hydroxychloroquine and Infections, Coronavirus studies

Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970)
hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"On the basis of our systematic review and analysis, the EXTRIP workgroup recommends against using extracorporeal methods to enhance elimination of these drugs in patients with severe chloroquine or quinine poisoning."	9.05	Extracorporeal Treatment for Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Quinine Poisoning: Systematic Review and Recommendations from the EXTRIP Workgroup. ( Alhatali, B; Berling, I; Ghannoum, M; Gosselin, S; Hoffman, RS; King, JD; Lavergne, V; Nolin, TD; Roberts, DM; Shepherd, G; Wilson, G, 2020)
"The goal of this systematic review is to assess the published literature for seizure risk with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine therapy in persons with and without epilepsy."	7.96	Assessing the risk of seizures with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine therapy for COVID-19 in persons with epilepsy. ( Houston, T; Pati, S, 2020)
" During the hospitalization, she experienced unexpected sinus bradycardia with prolonged QTc, which was thought to be closely related to the short-term use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an old drug used to treat malaria and autoimmune diseases, but now used against COVID-19."	7.96	Suspected Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Sinus Bradycardia and QTc Prolongation in a Patient with COVID-19. ( Chen, H; Kang, Y; Ran, Q; Wang, B; Wang, H; Wei, J; Yang, Y; Zhao, X, 2020)
" Four weeks prior, she had been initiated on hydroxychloroquine for a presumed diagnosis of cutaneous sarcoidosis."	7.96	Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome overlap due to hydroxychloroquine: a case report. ( Ackerman, L; Brahmbhatt, S; Coleman, I; Ruiz, G, 2020)
"Chloroquine has been sporadically used in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection."	5.56	In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ( Cui, C; Dong, E; Huang, B; Li, H; Liu, D; Liu, X; Lu, R; Niu, P; Song, C; Tan, W; Yao, X; Ye, F; Zhan, S; Zhang, M; Zhao, L, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine is an immunomodulatory drug that has been used to treat malaria and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory arthritis."	5.56	Hazard of acquired long QT syndrome during coronavirus pandemic. Focus on hydroxychloroquine ( Tomcsányi, J; Tomcsányi, K, 2020)
"Colchicine was considered for this purpose based on well-recognised anti-inflammatory effects and potential antiviral properties."	5.56	Association between treatment with colchicine and improved survival in a single-centre cohort of adult hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. ( Airó, P; Andreoli, L; Bertasi, V; Bianchi, M; Bottone, D; Brucato, A; Civelli, P; Colombo, E; Cotelli, MS; Damiolini, E; Franceschini, F; Furloni, R; Galbassini, G; Gatta, D; Ghirardelli, ML; Magri, R; Malamani, P; Mendeni, M; Miclini, M; Molinari, S; Morotti, A; Piantoni, S; Richini, D; Salada, L; Scarsi, M; Tincani, A; Turla, M; Vender, A, 2020)
" Some studies have shown that COVID-19 combined with diabetes is an independent risk factor for death or other adverse outcomes."	5.56	Efficacy and safety of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 combined with diabetes mellitus: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Fu, X; Liu, Y; Xie, C, 2020)
"The pregnancy is still ongoing without any visible sequelae on the foetus so far."	5.56	COVID-19 infection in first trimester of pregnancy marked by a liver cytolysis in a woman previously treated by hydroxychloroquine for repeated implantation failure: a case report. ( Calès, P; Delaroche, L; Descamps, P; Dieli-Crimi, R; Guerin, A; Lamazou, F; Letouzey, V; Octernaud, S; Oger, P; Place, V, 2020)
"Recurrences of COVID-19 were observed in a patient with long-term usage of hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, and glucocorticoids due to her 30-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	5.05	A complex COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab. ( Cai, S; Dong, L; Li, M; Sun, W, 2020)
"On the basis of our systematic review and analysis, the EXTRIP workgroup recommends against using extracorporeal methods to enhance elimination of these drugs in patients with severe chloroquine or quinine poisoning."	5.05	Extracorporeal Treatment for Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Quinine Poisoning: Systematic Review and Recommendations from the EXTRIP Workgroup. ( Alhatali, B; Berling, I; Ghannoum, M; Gosselin, S; Hoffman, RS; King, JD; Lavergne, V; Nolin, TD; Roberts, DM; Shepherd, G; Wilson, G, 2020)
" This document attempts to provide reasonable guidance for the use of antimicrobials which have uncertain benefit but may increase risk of QT interval prolongation and ventricular proarrhythmia, notably, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and lopinavir/ritonavir."	3.96	Guidance on Minimizing Risk of Drug-Induced Ventricular Arrhythmia During Treatment of COVID-19: A Statement from the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society. ( Alqarawi, W; Healey, JS; Krahn, AD; Laksman, Z; MacIntyre, CJ; Roberts, JD; Sapp, JL; Steinberg, C; Tadros, R, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug being tested as a potential treatment for the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2."	3.96	Finding the Dose for Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis for COVID-19: The Desperate Search for Effectiveness. ( Al-Kofahi, M; Boulware, DR; Jaber, MM; Jacobson, P; Kandaswamy, R; Matas, A; Nicol, MR; Rajasingham, R; Young, JH, 2020)
