLBP	2
Santo, RCE	1
Fernandes, PR	1
Guimarães, MP	1
Gomes, KWP	1
Kakehasi, AM	3
Klumb, EM	2
Lanna, CCD	1
Marques, CDL	2
Monticielo, OA	1
Mota, LMH	1
Munhoz, GA	1
Paiva, ES	1
Pereira, HLA	1
Provenza, JR	2
Ribeiro, SLE	1
Junior, LFR	1
Sampaio, CSJC	1
Sampaio, VS	1
Sato, EI	2
Skare, T	1
de Souza, VA	1
Valim, V	1
Lacerda, MVG	1
Xavier, RM	3
Pinheiro, MM	1
Yu, JJ	1
Wu, F	1
Ma, RR	1
Wu, TJ	1
Zhang, Y	2
Ying, ZH	1
He, M	3
Pawar, A	1
Desai, RJ	5
Glynn, RJ	3
Lee, H	4
Weinblatt, ME	5
Solomon, DH	8
Kim, SC	6
Jorge, A	1
Lu, N	1
Choi, H	1
Esdaile, JM	3
Lacaille, D	2
Avina-Zubieta, JA	4
Baidya, A	1
Aydın Kurna, S	1
Kanar, HS	1
Garlı, M	1
Çakır, N	1
Fang, H	1
Sha, Y	2
Yang, L	2
Jiang, J	1
Yin, L	1
Li, J	4
Li, B	1
Klumperman, B	1
Zhong, Z	1
Meng, F	1
Daftarian, N	2
Lima, A	1
Marozoff, S	1
Ojo, D	1
Levasseur, SD	1
Maberley, DAL	1
Hoens, A	1
Esdaile, J	2
Dawes, M	1
Adante, B	1
Bhui, RD	1
Bhui, SB	1
Butler, M	1
Chui, L	1
Erasmus, M	1
Etminan, M	1
Godinho, D	1
Hay, E	1
Hollands, H	1
Hoonjan, M	1
Joe, A	1
Lukaris, A	1
Mammo, Z	1
Navajas, E	1
Pakzad-Vaezi, K	1
Sanmugasunderam, S	1
Shojania, K	2
Khoubnasabjafari, M	1
Jouyban, A	1
Malek Mahdavi, A	1
Namvar, L	1
Esalatmanesh, K	1
Hajialilo, M	1
Dastgiri, S	1
Soroush, M	1
Safiri, S	1
Khabbazi, A	1
Weidman-Evans, E	1
Porter, M	1
Walbi, IA	1
Albarqi, HA	1
Alghanim, NS	1
Albadi, MA	1
Al Maimouni, HM	1
Alkahtani, SA	1
Alshabi, AM	1
Alali, AS	1
Alqahtani, F	1
Al-Najjar, AH	1
Hazzazi, MA	1
Alanazi, DS	1
Sabei, AA	1
Alsaweed, OS	1
Alajra, RK	1
Alqhtani, H	1
Barton, JC	2
Bertoli, LF	1
Chen, SK	1
Gautam, N	1
Vine, SM	1
Barbulescu, A	1
Askling, J	2
Saevarsdottir, S	8
Frisell, T	1
Li, S	2
Ma, R	1
Hu, XY	1
Li, HB	1
Geng, WC	1
Kong, X	1
Zhang, C	1
Guo, DS	1
Yavropoulou, MP	1
Filippa, MG	1
Panopoulos, S	1
Spanos, E	1
Spanos, G	1
Tektonidou, MG	1
Sfikakis, PP	4
Qian, Y	1
Zhou, D	1
Zhu, D	1
Shi, T	1
Zou, J	2
Ma, X	2
Sotgia, S	1
Zinellu, A	1
Mundula, N	1
Mangoni, AA	1
Carru, C	1
Erre, GL	1
D'Andrea, E	1
Solow, EB	1
Bermas, BL	1
Huo, X	1
Finkelstein, J	1
Zhao, J	2
Zhao, Z	1
Hou, W	1
Jiang, Y	1
Liu, G	1
Ren, X	1
Liu, K	1
Liu, H	1
Chen, K	1
Huang, H	2
Quiñones, ME	1
Joseph, JK	1
Dowell, S	1
Moore, HJ	2
Karasik, PE	2
Fonarow, GC	2
Fletcher, RD	2
Cheng, Y	2
Zeng-Treitler, Q	2
Arundel, C	2
Liappis, AP	2
Sheriff, HM	2
Zhang, S	2
Taub, DD	2
Heimall, MS	2
Faselis, C	2
Kerr, GS	2
Ahmed, A	2
Hoque, MR	1
Lu, L	2
Xie, H	1
Hyser, E	1
Gentry, CA	1
Thind, SK	1
Williams, RJ	1
Hendrickson, SC	1
Kurdgelashvili, G	1
Humphrey, MB	1
Ahmed, S	2
Konig, J	1
Kasselman, LJ	1
Renna, HA	1
De Leon, J	1
Carsons, SE	1
Reiss, AB	1
Pauli, E	1
Ma, Z	1
Zhang, X	3
Brackett, J	1
Towa, L	1
Upadhyay, B	1
Satcher, R	1
Mo, DG	3
Du, MM	3
Esser, EL	1
Zimmermann, JA	1
Storp, JJ	1
Eter, N	1
Mihailovic, N	1
Zhang, Z	4
Wang, YH	4
Shi, X	2
Wei, JC	4
Malhotra, A	1
Pathak, MA	1
Dalia, T	1
Vidic, A	1
Conley, B	1
Bunzli, S	1
Bullen, J	1
O'Brien, P	1
Persaud, J	1
Gunatillake, T	1
Nikpour, M	1
Grainger, R	1
Barnabe, C	1
Lin, I	1
Liu, LQ	1
Shi, WQ	1
Chen, J	2
Li, QJ	1
Wei, H	1
Xu, SH	1
Kang, M	1
Chen, X	1
Wang, YX	1
Shao, Y	2
Sabounji, MM	1
Lissimo, H	1
Deme, A	1
Kalaw, FGP	1
Arnett, J	1
Baxter, SL	1
Walker, E	1
Pedersen, B	1
Borooah, S	1
Luo, F	1
Yuan, XM	1
Xiong, H	1
Chen, CM	2
Ma, WK	1
Yao, XM	1
Castillo Dayer, PV	1
Lozano Rivas, N	1
Martínez Ferrín, JJ	1
Victoria Martínez, AM	1
Sánchez-Pedreño Guillen, P	1
Marras Fernández-Cid, C	1
Lai, SW	1
Kuo, YH	1
Liao, KF	1
Rebić, N	1
Sayre, EC	1
Zusman, EZ	1
Amiri, N	1
Baldwin, C	1
De Vera, MA	1
Pope, J	1
Rampakakis, E	1
Vaillancourt, J	1
Bessette, L	1
Lazovskis, J	1
Haraoui, B	1
Sampalis, JS	1
Xie, W	2
Lukas, C	4
Mary, J	2
Debandt, M	1
Daïen, C	1
Morel, J	5
Cantagrel, A	1
Fautrel, B	2
Combe, B	8
Jayaprakash, A	1
K, S	1
Schrezenmeier, E	1
Dörner, T	1
Gomides, APM	2
de Albuquerque, CP	2
Santos, ABV	1
Bértolo, MB	2
Júnior, PL	1
Giorgi, RDN	2
Radominski, SC	1
Resende Guimarães, MFB	1
Bonfiglioli, KR	1
de Fátima Lobato da Cunha Sauma, M	1
Pereira, IA	2
Brenol, CV	2
da Mota, LMH	2
da Rocha Castelar Pinheiro, G	1
Song, J	1
Kang, S	1
Choi, SW	1
Seo, KW	1
Lee, S	2
So, MW	1
Lim, DH	1
Vastarella, M	1
Patrì, A	1
Annunziata, MC	1
Cantelli, M	1
Nappa, P	1
Tasso, M	1
Costa, L	1
Caso, F	1
Fabbrocini, G	1
Curtis, JR	12
Palmer, JL	1
Reed, GW	1
Greenberg, J	2
Pappas, DA	2
Harrold, LR	1
Kremer, JM	5
Lahouati, M	1
Mériglier, E	1
Martin, L	1
Bouchet, S	1
Desclaux, A	1
Bonnet, F	1
Olofsson, T	2
Wallman, JK	4
Jöud, A	1
Schelin, MEC	1
Ernestam, S	11
van Vollenhoven, R	3
Lampa, J	2
Wallace, B	1
Washer, L	1
Marder, W	1
Kahlenberg, JM	1
Yang, X	1
Ji, L	1
Sanchez-Piedra, C	1
Diaz-Torne, C	1
Manero, J	1
Pego-Reigosa, JM	1
Rúa-Figueroa, Í	1
Gonzalez-Gay, MA	2
Gomez-Reino, J	1
Alvaro-Gracia, JM	2
Dos Reis Neto, ET	1
de Medeiros Pinheiro, M	1
Dos Santos Paiva, E	1
Pileggi, GCS	1
Thémans, P	1
Dauby, N	1
Schrooyen, L	1
Lebout, F	1
Delforge, M	1
Nasreddine, R	1
Libois, A	1
Payen, MC	1
Konopnicki, D	1
Wuillaume, F	1
Lescrainier, C	1
Verlinden, V	1
Dogné, JM	1
Hamdani, J	1
Musuamba, FT	1
Romão, VC	1
Cruz-Machado, AR	1
Fonseca, JE	1
Cai, S	2
Sun, W	2
Li, M	2
Dong, L	2
Deane, KD	1
Holers, VM	1
Nuño, L	1
Novella Navarro, M	1
Bonilla, G	1
Franco-Gómez, K	1
Aguado, P	1
Peiteado, D	1
Monjo, I	1
Tornero, C	1
Villalba, A	1
Miranda-Carus, ME	1
De Miguel, E	1
Bogas, P	1
Castilla-Plaza, A	1
Bernad-Pineda, M	1
García-Lorenzo, E	1
Rodríguez-Araya, T	1
Balsa, A	1
Hua, L	1
Du, H	1
Ying, M	1
Wu, H	2
Fan, J	1
Ferreira, A	1
Oliveira-E-Silva, A	1
Bettencourt, P	1
Deng, D	1
Zhou, J	2
Tian, L	1
Wang, T	1
Wu, J	1
Zeng, F	1
Yang, J	1
Nirk, EL	1
Reggiori, F	1
Mauthe, M	1
Winthrop, KL	1
Brunton, AE	1
Beekmann, S	1
Polgreen, P	1
Baddley, J	1
Saag, KG	1
Calabrese, C	1
Calabrese, L	1
Robinson, PC	1
Wallace, ZS	1
Salvarani, C	1
Mancuso, P	1
Gradellini, F	1
Viani, N	1
Pandolfi, P	1
Reta, M	1
Carrozzi, G	1
Sandri, G	1
Bajocchi, G	1
Galli, E	1
Muratore, F	1
Boiardi, L	1
Pipitone, N	1
Cassone, G	1
Croci, S	1
Marata, AM	1
Costantini, M	1
Giorgi Rossi, P	1
El-Banna, HS	1
Gado, SE	1
Montero, F	1
Martínez-Barrio, J	1
Serrano-Benavente, B	1
González, T	1
Rivera, J	1
Molina Collada, J	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on Endothelial Function: a Clinical Trial[NCT04161339]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-07-01	Recruiting
Comparison of Sulfasalazine Versus Leflunomide Based Combination Disease Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drug Therapy (DMARD) in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Failing Methotrexate Monotherapy : A Randomized Control Trial[NCT02930343]	Phase 3	136 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Terminated (stopped due to Due to time constraints, the study was halted prematurely)
An Impaired Functional Reserve of Adrenal Cortex May Associate With difficult-to Treat RA: Can a Disturbed Cortisol Circadian Rhythm Serve as a Predictor of Difficult-to-treat RA?[NCT05671627]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-02-02	Recruiting
Etude et Suivi Des POlyarthrites Indifférenciées Récentes[NCT03666091]		813 participants (Actual)	Observational	2002-11-13	Active, not recruiting
Using Hydroxychloroquine to Treat Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis[NCT05733897]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-06-10	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With X-linked Alport Syndrome in China (CHXLAS)[NCT04937907]	Phase 2	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-08	Recruiting
Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial on the Safety and Efficacy of Imatinib for Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19[NCT04394416]	Phase 3	204 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-06-02	Active, not recruiting
A Prospective Randomized, Open, Multi-Center Trial Comparing TNF-Blockade + MTX to MTX+SSZ+HCQ in Patients With Early RA With an Inadequate Response to MTX[NCT00764725]	Phase 4	487 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-12-31	Completed
Fecal Microbial Transplantation for Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial[NCT05790356]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-01	Not yet recruiting
Vitamin D: Does It Help Tregs in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.[NCT04472481]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-06	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Blinded-assessor, Phase 4 Study in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis to Compare Active Conventional Therapy Versus Three Biologic Treatments, and Two De-escalation Strategies in Patients Who Respond to Treatme[NCT01491815]	Phase 4	812 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-14	Active, not recruiting
The Efficacy, Safety and Cost-effectiveness of Hydroxychloroquine, Sulfasalazine, Methotrexate Triple Therapy in Preventing Relapse Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Achieving Clinical Remission or Low Disease Activity[NCT02320630]		240 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Recruiting
REmission in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Assessing WIthrawal of Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in a Non-inferiority Design[NCT01881308]	Phase 4	320 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-17	Completed
CSP #551 - Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Active Therapies in Patients With Active Disease Despite Methotrexate Therapy[NCT00405275]		353 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-07-31	Completed
Hydroxychloroquine Exposure in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)[NCT03802188]		3,700 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-05-09	Recruiting
Secondary Event Prevention Using Population Risk Management After PCI[NCT02694185]		5,269 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-01	Active, not recruiting
Proflaxis for Healthcare Professionals Using Hydroxychloroquine Plus Vitamin Combining Vitamins C, D and Zinc During COVID-19 Pandemia: An Observational Study[NCT04326725]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-03-20	Active, not recruiting
U-ACT-EARLY: A Multi-center, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate Remission in DMARD and Biological naïve Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Subjects Treated With Tocilizumab (TCZ) Plus Tight Control Methotrexate (MTX) , TCZ Monothe[NCT01034137]	Phase 3	317 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Pilot Study of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa[NCT03275870]	Phase 1/Phase 2	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-28	Completed
Hydroxychloroquine Assessment of Management Study in Coronary Artery Disease After Angiography.[NCT02874287]	Phase 4	35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-08	Completed
Hydroxychloroquine to Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Rheumatoid Arthritis[NCT01132118]	Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Completed
A Randomized Trial of Efficacy and Safety of an Early OUTpatient Treatment of COVID-19 in Patients With Risk Factor for Poor Outcome: a Strategy to Prevent Hospitalization[NCT04365582]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-07	Withdrawn (stopped due to The PI decided.)
An aDaptive, multicEnter, rAndomized, Open-Label, Controlled Trial to Assess Effectiveness and Safety of Quinine Sulfate for COVID-19 in Hospitalized Adults[NCT05808231]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-26	Recruiting
Treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis (TEAR)[NCT00259610]	Phase 4	755 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-05-31	Completed
A Phase 2b, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Finding, Multi-Center Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ASP015K in Moderate to Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients[NCT01565655]	Phase 2	289 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-19	Completed
Comparison of Infliximab With Sulfasalazine/Hydroxychloroquine Initiated After Methotrexate by Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated in Clinical Practice (Real-World Emulation of SWEFOT Trial)[NCT05051137]		509 participants (Actual)	Observational	2006-01-12	Completed
A Clinical Trial of Shared Epitope Peptides in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)[NCT00000435]	Phase 2	160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-09-30	Completed
Effects of Tofacitinib on Body Composition, Bone Mineral Density and Bone Marrow Adiposity in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: the TOFAT Project[NCT04175886]		10 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-02-25	Terminated (stopped due to Design has to been modified due to the results from ORAL Surveillance)
A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized and Parallel Controlled Study of Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate in the Treatment of Recurrent Miscarriage With Antiphospholipid Syndrome[NCT04624269]	Phase 4	384 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Not yet recruiting
Impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus[NCT02639988]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2016-04-13	Suspended
Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Metformin in Treatment of Moderate Psoriasis: A Prospective Randomized Double Blind Controlled Study[NCT02644954]	Phase 3	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Use of TNF-blocking Therapy in Combination With DMARDs in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis[NCT00908089]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-03-31	Active, not recruiting
Treat-to-target in RA: Collaboration To Improve adOption and adhereNce (TRACTION)[NCT02260778]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Active, not recruiting
Clinically Important Changes in Rheumatoid Arthritis[NCT00056602]		192 participants (Actual)	Observational	2003-03-18	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Treatment With Convalescent Plasma for Adults With COVID-19 Pneumonia. A Double-blinded, Randomized, Multicenter Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT04345289]	Phase 3	147 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-01	Terminated (stopped due to DSMB advise due to high probability of futility)
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Two Different Starting Dosages of Prednisolone in Early Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial[NCT02000336]	Phase 3	395 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Cell Phone Based Automated Monitoring of Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis[NCT02424877]		165 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-01	Completed
Safety, Activity, and Pharmacology of Nivolumab in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Pre-existing Autoimmune Disease[NCT03656627]	Phase 1	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-27	Terminated (stopped due to low accrual)
A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Biannual Peripheral Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Radiography, and Standard of Care on Pharmacotherapeutic Escalation in Inflammatory Arthritis[NCT00808496]	Phase 4	186 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Ultrasound 7 score (US-7) Calculates ultrasound score in 7 joints using greyscale and power doppler to evaluate for disease activity (synovitis, tenosynovitis) and damage (erosions) Score minimum value= 0 Maximum value = 108 Higher score indicates worse disease (NCT02930343)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Indian Health Assessment Questionnaire (iHAQ)