"A 71-year old gentleman with history of arterial hypertension treated with valsartan presented on was hospitalized at the Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Bologna (Italy) for severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and received treatment with hydroxychloroquine 200mg bid (400 mg bid the first day), azithromycin 400 mg qd, thrombotic prophylaxis with enoxaparin 4000 UI qd and Venturi mask oxygen delivering FiO2 of 31%."	3.96	Clinical experience with therapeutic dose of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin. ( Bartoletti, M; Viale, P, 2020)
"The goal of this systematic review is to assess the published literature for seizure risk with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine therapy in persons with and without epilepsy."	3.96	Assessing the risk of seizures with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine therapy for COVID-19 in persons with epilepsy. ( Houston, T; Pati, S, 2020)
"There is limited data regarding the electrophysiological abnormalities and arrhythmias in children with COVID-19, including those associated with treatment using potentially proarrhythmic hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin (AZN)."	3.96	Incidence of arrhythmias and electrocardiographic abnormalities in symptomatic pediatric patients with PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection, including drug-induced changes in the corrected QT interval. ( Blaufox, AD; Friedman, RA; Ganigara, M; Mitchell, E; Samuel, S; Schleien, C; Sharma, C, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are used extensively in malaria and rheumatological conditions, and now in COVID-19 prevention and treatment."	3.96	Concentration-dependent mortality of chloroquine in overdose. ( Baud, FJ; Clemessy, JL; Hoglund, RM; Megarbane, B; Tarning, J; Watson, JA; White, NJ, 2020)
" During the hospitalization, she experienced unexpected sinus bradycardia with prolonged QTc, which was thought to be closely related to the short-term use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an old drug used to treat malaria and autoimmune diseases, but now used against COVID-19."	3.96	Suspected Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Sinus Bradycardia and QTc Prolongation in a Patient with COVID-19. ( Chen, H; Kang, Y; Ran, Q; Wang, B; Wang, H; Wei, J; Yang, Y; Zhao, X, 2020)
" Four weeks prior, she had been initiated on hydroxychloroquine for a presumed diagnosis of cutaneous sarcoidosis."	3.96	Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome overlap due to hydroxychloroquine: a case report. ( Ackerman, L; Brahmbhatt, S; Coleman, I; Ruiz, G, 2020)
" The dosage is two tablets daily, once a week for one to three months (based on the duration of the Coronavirus epidemic in Tehran)."	2.94	Effect of hydroxychloroquine on prevention of COVID-19 virus infection among healthcare professionals: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. ( Dehpour, AR; Mohammad Jafari, R; Moini, A; Pirjani, R; Sepidarkish, M; Shizarpour, A; Soori, T, 2020)
"Nitazoxanide has powerful antiviral effects and proven efficacy against a range of viruses including SARS and MERS."	2.94	Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine vs Hydroxychloroquine + Nitazoxanide in COVID-19 patients with risk factors for poor prognosis: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. ( Calderón, JM; Padmanabhan, S; Zerón, HM, 2020)
"1) To determine whether chemoprophylaxis with daily versus weekly dosing of hydroxychloroquine increases time to contracting COVID-19 disease in frontline healthcare workers."	2.94	ChemoPROphyLaxIs with hydroxychloroquine For covId-19 infeCtious disease (PROLIFIC) to prevent covid-19 infection in frontline healthcare workers: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. ( Cheriyan, J; Fisk, M; Hubsch, A; Kaloyirou, F; McEniery, CM; Miles, K; Smith, J; Wilkinson, IB, 2020)
" Secondary outcomes were duration of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit stay, 28-day mortality, effect of early or late administration of IFN on mortality, adverse effects, and complications during the hospitalization."	2.94	A Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Interferon β-1a in Treatment of Severe COVID-19. ( Abbasian, L; Davoudi-Monfared, E; Hajiabdolbaghi, M; Kazemzadeh, H; Khalili, H; Rahmani, H; Salehi, M; Yekaninejad, MS, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine has shown to have antiviral activity in vitro against coronaviruses, specifically SARS-CoV-2."	2.94	PROTECT Trial: A cluster-randomized study with hydroxychloroquine versus observational support for prevention or early-phase treatment of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. ( Altini, M; Bertoni, L; Biggeri, A; Colamartini, A; Donati, C; Falcini, F; Gaggeri, R; Galardi, F; Grossi, V; Lilli, C; Martinelli, G; Masini, C; Massa, I; Monti, M; Nanni, O; Scarpi, E; Serra, P; Vertogen, B; Vespignani, R; Viale, P; Zingaretti, C, 2020)
"To find effective and safe treatments for COVID-19, the WHO recommended to systemically evaluate experimental therapeutics in collaborative randomised clinical trials."	2.94	Protocol for the DisCoVeRy trial: multicentre, adaptive, randomised trial of the safety and efficacy of treatments for COVID-19 in hospitalised adults. ( Ader, F, 2020)
" Secondary Endpoints: All causes mortality, Frequency of respiratory progression (defined as SPO2≤ 94% on room air or PaO2/FiO2 <300mmHg and requirement for supplemental oxygen or more advanced ventilator support), time to defervescence (in those with fever at enrolment), frequency of requirement for supplemental oxygen or non-invasive ventilation, frequency of requirement for mechanical ventilation, frequency of serious adverse events as per DAIDS table grade of severity."	2.94	Safety and efficacy of antiviral combination therapy in symptomatic patients of Covid-19 infection - a randomised controlled trial (SEV-COVID Trial): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. ( Bahurupi, YA; Bandyopadhyay, A; Chikara, G; Moirangthem, B; Panda, PK; Saha, S; Singh, BC, 2020)
"Treatment with hydroxychloroquine did not result in a significantly greater rate of decline in SARS-CoV-2 oropharyngeal viral load compared to standard care alone during the first five days."	2.94	A pragmatic randomized controlled trial reports lack of efficacy of hydroxychloroquine on coronavirus disease 2019 viral kinetics. ( Berdal, JE; Dalgard, O; Eskesen, A; Jonassen, CM; Kvale, D; Lyngbakken, MN; Olsen, IC; Omland, T; Rangberg, A; Rueegg, CS; Røsjø, H, 2020)
"The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading all over the world."	2.66	The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The Perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. ( Li, T; Liu, Z; Qin, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Yan, X; Zeng, X; Zhang, F; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2020)
"The emerging outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 continues to spread all over the world."	2.66	Potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19: What we know so far. ( Chang, YL; Chen, MY; Lee, WS; Lu, CC, 2020)
"Oseltamivir has not been shown to have efficacy, and corticosteroids are currently not recommended."	2.66	Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. ( Cutrell, JB; Jodlowski, TZ; Monogue, ML; Sanders, JM, 2020)
"Management of drug-drug interactions between investigational anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs and immunosuppressants is a complex task for the clinician."	2.66	Pharmacologic Treatment of Transplant Recipients Infected With SARS-CoV-2: Considerations Regarding Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Drug-Drug Interactions. ( Bergan, S; Elens, L; Hesselink, DA; Langman, LJ; Lemaitre, F; Moes, DJAR; Molinaro, M; Venkataramanan, R, 2020)
"As of April 15, 2020, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) pandemic has swept through 213 countries and infected more than 1,870,000 individuals, posing an unprecedented threat to international health and the economy."	2.66	Current status of potential therapeutic candidates for the COVID-19 crisis. ( Hashimoto, K; Xie, B; Zhang, J, 2020)
"COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major public health crisis threatening humanity at this point in time."	2.66	COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Approach and Management. ( Dhochak, N; Kabra, SK; Lodha, R; Sankar, J, 2020)
"The full impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), on the field of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is unknown."	2.66	Addressing the Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Learning Networks as a Means for Sharing Best Practices. ( Ardura, M; Auletta, JJ; Dandoy, C; Hartley, D; Jaglowski, S; Lehmann, L, 2020)
"The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), presents flu-like symptoms which can become serious in high-risk individuals."	2.66	COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. ( Agrò, FE; Bruno, F; Costa, F; Del Buono, R; Pascarella, G; Piliego, C; Scarlata, S; Strumia, A, 2020)
" However, some of these medications have potential cardiac adverse effects."	2.66	Cardiac safety of off-label COVID-19 drug therapy: a review and proposed monitoring protocol. ( Lazar, S; Naksuk, N; Peeraphatdit, TB, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine has been demonstrated to limit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus in vitro."	2.66	Efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19. ( Akram, J; Klonoff, DC; Meo, SA, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an old medication for malaria."	2.66	Smooth or Risky Revisit of an Old Malaria Drug for COVID-19? ( Pahan, K; Pahan, P, 2020)