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Group 1- MTX+LEF+HCQ	3.5
Group 2- MTX+SSZ+HCQ	4

Indian version of Health assessment Questionnaire (iHAQ) Comprises of 12 questions relating to functional activity iHAQ score ranges from 0 to 3 (minimum 0, maximum 3) Higher scores indicate more disability (NCT02930343)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Number of Patients Achieving Good EULAR Response at the End of 12 Weeks

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Group 1- MTX+LEF+HCQ	0.7
Group 2- MTX+SSZ+HCQ	0.5

"EULAR response criteria for Rheumatoid arthritis includes- estimation of DAS 28 ESR, that includes-~Tender joint count 28~Swollen joint count 28~ESR~Patient global assessment of health" (NCT02930343)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Number of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions

Intervention	participants (Number)
Group 1- MTX+LEF+HCQ	40
Group 2- MTX+SSZ+HCQ	37

Infections, transaminitis, nausea, vomiting, derranged renal function tests etc (NCT02930343)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Mean 48-week Change in DAS28

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Total number of any adverse events	Serious adverse events	Any gastrointestinal adverse reaction	Nausea	Diarrhea	Switch to parenteral Methotrexate	Raised liver enzymes > 2 times upper limit normal	Herpes labialis	upper respiratory tract infection	urinary tract infection	Hypertension	hairfall	Cytopenia
Group 1- MTX+LEF+HCQ	15	0	11	4	1	5	1	0	5	1	1	2	0
Group 2- MTX+SSZ+HCQ	21	0	16	6	1	14	1	2	5	0	0	2	0

"Average difference between 48-week and Baseline DAS28.~The Disease Activity Score for 28 Joints (DAS28) is a well-validated composite outcome measure ranging from 2-10 (higher scores indicating more disease) that incorporates a tender and swollen joint count of 28 joints, a laboratory measure of systemic inflammation (ESR) and a patient-reported general assessment of health on a visual analog scale (ranging from 0-10cm) all into one measure.~Low disease activity is defined as DAS28 ≤ 3.2 units." (NCT00405275)
Timeframe: 48 weeks after baseline assessment

Cardiovascular Events (CVE)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Triple	-2.12
Etanercept	-2.29

Cardiovascular Events (CVEs) such as mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, or repeat revascularization among IHD patients at 12 months post-PCI and progressive erosive disease demonstrated in patients with rheumatic disease will be monitored. CVEs will be monitored to determine if there is a reduction in the occurrence of those events as a result of the intervention. (NCT02694185)
Timeframe: 1 year

Incremental Cost Effectiveness (ICE)

Intervention	Cardiovascular events (Mean)
Experimental Group	15.2
Control Group	14.3

To establish the cost to implement and maintain the intervention, above the cost of usual care. Incremental Cost Effectiveness (ICE) is the cost to achieve a 10% improvement in PDC, and the cost of CVE prevented. (NCT02694185)
Timeframe: through study completion, an average of 1 year

Proportion of Days Covered (PDC)

Intervention	dollars per patient (Median)
Experimental Group	821.45
Control Group	893.55

Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) is measured by looking at the number of doses of medication a patient has versus days in the month (if a patient has 20 days of medication for a 30 day period their PDC is 20/30, 2/3, or 66.7%). Used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention, PDC will be tested among IHD patients in the year after PCI and among rheumatology clinic patients chronically prescribed DMARDs. (NCT02694185)
Timeframe: 1 year

Mean Duration of First Disease Activity Score 28 Remission

Intervention	percentage of days covered (Mean)
	Anti-platelet	Beta-Blocker	Statin
Control Group	75.6	73.3	71.2
Experimental Group	82.6	78.4	78.8

It is the duration of the first period of DAS28 remission. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Up to Week 104

Mean Duration of First Sustained Remission

Intervention	Weeks (Mean)
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	42.99
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	37.01
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	20.49

It is the duration of the first period of sustained DAS28 remission. Participants who switch treatment strategy before reaching sustained remission considered failures. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Up to Week 104

Median Time to First Disease Activity Score 28 Remission

Intervention	Weeks (Mean)
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	65.85
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	65.00
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	52.90

It is the time to event analysis for the first DAS28 remission. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Up to Week 104

Median Time to First Sustained Remission

Intervention	Days (Median)
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	56.00
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	57.00
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	167.00

It is the time to event analysis for the first period of sustained remission. Sustained remission is defined as DAS28 <2.6 during ≥23 weeks and no more than 4 swollen joints (28 joint count) due to RA at Week 24 of remission, with the exception of up to 2 in-between DAS28 values which could be between 2.6 and 3.2. The DAS28 is a combined index for measuring disease activity in RA. The index includes swollen and tender joint counts (range 0-28), acute phase response (ESR in mm/hr), and general health status (participant global assessment of disease activity using VAS, range 1-100 mm). DAS28, which uses a 28-joint count, is derived from the original DAS, which includes a 44-swollen joint count. The DAS28 scale ranges from 0 to 10, where higher scores indicate worsening. DAS28 <2.6 equals (=) remission. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Up to Week 104

Percentage of Participants Achieving Sustained Remission Rate At Week 104

Intervention	days (Median)
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	69.00
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	89.00
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	NA

Sustained remission rate (SRR) is defined as Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) <2.6 during ≥ 23 weeks and no more than 4 swollen joints (28 joint count) due to RA at Week 24 of remission, with the exception of up to 2 in-between DAS28 values which could be between 2.6 and 3.2. The DAS28 is a combined index for measuring disease activity in RA. The index includes swollen (range 0-28) and tender (range 0-28) joint counts, acute phase response (ESR in mm/hr), and general health status (participant global assessment of disease activity using VAS, range 1-100 mm). DAS28, which uses a 28-joint count, is derived from the original DAS, which includes a 44-swollen joint count. The DAS28 scale ranges from 0 to 10, where higher scores indicate worsening. DAS28 <2.6 equals (=) remission. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Week 104

Percentage of Participants Who Withdraw Due to Lack of Sufficient Therapeutic Response

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	85.8
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	83.5
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	44.4

Insufficient therapeutic response (participants not responding to the drug as assessed by the physician) was selected by the investigator as a reason for the participant to withdraw from the study. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Up to Week 104

Absolute Change From Baseline in Disease Activity Score 28 at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	32.1
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	18.2
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	43.3

The DAS28 score is a measure of the participant's disease activity. DAS28 total scores range from 0 to approximately 10. Scores below 2.6 indicate best disease control and scores above 5.1 indicate worse disease control. A negative change from Baseline indicated improvement. Participants with missing data at visits before early study termination or who stopped the study prematurely because of insufficient therapeutic response or safety reasons considered non-responders or who stopped the study for other reasons, response set to missing after early withdrawal. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Mean Change From Baseline in 36-Item Short Form Health Survey of Quality of Life at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Median)
	Week 12	Week 24	Week 52	Week 104
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	1.4	2.1	3.3	3.2
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	3.1	3.6	3.3	3.3
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	3.3	3.6	3.4	3.3

The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) is a questionnaire used to assess physical functioning and is made up of eight domains: Physical Functioning, Role Physical, Bodily Pain, General Health, Vitality, Social Functioning, Role-Emotional and Mental Health. Transforming and standardizing these domains leads to the calculation of the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) measures. Scores ranging from 0 to 100, with 0=worst score (or quality of life) and 100=best score. A positive change from baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Mean Change From Baseline in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Score of Quality of Life at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	PCS Week 12, n=72, 73, 79	MCS Week 12, n=72, 71, 7	PCS Week 24, n= 72, 74, 76	MCS Week 24, n=67, 72,75	PCS Week 52, n=62, 63, 68	MCS Week 52, n=61, 63, 69	PCS Week 104, n=52, 57, 60	MCS Week 104, n=51, 57, 60
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	6.8	3.9	9.1	5.7	15.7	10.3	13.9	8.6
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	11.2	6.2	16.3	9.5	18.9	10.1	15.2	9.4
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	14.2	10.9	13.6	9.3	20.1	13.6	15.1	9.7

Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) is a 13-item questionnaire. Participants scored each item on a 5-point scale: 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Very much). The larger the participants response to the questions (with the exception of 2 negatively stated), the greater the participants fatigue. For all questions, except for the 2 negatively stated ones, the code was reversed and a new score was calculated as (4 minus the participant's response). The sum of all responses resulted in the FACIT-Fatigue score for a total possible score of 0 (worse score) to 52 (better score). A higher score reflects an improvement in the participant's health status. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Mean Change From Baseline in Modified Sharp/Van Der Heijde Score at Weeks 52 and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Week 12, n=98, 98, 99	Week 24, n=98, 99, 94	Week 52, n=84, 86, 85	Week 104, n=74, 78, 74
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	3.4	4.4	6.4	7.0
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	4.3	7.3	6.9	6.3
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	6.5	6.7	7.9	5.8

The degree of joint damage was assessed using the van der Heijde modified total Sharp score (mTSS). The methodology quantifies the extent of bone erosions for 44 joints and joint space narrowing (JSN) for 42 joints, with higher scores representing greater damage. The independent read of X-ray images was performed by 2 primary readers. In case of discrepancy between the 2 primary readers, an adjudicator was involved. The mTSS can range from 0 to 448 with a higher score indicating more joint damage. A negative change score indicates improvement. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 52 and 104

Mean Change From Baseline in Patient General Wellbeing Visual Analog Scale Score of Quality of Life at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Week 52	Week 104
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	0.96	1.53
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	0.50	1.18
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	0.79	1.45

"Participants assessed their general wellbeing using a 0 to 10 horizontal visual analogue scale (VAS). The left-hand extreme of the line equals 0 and is described as not active at all and the right-hand extreme equals 10 as very active .The final VAS score will be derived by multiplying the original scores by 10." (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Mean Change From Baseline in Patient Global Health Visual Analog Scale Score of Quality of Life at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Week 12, n=30, 19, 19	Week 24, n=28, 18, 18	Week 52, n=23, 17, 15	Week 104, n=23, 16, 19
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-6.6	-16.1	-26.0	-34.7
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-27.3	-36.1	-40.9	-31.1
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-31.1	-35.6	-45.6	-38.1