" The review elaborates the mechanism of action, safety (side effects, adverse effects, toxicity) and details of clinical trials for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to benefit the clinicians, medicinal chemist, pharmacologist actively involved in controlling the pandemic and to provide therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 infection."	2.66	A systematic review on use of aminoquinolines for the therapeutic management of COVID-19: Efficacy, safety and clinical trials. ( Masand, N; Patil, VM; Singhal, S, 2020)
" Although in some recent studies a clinical improvement in COVID-19 patients has been observed, the clinical efficacy of CQ and HCQ in COVID-19 has yet to be proven with randomized controlled studies, many of which are currently ongoing, also considering pharmacokinetics, optimal dosing regimen, therapeutic level and duration of treatment and taking into account patients with different severity degrees of disease."	2.66	The possible mechanisms of action of 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine) against Sars-Cov-2 infection (COVID-19): A role for iron homeostasis? ( Biasiotto, G; Magro, P; Quiros Roldan, E; Zanella, I, 2020)
"The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with first presentation of atypical pneumonia, has spread rapidly from Wuhan, China, on December 12, 2019 to over 200 countries, caused 2 310 572 infected individuals and 158 691 mortalities, updated on April 19, 2020."	2.66	Cardiovascular manifestation and treatment in COVID-19. ( Chien, CS; Chou, SJ; Kuo, MJ; Leu, HB; Lin, TY; Su, YB; Yang, YP, 2020)
"Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a wide number of compounds are under scrutiny regarding their antiviral activity, one of them being hydroxychloroquine."	2.66	[Hydroxychloroquine. Cardiology's viewpoint in times of coronavirus pandemic]. ( Baranchuk, A; Barbosa, M; Márquez, MF; Mendoza, I; Nuñez, E; Sosa Liprandi, Á; Wyss Quintana, FS; Zaidel, EJ, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine was found to decrease the viral replication in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro and to be more active when added prior to the viral challenge."	2.66	Rationale of a loading dose initiation for hydroxychloroquine treatment in COVID-19 infection in the DisCoVeRy trial. ( Ader, F; Guedj, J; Lê, MP; Mentré, F; Néant, N; Peiffer-Smadja, N; Peytavin, G; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2020)
"Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominantly disrupts the respiratory system, there is accumulating experience that the disease, particularly in its more severe manifestations, also affects the cardiovascular system."	2.66	A current review of COVID-19 for the cardiovascular specialist. ( Bohula, EA; Lang, JP; Morrow, DA; Moura, FA; Siddiqi, HK; Wang, X, 2020)
"The novel coronavirus disease 2019, otherwise known as COVID-19, is a global pandemic with primary respiratory manifestations in those who are symptomatic."	2.66	Approach to Acute Cardiovascular Complications in COVID-19 Infection. ( Abdalla, M; Anstey, DE; Fried, JA; Givens, RC; Karmpaliotis, D; Kirtane, AJ; Kodali, SK; Kumaraiah, D; Leon, MB; Masoumi, A; Rabbani, LE; Ranard, LS; Sayer, G; Schwartz, A; Takeda, K; Uriel, N, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine has been promoted for its use in treatment of COVID-19 patients based on in-vitro evidences."	2.66	Does Adding of Hydroxychloroquine to the Standard Care Provide any Benefit in Reducing the Mortality among COVID-19 Patients?: a Systematic Review. ( Barvaliya, M; Bhalla, HL; Kevadiya, BD; Patel, PB; Patel, TK, 2020)
"This paper reviews the mechanism, clinical efficacy and safety, pharmacokinetic characteristics, exposureresponse relationship and precautions and drug interactions of HCQ, and summarizes dosage recommendations for HCQ sulfate."	2.66	Review on the Clinical Pharmacology of Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate for the Treatment of COVID-19. ( Cui, C; En, VSJ; Li, H; Li, X; Liu, D; Tu, S; Yao, X, 2020)
"A 61-year old patient with ankylosing spondylitis who was on secukinumab therapy for 5 months admitted with newly onset fever and gastrointestinal complaints."	2.66	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis treated with secukinumab: a case-based review. ( Coskun Benlidayi, I; Guzel, R; Kurtaran, B; Tirasci, E, 2020)
"Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and spread around the world, over 1100 clinical studies have been registered globally on clinical trials registries, including over 500 randomised controlled trials."	2.66	Clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19: current state of play. ( Davis, JS; Denholm, JT; Ferreira, D; Tong, SY, 2020)
" Introducing a treatment against COVID-19, either on an outpatient basis or during hospitalization for more severe cases, raises the question of potential drug-drug interactions."	2.66	Potential drug-drug interactions associated with drugs currently proposed for COVID-19 treatment in patients receiving other treatments. ( Barin-Le Guellec, C; Elens, L; Grégoire, M; Lagarce, L; Lemaitre, F; Polard, E; Saint-Salvi, B; Solas, C; Sommet, A; Tod, M, 2020)
"The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with its early origin from Wuhan city in China has evolved into a global pandemic."	2.66	Clinical management of COVID-19. ( Abraham, OC; John, R; Karthik, R; Manesh, A; Varghese, GM, 2020)