Patient global health VAS score ranges from 0 to 100 and a higher score indicates worse QoL. Patient global health VAS is a component of DAS28. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Mean Change From Baseline in Patient Pain Visual Analog Scale Score of Quality of Life at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Week 12, n=101, 99, 103	Week 24, n= 97, 95, 96	Week 52, n=84, 90, 84	Week 104, n=76, 83, 74
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-14.8	-20.4	-31.5	-36.2
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-25.8	-33.9	-34.3	-33.2
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-24.2	-29.2	-34.9	-34.3

"Participants assessed their pain using a 0 to 10 horizontal visual analogue scale (VAS). The left-hand extreme of the line equals 0 and is described as no pain and the right-hand extreme equals 10 as unbearable pain .The final VAS score will be derived by multiplying the original scores by 10." (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Mean Change From Baseline in Physician Global Health Visual Analog Scale Score of Quality of Life at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Week 12, n=95, 96, 101	Week 24, n=92, 93, 92	Week 52, n=78, 83, 82	Week 104, n=73, 80, 72
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-19.7	-28.0	-38.1	-41.0
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-28.7	-36.4	-37.9	-34.0
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-29.5	-33.5	-36.6	-36.4

Physician global health VAS score ranges from 0 to 100 and a higher score indicates worse QoL. Physician global health VAS is a component of DAS28. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Mean Change From Baseline in The Dutch Consensus Health Assessment Questionnaire of Quality of Life at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Week 12, n=79, 82, 79	Week 24, n=74, 75, 78	Week 52, n=71, 71, 71	Week 104, n=61, 68, 64
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-23.0	-31.0	-37.7	-41.1
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-35.4	-43.9	-45.4	-43.7
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-34.6	-43.8	-46.9	-50.7

The Dutch Consensus Health Assessment Questionnaire (DC-HAQ) disability index is a self-completed participant questionnaire with 8 domains specific for RA. It assesses a participant functional ability, with scores ranging from 0 (without any difficulty) to 3 (unable to do). A change from baseline of -0.22 is considered to be the minimal clinically important difference. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Mean Change From Baseline in The EuroQol Score of Quality of Life at Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Week 12, n=95, 95, 91	Week 24, n=92, 94, 87	Week 52, n=81, 81, 82	Weeks 104, n=68, 75, 71
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-0.2	-0.4	-0.5	-0.4
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-0.5	-0.7	-0.7	-0.6
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-0.5	-0.6	-0.7	-0.6

"EuroQol (EQ-5D) is a standard self-completed participant questionnaire that measures health outcome. The EQ-5D questionnaire consists of 2 parts: 1) EQ-5D with five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain / discomfort, and anxiety / depression. Each dimension is rated on a 3-point response scale as 1 = no problems, 2 = some/moderate problems, 3 = extreme problems. The responses to the five EQ-5D dimensions were scored using a utility-weighted algorithm to derive an EQ-5D health status index score between 0 to 1, where '1' indicating full health and '0' representing dead. The positive values indicate that during the study the health status improved. 2) EQ-VAS on a scale of 0 to 100, where 0 = worst possible health status and 100 = best possible health status." (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Mean Change From Baseline in The IPQ-R Score of Quality of Life at Week 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	EQ-5D Week 12, n=72, 72, 78	EQ-VAS Week 12, n=69, 70, 73	EQ-5D Week 24, n=69, 73, 73	EQ-VAS Week 24, n=67, 69, 71	EQ-5D Week 52, n=61, 61, 69	EQ-VAS Week 52, n=58, 59, 67	EQ-5D Week 104, n=50,57,54	EQ-VAS Week 104, n=50,52,57
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	0.11	2.92	0.15	8.97	0.25	13.40	0.21	10.96
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	0.15	11.94	0.19	13.15	0.18	12.52	0.14	10.88
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	0.19	9.31	0.15	10.86	0.21	13.71	0.20	14.37

The IPQ-R includes 9 domains (identity, acute or chronic timeline, consequences, personal and treatment control, illness coherence, timeline cyclical, emotional representations, and cause). For first 8 domains it scores as: 1(strongly disagree), 2(disagree), 3(neither agree/disagree), 4(agree), and 5(strongly agree), except identity as 1(yes) and 0(no). The sum of scores for identity, timeline, consequences, and cyclical domains are ranged from 0-16. High score represent strongly held beliefs about the number of symptoms attributed to RA, the chronicity of the condition, the negative consequences of the illness and the cyclical nature of the condition. The sum of scores for personal and treatment control, coherence dimensions, and emotional representations are ranged from 0-15. High score represent positive beliefs about the number of controllability of RA and a personal understanding of the condition. The data for 'Cause' domain was not considered for analysis in this study. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Week 104

Mean Change From Baseline in The IPQ-R Score of Quality of Life at Week 24

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Identity, n=74, 78, 74	Acute or Chronic Timeline, n=69, 75, 72	Consequences, n=69, 76, 73	Personal Control, n=74, 77, 74	Treatment Control, n=72, 76, 73	Illness Coherence, n=69, 75,72	Timeline Cyclical, n=69, 77, 73	Emotional Representation, n=69, 77, 73
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-0.9	0.3	-0.5	0.0	-0.0	0.4	-0.1	-0.7
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-1.0	0.0	-0.6	0.1	0.1	0.3	-0.1	-0.6
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-1.3	0.3	-0.5	0.0	0.1	0.4	-0.1	-0.7

Mean Change From Baseline in The IPQ-R Score of Quality of Life at Week 52

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Identity, n=98, 99, 94	Acute or Chronic Timeline, n=97, 96, 87	Consequences, n=97, 96, 89	Personal Control, n=98, 97, 94	Treatment Control, n=98, 95, 91,	Illness Coherence, n=96, 94, 89	Timeline Cyclical, n=96, 97,90	Emotional Representation, n=96, 97, 90
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-0.3	0.0	-0.3	-0.1	0.2	0.2	-0.2	-0.5
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-1.2	-0.0	-0.5	0.1	0.1	0.3	-0.3	-0.5
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-1.0	0.1	-0.4	0.0	0.1	0.3	-0.2	-0.5

Mean Change From Baseline in The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) Score of Quality of Life at Week 12

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Identity, n=84, 86, 85	Acute or Chronic Timeline, n=83, 82, 83	Consequences, n=83, 82, 84	Personal Control, n=84, 84, 84	Treatment Control, n=84, 84, 84	Illness Coherence, n=83, 80, 83	Timeline Cyclical, n=83, 83, 83	Emotional Representation, n=83, 82, 83
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-1.0	0.1	-0.5	0.0	0.2	0.4	-0.3	-0.7
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-1.0	-0.1	-0.7	0.1	0.1	0.3	-0.2	-0.7
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-1.4	0.1	-0.7	0.1	0.2	0.4	-0.3	-0.7

Mean Percent Change From Baseline in CRP at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Identity, n=98, 98, 99	Acute or Chronic Timeline, n=95, 97, 92	Consequences, n=95, 96, 95	Personal Control, n=98, 98, 98	Treatment Control, n=98, 96, 94	Illness Coherence, n=95, 96, 95	Timeline Cyclical, n=95, 98, 96	Emotional Representation, n=95, 98, 96
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-0.1	0.0	-0.2	-0.1	0.1	0.2	-0.2	-0.5
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-0.6	-0.1	-0.4	0.1	0.2	0.2	-0.2	-0.4
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-0.8	-0.0	-0.4	0.1	0.2	0.3	-0.0	-0.6

CRP is a component of ACR. CRP is a marker of inflammation. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Pain Visual Analog Scale at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Percent change (Mean)
	Week 12, n=103, 101, 100	Week 24, n=99, 101, 98	Week 52, n=85, 92, 88	Week 104, n=77, 81, 78
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-28.5	-16.8	-52.1	-46.7
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-47.4	-64.4	-47.1	-45.5
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-69.8	-69.1	-51.9	-12.7

Pain VAS is a component of ACR. VAS pain score calculated as 0 to 10 cm; where 0 = no pain, and 10 = worst possible pain. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Mean Percent Change From Baseline in Patient Health Visual Analog Scale at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Percent change (Mean)
	Week 12, n=82, 83, 77	Week 24, n=76, 77, 78	Week 52, n=76, 72, 72	Week 104, n=58, 61, 63
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-39.1	-48.6	-66.4	-74.9
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-59.3	-74.9	-77.0	-76.5
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-55.8	-70.3	-72.4	-78.8

Patient health visual analog scale is a component of ACR. It is measured using a visual analogue scale with scores ranging from 0 to 100 (higher scores indicate worse disease activity). An improvement (decrease) in the patient's global assessment based on disease activity relative to respective baseline values was analyzed. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Mean Percent Change From Baseline in The Physician Health Visual Analog Scale at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Percent change (Mean)
	Week 12, n =96, 97, 97	Week 24, n=92, 96, 93	Week 52, n=79, 82, 84	Week 104, n=72, 72, 72
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-25.3	-41.5	-58.4	-64.7
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-43.8	-66.5	-66.5	-64.0
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-40.8	-54.8	-63.4	-67.4

Physician health visual analog scale is a component of ACR. It is measured using a visual analogue scale with scores ranging from 0 to 100 (higher scores indicate worse disease activity).An improvement (decrease) in the physician's global assessment based on disease activity parameter relative to respective baseline values was analyzed. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Mean Percent Change From Baseline in the Swollen Joint Count (SJC) at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Percent change (Mean)
	Week 12, n =104, 101, 100	Week 24, n =100, 101, 98	Week 52, n =86, 92, 88	Week 104, n =78, 81, 78
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-18.2	-26.1	-48.2	-53.9
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-41.6	-61.0	-56.9	-63.2
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-36.5	-46.7	-56.2	-60.2

The number of swollen joints among 22 anatomical joints for both the right and left side of the body were assessed by a joint evaluator where the presence of a swollen joint was scored as 1 and absence as 0. The total SJC was derived by the sum of the scores for a range of SJC from 0 (best possible score; no swollen joints) to 44 (worse possible score; all joints swollen). (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Mean Percent Change From Baseline in the Tender Joint Count (TJC) at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Percent change (Mean)
	Week 12, n=104, 100, 98	Week 24, n=100, 100, 97	Week 52, n=86, 91, 87	Week 104, n=78, 80, 77
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-44.9	-69.3	-91.3	-87.9
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-69.2	-91.7	-93.3	-85.7
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-68.2	-86.9	-89.0	-91.6

The number of tender joints among 22 anatomical joints for both the right and left side of the body were assessed by a joint evaluator where the presence of a tender joint was scored as 1 and absence as 0. The total TJC was derived by the sum of the scores for a range of TJC from 0 (best possible score; no tender joints) to 44 (worse possible score; all tender joints). (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Median Change From Baseline in Clinical Disease Activity Index Score at Weeks 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Percent change (Mean)
	Week 12, n=102, 98, 99	Week 24, n=98, 98, 97	Week 52, n=84, 89, 87	Week 104, n=76, 79, 77
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-36.9	-66.6	-77.7	-79.9
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-68.0	-81.9	-77.8	-84.5
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-53.7	-66.1	-80.4	-82.5

The clinical disease activity index (CDAI) are continuous measures of RA disease activity. The CDAI is the numerical sum of four outcome parameters: tender joint count (TJC), swollen joint count (SJC) based on a 28-joint assessment; and patient's global assessment (PtGA) and physician's global assessment (PhGA) assessed on 0-10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). CDAI total score ranges from 0 to 76. CDAI <= 2.8 indicates clinical remission, >2.8 to 10 = low disease activity, >10 to 22 = moderate disease activity, and >22 = high (or severe) disease activity. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 24, 52, and 104

Median Change From Baseline in Simplified Disease Activity Index Scores at Weeks 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Median)
	Week 24	Week 52	Week 104
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-14.8	-18.0	-18.0
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-20.0	-19.5	-19.0
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-20.0	-21.0	-21.5

The simplified disease activity index (SDAI ) are continuous measures of RA disease activity.The SDAI is the numerical sum of five outcome parameters: TJC and SJC (based on a 28-joint assessment), PtGA and PhGA (assessed on 0-10 cm VAS), and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (mg/dL). SDAI total score ranges from 0-86. SDAI <=3.3 indicates disease remission, >3.4 to 11 = low disease activity, >11 to 26 = moderate disease activity, and >26 = high disease activity. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Weeks 24, 52, and 104

Median Time to First European League Against Rheumatism Response

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Median)
	Week 24	Week 52	Week 104
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	-21.5	-27.9	-28.0
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	-31.0	-26.3	-25.6
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	-32.8	-33.5	-32.8

It is the time to first EULAR response. EULAR response criteria classify each participant as a good, moderate or non-responder to treatment based on the degree of improvement from baseline and the level of disease activity at the endpoint. EULAR response is derived using the individual participant's DAS28 as the measure of severity of disease.Good or moderate response is defined as follows: Good response : DAS28 at the time point ≤ 3.2 and improvement from baseline > 1.2. Moderate response : DAS28 at the time point > 3.2 and improvement from baseline > 1.2, or DAS28 at the time point ≤ 5.1 and improvement from baseline > 0.6 and ≤ 1.2. Response 1 is defined as yes (good) versus no (moderate or no response). Response 2 is defined as yes (good or moderate) versus no (no response). (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Up to Week 104

Number of Participants Achieving Disease Activity Score 28 Remission at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Days (Median)
	EULAR response 1	EULAR response 2
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	132.0	57.0
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	35.5	29.0
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	47.0	29.0