"The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in December 2019."	2.66	Is hydroxychloroquine beneficial for COVID-19 patients? ( Agostinis, P; Carafoli, E; Li, X; Melino, G; Rabson, A; Shi, Y; Sun, E; Wang, Y, 2020)
"With the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late December 2019, many clinical studies on a group of the pre-existing medications have been conducted to treat this disease."	2.66	Re-tasking the use of pre-existing medications and potential therapeutic options for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): systematic review of clinical studies. ( Dizaye, K; Marouf, BH, 2020)
" Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine is the cornerstone in the treatment of several auto-immune disorders."	2.66	Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Facts, fiction and the hype: a critical appraisal. ( Khuroo, MS, 2020)
"After the first discharge, she got a recurrence of COVID-19 during her home isolation, and then returned to hospital and continued the previous therapy."	2.66	Successful recovery of recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19 patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and review. ( Cao, J; Fan, L; He, F; Hu, K; Lei, M; Luo, Q; Qin, S; Shao, X; Yang, L; Yu, N, 2020)
"This can be independent from coronavirus disease 2019 gravity."	2.66	Macrophage activation syndrome as an unusual presentation of paucisymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: A case report. ( Calmy, A; Coen, M; Lolachi, S; Morin, S; Samii, K; Serratrice, J, 2020)
"This is also true with regards to cancer treatments and screening."	2.66	Cancer therapy and treatments during COVID-19 era. ( Abrams, SL; Akula, SM; Basecke, J; Blalock, WL; Candido, S; Cervello, M; Cocco, L; Follo, MY; Lerpiriyapong, K; Libra, M; Martelli, AM; McCubrey, JA; Montalto, G; Notarbartolo, M; Piazzi, M; Ramazzotti, G; Ratti, S; Steelman, LS, 2020)
"Gitelman's syndrome (GS) and Bartter's syndrome (BS) are rare inherited salt-losing tubulopathies whose variations in genotype do not correlate well with either clinical course or electrolyte requirements."	2.66	Are the Clinical Presentations (Phenotypes) of Gitelman's and Bartter's Syndromes Gene Mutations Driven by Their Effects on Intracellular pH, Their "pH" Enotype? ( Calò, LA; Davis, PA, 2020)
"The development of our RMA approach was motivated by a currently relevant clinical question: is ocular toxicity and vision compromise a side effect of hydroxychloroquine therapy? At the time of designing this study, hydroxychloroquine was a leading candidate in the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)."	2.66	Artificial Intelligence for Rapid Meta-Analysis: Case Study on Ocular Toxicity of Hydroxychloroquine. ( Chow, T; Martin, NA; Michelson, M; Minton, S; Ross, M; Tee Qiao Ying, A, 2020)
" There is a high incidence of myocardial injury and arrhythmia reported with COVID-19 infection, and as such this population may be more susceptible to this side-effect profile."	2.66	Hydroxychloroquine use in COVID-19: is the risk of cardiovascular toxicity justified? ( Ahmad, M; Conway, S; Kirresh, A; Little, C; Stevenson, A; White, L, 2020)
"We treated two patients with severe respiratory failure due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)."	2.66	High levels of anti-SSA/Ro antibodies in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure: a case-based review : High levels of anti-SSA/Ro antibodies in COVID-19. ( Fujii, H; Hiraoka, N; Horiguchi, M; Matsuyama, A; Omura, A; Ono, S; Shiotsu, S; Suga, Y; Takumi, C; Tanaka, S; Tsuji, T; Yuba, T, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine can cause retinopathy and rarely cardiac and auditory toxicity, retinopathy being dose and time dependent."	2.66	Benefits and adverse effects of hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and colchicine: searching for repurposable drug candidates. ( Gasparyan, AY; Misra, DP; Zimba, O, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has shown some promise in the management of COVID 19."	2.66	Combining hydroxychloroquine and minocycline: potential role in moderate to severe COVID-19 infection. ( Garg, VK; Gautam, CS; Gautam, SS; Singh, H, 2020)
"During the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in vivo and in vitro investigations of these drugs have demonstrated potential against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)."	2.66	Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19: Practice Implications for Healthcare Professionals. ( Ahmad, A; Alotaibi, NH; Butt, MH; Khan, YH; Mallhi, TH; Misbah, S, 2020)
"The rapid spread of the new Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has actually become the newest challenge for the healthcare system since, to date, there is not an effective treatment."	2.66	Recent Clinical and Preclinical Studies of Hydroxychloroquine on RNA Viruses and Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review. ( De Tommasi, N; Faraone, I; Labanca, F; Milella, L; Ponticelli, M, 2020)
"Chloroquine has been sporadically used in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection."	1.56	In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ( Cui, C; Dong, E; Huang, B; Li, H; Liu, D; Liu, X; Lu, R; Niu, P; Song, C; Tan, W; Yao, X; Ye, F; Zhan, S; Zhang, M; Zhao, L, 2020)