The DAS28 is a combined index for measuring disease activity in RA. The index includes swollen (range 0-28) and tender (range 0-28) joint counts, acute phase response (ESR in mm/hr), and general health status (participant global assessment of disease activity using VAS, range 1-100 mm). DAS28, which uses a 28-joint count, is derived from the original DAS, which includes a 44-swollen joint count. The DAS28 scale ranges from 0 to 10, where higher scores indicate worsening. DAS28 <2.6 equals (=) remission. Participants with missing data at visits before early study termination or who stopped the study prematurely because of insufficient therapeutic response or safety reasons considered non-responders or who stopped the study for other reasons, response set to missing after early withdrawal. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Number of Participants With Any Adverse Events, Any Serious Adverse Events, and Adverse Events Leading to Discontinuation

Intervention	Number of participants (Number)
	Week 12, n=105, 102, 106	Week 24, n=105, 102, 106	Week 52, n=100, 99, 103	Week 104, n=96, 95, 99
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	23	42	63	58
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	76	84	71	71
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	66	77	80	67

An adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with the treatment. An adverse event can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign , symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a pharmaceutical product, whether or not considered related to the pharmaceutical product. Preexisting conditions which worsen during a study are also considered as adverse events. A serious adverse event is defined as any event which was fatal (resulted in death), lifethreatening (with immediate risk of death), resulted in a new or prolongation of a current hospitalization, resulted in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, was a congenital anomaly or birth defect, considered medically significant by the investigator, required intervention to prevent one or more of the outcomes listed above. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Up to Week 104

Number of Participants With Change in The Therapy Strategy During The Study

Intervention	Number of participants (Number)
	Any AE	Any SAE	AEs Leading to Discontinuation
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	106	13	19
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	105	16	23
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	99	19	16

Participants who switched treatment strategy from monotherapy (TCZ+ placebo MTX or MTX+ placebo TCZ treatment) to combination therapy (TCZ+MTX treatment) was reported. Also, participants who switched from verum therapy to standard of care was reported in the below table. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Week 104

Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Values at Week 104

Intervention	Number of participants (Number)
	Treatment strategy switch	Switch from verum to standard of care
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	50	2
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	0	9
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	13	2

Laboratory parameters included hematology, chemistry and lipids. Any treatment-emergent abnormal laboratory result accompanied by clinical symptoms or leading to a change in study medication or requiring a change in concomitant therapy was considered clinically significant. Participants with clinically significant laboratory values are reported in the below table. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Week 104

Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Values at Week 12

Intervention	Number of participants (Number)
	Absolute Neutrophil Count, n=75, 78, 77	Eosinophil, n=72, 77, 74	Hematocrit, n=75, 78, 77	Hemoglobin, n=78, 80, 78	RBC, n=76, 79, 77	Thrombocyte, n=78, 79, 78	WBC, n=78, 80, 78	Alkaline phosphatase, n=78, 79, 78	ALT, n=78, 80, 78	AST, n=78, 80, 78	Creatinine, n=78, 79, 78	CRP, n=78, 80, 78	HDL, n=76, 76, 72	LDL, n=74, 74, 72	Total cholesterol, n=76, 76, 72	Triglycerides, n=76, 76, 72
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	2	2	0	0	1	3	3	2
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	2	2

Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Values at Week 24

Intervention	Number of participants (Number)
	Absolute Neutrophil Count, n=97, 94, 97	Eosinophil, n=93, 90, 93	Hematocrit, n=104,100,100	Hemoglobin, n=104, 101,100	Red blood cells, n=104,100,100	Thrombocyte, n=104, 101,100	White blood cells, n=104, 101,100	Alkaline phosphatase, n=104,101, 99	Alanine transaminase (ALT), n=104, 101,100	Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), n=104,100,100	Creatinine, n=104,101,100	CRP, n=103,100,100	High-density lipoprotein (HDL), n=101,100,99	Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), n=99,97,98	Total cholesterol, n=102,100,99	Triglycerides, n=102,100, 99
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	1	0	2	1	2	2	2
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	2	0	0	0	1	0	3	0	4	1	1	3	1	5	7	2
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	2	1	0	0	0	2	5	2

Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Values at Week 52

Intervention	Number of participants (Number)
	Absolute Neutrophil Count, n=96, 97 ,97	Eosinophil, n=91, 93, 93	Hematocrit, n=100, 99, 98	Hemoglobin, n=100, 100, 98	RBC, n=99, 100, 98	Thrombocyte, n=100, 100, 98	WBC, n=100, 101, 98	Alkaline phosphatase, n=100, 101, 98	ALT, n=100, 101, 98	AST, n=100, 101, 98	Creatinine, n=100, 101, 98	CRP, n=100, 101, 97
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	5	1	0	2
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	1	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	2	2	0	0
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	0

Number of Participants With Good European League Against Rheumatism Response Rate at Weeks 24, 52, and 104

Intervention	Number of participants (Number)
	Absolute Neutrophil Count, n=83, 90, 85	Eosinophil, n=81, 88, 82	Hematocrit, n=86, 92, 87	Hemoglobin, n=86, 92, 88	RBC, n=86, 91, 87	Thrombocyte, n=85, 92, 88	WBC, n=86, 92, 88	Alkaline phosphatase, n=86, 92, 87	ALT, n=86, 92, 88	AST, n=86, 91, 88	Creatinine, n=86, 92, 88	CRP, n=86, 91, 87
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	0	4	1	2	1	1	0	0	7	2	0	0
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	0

European league against rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria classify each participant as a good, moderate or non-responder to treatment based on the degree of improvement from baseline and the level of disease activity at the endpoint. EULAR response is derived using the individual participant's DAS28 as the measure of severity of disease. Good or moderate response is defined as follows: Good response : DAS28 at the time point =<3.2 and improvement from baseline > 1.2. Moderate response : DAS28 at the time point > 3.2 and improvement from baseline > 1.2, or DAS28 at the time point ≤ 5.1 and improvement from baseline > 0.6 and =<1.2. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Weeks 24, 52, and 104

Percentage of Participants With American College of Rheumatology 20 Response Rate at Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Intervention	Number of participants (Number)
	Week 24, n=105, 97, 103	Week 52, n=100, 96, 99	Week 104, n=96, 95, 96
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	50	71	65
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	93	75	63
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	84	85	72

American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 response is defined as a >= 20% improvement (reduction) compared with baseline for both tender joint count-68 joints (TJC68) and swollen joint count-66 joints (SJC66), as well as for three of the additional five ACR core set variables: patient's assessment of pain over the previous 24 hours: using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) with left end of the line 0=no pain to right end of the line 100=unbearable pain; patient's global assessment of disease activity and physician's global assessment of disease activity over the previous 24 hours using a VAS where left end of the line 0=no disease activity to right end of the line 100=maximum disease activity; Health Assessment Questionnaire: 20 questions, 8 components: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip and activities, 0=without difficulty to 3=unable to do; and acute-phase reactant, either C-reactive protein or Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Percentage of Participants With American College of Rheumatology 50 Response Rate at Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
	Weeks 12	Weeks 24	Weeks 52	Weeks 104
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	41.5	59.4	68.9	60.6
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	63.8	75.2	74.7	63.5
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	67.6	75.5	71.7	65.3