"The transition from first symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is highly likely to be due to uncontrolled cytokine release."	1.56	COVID-19: a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression. ( Dai, SM; Tong, Q; Zhou, D, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was used by 78."	1.56	Early impact of COVID-19 on transplant center practices and policies in the United States. ( Avery, RK; Boyarsky, BJ; Durand, CM; Garonzik-Wang, JM; Getsin, SN; Jackson, KR; Kernodle, AB; Massie, AB; Po-Yu Chiang, T; Segev, DL; Van Pilsum Rasmussen, SE; Werbel, WA, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a promising candidate for Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) treatment."	1.56	Optimizing Hydroxychloroquine Dosing for Patients With COVID-19: An Integrative Modeling Approach for Effective Drug Repurposing. ( Aweeka, F; Ernest, JP; Garcia-Cremades, M; Hughes, E; Luetkemeyer, AF; Savic, RM; Solans, BP; Wallender, E, 2020)
"In December 2019, numerous coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases were reported in Wuhan, China, which has since spread throughout the world."	1.56	Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) complicated with pneumonia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. ( Choi, SW; Kang, S; Lee, S; Lim, DH; Seo, KW; So, MW; Song, J, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been used for the treatment of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases."	1.56	Case Report: Hepatotoxicity Associated with the Use of Hydroxychloroquine in a Patient with COVID-19. ( Antunes de Brito, CA; Falcão, MB; Filgueiras Filho, NM; Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti, L, 2020)
"Chloroquine has been used worldwide for about 75 years and is listed by the WHO as an essential medicine to treat malaria."	1.56	Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19 in Africa: Caution for Inappropriate Off-label Use in Healthcare Settings. ( Abena, PM; Adejumo, P; Bottieau, E; Decloedt, EH; Eholie, SP; Kallay, O; Mills, EJ; Muyembe TamFum, JJ; Nachega, JB; Sam-Agudu, NA; Seydi, M; Suleman, F; Zumla, A, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine is an immunomodulatory drug that has been used to treat malaria and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory arthritis."	1.56	Hazard of acquired long QT syndrome during coronavirus pandemic. Focus on hydroxychloroquine ( Tomcsányi, J; Tomcsányi, K, 2020)
"The fatality of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is precipitously increased in patients with underlying comorbidities or elderly people."	1.56	Two distinct cases with COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients. ( Han, S; Hyun, M; Jin, K; Kim, HA; Kim, Y; Kwon, O; Lee, JY; Paek, JH; Park, WY, 2020)
"The current pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) calls urgently for effective therapies."	1.56	Rheumotologitsts' view on the use of hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19. ( Ni, Y; Sun, X; Zhang, M, 2020)
"Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China."	1.56	Use of Tocilizumab for COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome: A Cautionary Case Report. ( Bhatt, PJ; Narayanan, N; Radbel, J, 2020)
"In the largest reported cohort of coronavirus disease 2019 patients to date treated with chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine±azithromycin, no instances of Torsade de pointes, or arrhythmogenic death were reported."	1.56	Effect of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, and Azithromycin on the Corrected QT Interval in Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. ( Beldner, S; Chang, D; Chinitz, J; Epstein, LM; Gabriels, J; Goldner, B; Ismail, H; John, R; Mahmood, E; Makker, P; Mansoor, A; Mitra, R; Mountantonakis, S; Saleh, M; Skipitaris, N; Soo Kim, B; Willner, J, 2020)
"The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious and rapidly spreading disease."	1.56	Clinical course of COVID-19 in a liver transplant recipient on hemodialysis and response to tocilizumab therapy: A case report. ( Avdic, E; Avery, R; Cameron, AM; Chen, PH; Fine, DM; Garibaldi, B; Garneau, WM; Gurakar, A; Hammami, MB; Jain, T; Kim, AK; Liu, G; Monroy Trujillo, JM; Niranjan-Azadi, A; Petty, B; Shah, P; Strout, S, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine-treated patients were more severely ill at baseline than those who did not receive hydroxychloroquine (median ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen, 223 vs."	1.56	Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. ( Baldwin, M; Barr, RG; Geleris, J; Hripcsak, G; Kubin, C; Labella, A; Manson, DK; Platt, J; Schluger, NW; Sobieszczyk, ME; Sun, Y; Zucker, J, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine was used in 79 patients (80."	1.56	Clinical Features and Outcomes of 98 Patients Hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Daegu, South Korea: A Brief Descriptive Study. ( Ahn, JH; Choi, EY; Chung, JH; Hong, KS; Jang, JG; Jin, HJ; Lee, KH; Lee, W; Shin, KC, 2020)
"Secondary outcomes were cardiac arrest and abnormal electrocardiogram findings (arrhythmia or QT prolongation)."	1.56	Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York State. ( Blog, DS; DeHovitz, J; Dufort, EM; Holtgrave, DR; Hutton, B; Kirkwood, J; Kumar, J; Muse, A; Rosenberg, ES; Tesoriero, J; Udo, T; Weinberg, P; Wilberschied, LA; Zucker, HA, 2020)
" Concretely, this relates to (a) the inconsistent individual bioavailability of these drugs at the alveolar target cells, depending on intestinal resorption, hepatic first-pass metabolism and accumulation in liver, spleen and lung, and (b) the need for a relatively high concentration of 1-5 µM at the alveolar surface."	1.56	Hydroxychloroquine as an aerosol might markedly reduce and even prevent severe clinical symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection. ( Hefner, G; Klimke, A; Voss, U; Will, B, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine has received worldwide attention as a potential treatment for covid-19 because of positive results from small studies."	1.56	Clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with covid-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care data. ( Audureau, E; Carlier, N; Chabrol, A; Costedoat-Chalumeau, N; Crickx, E; Dang, J; de Lastours, V; Fois, E; Gallien, S; Godeau, B; Guillaud, C; Kerneis, S; Khellaf, M; Legendre, P; Lepeule, R; Lescure, FX; Mahévas, M; Matignon, M; Ménager, P; Michel, M; Morbieu, C; Mouthon, L; Ourghanlian, C; Paule, R; Pawlotsky, JM; Perrodeau, E; Ravaud, P; Roche, N; Roumier, M; Schlemmer, F; Schoindre, Y; Szwebel, TA; Terrier, B; Tran, VT, 2020)
"One patient experienced a torsade de pointes requiring cardiac resuscitation and one died due to multiple organ failure."	1.56	Early experience with remdesivir in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. ( Andini, R; Bertolino, L; Corcione, A; Durante-Mangoni, E; Florio, LL; Mele, F; Murino, P; Zampino, R, 2020)
"It is known that patients with cancer are more susceptible to infection than individuals without cancer because of their systemic immunosuppressive state caused by the malignancy and anticancer treatments."	1.56	COVID-19 and lung cancer: risks, mechanisms and treatment interactions. ( Addeo, A; Friedlaender, A; Obeid, M, 2020)
"There is little information about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children with underlying chronic renal pathologies."	1.56	SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spanish children with chronic kidney pathologies. ( Alvárez, O; Lumbreras, J; Madrid, A; Melgosa, M; Nieto, F; Parada, E; Perez-Beltrán, V, 2020)
"Eight percent died and 5% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)."	1.56	A report from the Brescia Renal COVID Task Force on the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. ( Affatato, S; Alberici, F; Boni, F; Bossini, N; Bove, S; Bracchi, M; Calcaterra, E; Camerini, C; Cortinovis, R; Costantino, EM; Delbarba, E; Econimo, L; Gaggia, P; Gaggiotti, M; Gallico, A; Guerini, A; Lucca, B; Maffei, C; Manenti, C; Movilli, E; Mucchetti, A; Pezzini, E; Piarulli, P; Pola, A; Possenti, S; Saccà, C; Scolari, F; Terlizzi, V; Valerio, F; Zappa, M; Zubani, R, 2020)
" However, polypharmacy predisposes patients to increased risk of drug-drug interactions with hydroxychloroquine and may render many in this population ineligible to participate in trials."	1.56	COVID-SAFER: Deprescribing Guidance for Hydroxychloroquine Drug Interactions in Older Adults. ( Battu, K; Bonnici, A; Downar, J; Elsayed, S; Huang, A; Lee, TC; McDonald, EG; Papillon-Ferland, L; Pilote, L; Porter, S; Rashidi, B; Ross, SB; Tamblyn, R; Wilson, MG; Wu, PE, 2020)
"We reviewed 1069 medical records of all cancer patients admitted at Oncology department between Feb 1 and April 7, 2020."	1.56	Covid-19 transmission, outcome and associated risk factors in cancer patients at the first month of the pandemic in a Spanish hospital in Madrid. ( Gullón, P; Lara, MÁ; López-Alfonso, A; Martín Marino, A; Obispo, B; Pangua, C; Pérez-Pérez, M; Rogado, J; Serrano-Montero, G, 2020)
"Data on patients with COVID-19 who have cancer are lacking."	1.56	Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study. ( Bakouny, Z; Batist, G; Bekaii-Saab, T; Bilen, MA; Bouganim, N; Castellano, D; Choueiri, TK; de Lima Lopes, G; Del Prete, SA; Desai, A; Doroshow, DB; Egan, PC; Elkrief, A; Farmakiotis, D; Flora, D; Galsky, MD; Glover, MJ; Griffiths, EA; Grivas, P; Gulati, AP; Gupta, S; Hafez, N; Halfdanarson, TR; Hawley, JE; Hsu, CY; Hsu, E; Kasi, A; Khaki, AR; Kuderer, NM; Larroya, MB; Lemmon, CA; Lewis, C; Logan, B; Lyman, GH; Masters, T; McKay, RR; Mesa, RA; Mishra, S; Morgans, AK; Mulcahy, MF; Painter, CA; Panagiotou, OA; Peddi, P; Pennell, NA; Peters, S; Reynolds, K; Rini, BI; Rivera, DR; Rosen, LR; Rosovsky, R; Rubinstein, SM; Salazar, M; Schmidt, A; Shah, DP; Shah, SA; Shaya, JA; Shete, S; Shyr, Y; Steinharter, J; Stockerl-Goldstein, KE; Subbiah, S; Thompson, MA; Vinh, DC; Warner, JL; Wehbe, FH; Weissmann, LB; Wu, JT; Wulff-Burchfield, E; Xie, Z; Yeh, A; Yu, PP; Zhou, AY; Zubiri, L, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis was initiated without electrocardiography by 80."	