ACR50 response is defined as a >=50% improvement (reduction) compared with baseline for both TJC68 and SJC66, as well as for three of the additional five ACR core set variables: patient's assessment of pain over the previous 24 hours: using a VAS with left end of the line 0=no pain to right end of the line 100=unbearable pain; patient's Global assessment of disease activity and physician's global assessment of disease activity over the previous 24 hours using a VAS where left end of the line 0=no disease activity to right end of the line 100=maximum disease activity; Health Assessment Questionnaire: 20 questions, 8 components: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip and activities, 0=without difficulty to 3=unable to do; and acute-phase reactant, either C-reactive protein or Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Percentage of Participants With American College of Rheumatology 70 Response Rate at Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

ACR70 response is defined as a >=70% improvement (reduction) compared with baseline for both TJC68 and SJC66, as well as for three of the additional five ACR core set variables: patient's Assessment of pain over the previous 24 hours: using a VAS with left end of the line 0=no pain to right end of the line 100=unbearable pain; patient's global assessment of disease activity and physician's global assessment of disease activity over the previous 24 hours using a VAS where left end of the line 0=no disease activity to right end of the line 100=maximum disease activity; health assessment questionnaire: 20 questions, 8 components: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip and activities, 0=without difficulty to 3=unable to do; and acute-phase reactant, either C-reactive protein or Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Percentage of Participants With American College of Rheumatology 90 Response Rate at Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

ACR90 response is defined as a >=90% improvement (reduction) compared with baseline for both tender joint count-68 joints (TJC68) and swollen joint count-66 joints (SJC66), as well as for three of the additional five ACR core set variables: Patient's Assessment of Pain over the previous 24 hours: using a VAS with left end of the line 0=no pain to right end of the line 100=unbearable pain; patient's global assessment of disease activity and physician's global assessment of disease activity over the previous 24 hours using a VAS where left end of the line 0=no disease activity to right end of the line 100=maximum disease activity; health assessment questionnaire: 20 questions, 8 components: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip and activities, 0=without difficulty to 3=unable to do; and acute-phase reactant, either C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104

Percentage of Participants With Cumulative Remission Rate at Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

The DAS28 score is a measure of the subject's disease activity. DAS28 total scores range from 0 to approximately 10. Scores below 2.6 indicate best disease control and scores above 5.1 indicate worse disease control. A negative change from Baseline indicated improvement. Participants with missing data at visits before early study termination or who stopped the study prematurely because of insufficient therapeutic response or safety reasons considered non-responders or who stopped the study for other reasons, response set to missing after early withdrawal. (NCT01034137)
Timeframe: Weeks 12, 24, 52, and 104

Change in Disease Severity

Comparison of baseline and post-treatment Sartorius severity scoring Sartorius scoring: minimum 0, no maximum, higher scores mean a worse outcome (NCT03275870)
Timeframe: 6 months

Change in Quality of Life

Comparison of baseline and post-treatment self-reported quality of life Dermatology Life Quality Index score: minimum 0, maximum 30. higher scores mean worse outcome. (NCT03275870)
Timeframe: 6 months

HDL Cholesterol

HOMA-B

HOMA-B = (360 x Insulin)/(Glucose - 63) (NCT01132118)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

HOMA-IR

"We will examine the effect of HCQ on HOMA-IR during the active treatment phase compared with placebo phase.~HOMA-IR = (Glucose x insulin)/405" (NCT01132118)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Insulin Sensitivity Index

"We will examine the effect of HCQ on the Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI) during the active treatment phase compared with placebo phase.~ISI is based on insulin and glucose levels in a fasting state during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and is calculated as follows:~ISI (Matsuda) = 10000/√ G0 X I0 X Gmean X Imean~G0 - fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) I0 - fasting plasma insulin (mIU/L) Gmean - mean plasma glucose during OGTT (mg/dL) Imean - mean plasma insulin during OGTT (mIU/L)" (NCT01132118)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

LDL Cholesterol

Total Cholesterol

Triglycerides

Disease Activity Score Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(DAS28-ESR)

"Outcome measured was the observed-group analysis of the DAS28-ESR between weeks 48 and 102. DAS28 is a calculated scale using a formula that includes the number of tender joints and swollen joints (28 joints maximum). The following is the calculation: DAS28 = 0.56 * sqrt(tender28) + 0.28 * sqrt(swollen28) + 0.70 * ln(ESR) + 0.014 * GH. The ESR is the rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of one hour.~The total range for the DAS28ESR goes from 0.0 to 9.2; this indicates the current activity of the rheumatoid arthritis of a subject. A DAS28 above 5.1 means high disease activity whereas a DAS28 below 3.2 indicates low disease activity." (NCT00259610)
Timeframe: Change of the Mean of DAS28-ESR between weeks 48 - 102.

Radiographic Disease Progression Between Baseline and Week 102 as Assessed by Van Der Heijde Modified Sharp Scores.

Changes in disease progression between treatment groups will be described by the mean score at two years as assessed after adjustment for the baseline radiographic score. Radiographs were observed of hands, wrists, and feet. The range of scores available for the modified Sharp Score is 0 to 448. The erosion score per joint of the hands can range from 0 to 5. The maximal erosion score for each hand is thus 80, considering the 16 areas for erosions per hand. Joint space narrowing and joint subluxation or luxation are combined in a single score with a range of 0 to 4 with a max score of 60. The erosion score per joint can range from 0 to 10, with each side of the joint independently scored from 0 to 5. The maximal erosion score per foot is thus 60. The joint space narrowing and joint (sub)luxation are combined in a single score with a range of 0 to 4. The maximal narrowing/(sub)luxation score per foot is thus 24. (NCT00259610)
Timeframe: Year 2, Week 102

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
	Week 12, n=105,102,106	Week 24, n=105,102,106	Week 52, n=100, 99,103	Week 104, n=96, 95, 99
Methotrexate + Placebo Tocilizumab	21.7	39.6	61.2	58.6
Tocilizumab + Methotrexate	72.4	80.0	71.0	63.5
Tocilizumab + Placebo Methotrexate	64.7	75.5	80.8	70.5

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline sartorius score	6 month sartorius score
Hydroxychloroquine Treatment	23.3	17.7

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline DLQI score	6 month DLQI score
Hydroxychloroquine Treatment	14.7	6

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	Baseline	Period	Change
Hydroxychloroquine	58.1	59.4	1.3
Placebo	58.1	60.3	2.2

Intervention	(dL x L)/(mg x mIU) (Mean)
	Baseline	Period Value	Change
Hydroxychloroquine	7.7	8.1	0.4
Placebo	7.7	7.8	0.14

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
MTX + Immediate Etanercept	3.0
MTX+ Immediate SSZ +HCQ	2.9
MTX + Step-up Etanercept	3.1
MTX + Step-up SSZ + HCQ(ST)	2.8

hydroxychloroquine and Rheumatoid Arthritis