1.56	HyPE study: hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis-related adverse events' analysis among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: a rising public health concern. ( Dey, T; Dhar, D; Khan, MA; Manjula, J; Mondal, MS; Nagaraja, BS; Pratik, K; Ramesh, KN; Rutul, SD; Saha, S; Sangeeth, TA; Singh, V, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine was recently promoted in patients infected with COVID-19 infection."	1.56	A New Drug-Drug Interaction Between Hydroxychloroquine and Metformin? A Signal Detection Study. ( Montastruc, JL; Toutain, PL, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has its own side effects, some of which are very serious like acute haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient patients."	1.56	A case report of serious haemolysis in a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient COVID-19 patient receiving hydroxychloroquine. ( Clevenbergh, P; De Bels, D; Leemans, S; Mahadeb, B; Maillart, E; Salaouatchi, MT; Van Noten, H; Vandergraesen, T, 2020)
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling was used to inform pediatric dosing for hydroxychloroquine."	1.56	Simulated Assessment of Pharmacokinetically Guided Dosing for Investigational Treatments of Pediatric Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. ( Balevic, SJ; Benjamin, DK; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Gonzalez, D; Hornik, CD; Hornik, CP; Maharaj, AR; Smith, PB; Wu, H; Zimmerman, KO, 2020)
" Although a number of different dosage regimens were assessed, the purpose of our study was not to provide recommendations for a dosing strategy, but to demonstrate the utility of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach to estimate lung concentrations."	1.56	Impact of Disease on Plasma and Lung Exposure of Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: Application of PBPK Modeling. ( Almond, LM; Ban Ke, A; Jones, HM; Pan, X; Rowland Yeo, K; Wesche, D; Zhang, M, 2020)
"Severe and potentially fatal deep cerebral thrombosis may complicate the initial clinical presentation of COVID-19."	1.56	Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Associated with COVID-19. ( Cavalcanti, DD; Dehkharghani, S; Jain, R; Lillemoe, K; Nelson, PK; Nossek, E; Radmanesh, A; Raz, E; Riina, HA; Shapiro, M; Torres, J; Yaghi, S, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been promoted as a potential treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but there are safety concerns."	1.56	Effects of hydroxychloroquine treatment on QT interval. ( Adabag, S; Bart, B; Hooks, M; Vardeny, O; Westanmo, A, 2020)
"Lopinavir-ritonavir was administered every 12 hours, 800/200 mg on day 1 and 400/100 mg on day 2 until day 5 or 7."	1.56	Effect of Systemic Inflammatory Response to SARS-CoV-2 on Lopinavir and Hydroxychloroquine Plasma Concentrations. ( Baettig, V; Bassetti, S; Battegay, M; Egli, A; Franzeck, F; Gebhard, CE; Geenen, J; Hirsch, HH; Hollinger, A; Khanna, N; Marzolini, C; Mueller, D; Osthoff, M; Sendi, P; Stader, F; Stoeckle, M; Tschudin-Sutter, S; Weisser, M, 2020)
"A patient with COVID-19-related severe respiratory failure, with insufficient response to an antiretroviral therapy, hydroxychloroquine and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) antagonist therapy, presented a prompt resolution of the respiratory function and improvement in the radiological picture after baricitinib at an oral dose of 4 mg per day for 2 weeks."	1.56	Baricitinib as rescue therapy in a patient with COVID-19 with no complete response to sarilumab. ( Cauda, R; Cingolani, A; Cipriani, MC; Fantoni, M; Gremese, E; Larosa, L; Liperoti, R; Montemurro, G; Murri, R; Pasciuto, G; Pirronti, T; Tummolo, AM, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine was prescribed in 79% of hospitalized patients."	1.56	Kidney allograft recipients, immunosuppression, and coronavirus disease-2019: a report of consecutive cases from a New York City transplant center. ( Aull, MJ; Craig-Schapiro, R; Dadhania, DM; Gingras, L; Hartono, C; Kapur, S; Kodiyanplakkal, RP; Lee, JB; Lee, JR; Lubetzky, M; Marku-Podvorica, J; Muthukumar, T; Saal, S; Salinas, T; Sultan, S; Suthanthiran, M, 2020)
"Axitinib (AXI) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, currently under investigation in an international phase II/III trial including thymic neuroendocrine tumors."	1.56	SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia can be successfully managed in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors: a critical point of view. ( Fazio, N; Funicelli, L; Garcia-Carbonero, R; Gervaso, L; Laffi, A; Pellicori, S; Rubino, M; Spada, F; Zampino, G, 2020)
"Among 2,186 U."	1.56	Utilization of COVID-19 Treatments and Clinical Outcomes among Patients with Cancer: A COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) Cohort Study. ( Arcobello, J; Bakouny, Z; Choueiri, TK; de Lima Lopes, G; Doroshow, DB; Egan, PC; Farmakiotis, D; Fecher, LA; Friese, CR; Galsky, MD; Goel, S; Grivas, P; Gupta, S; Halfdanarson, TR; Halmos, B; Hawley, JE; Hsu, CY; Khaki, AR; Kuderer, NM; Lee, BJ; Lemmon, CA; Lyman, GH; Mishra, S; Olszewski, AJ; Painter, CA; Panagiotou, OA; Pennell, NA; Peters, S; Puc, MM; Revankar, SG; Rini, BI; Rivera, DR; Rubinstein, SM; Schapira, L; Schmidt, A; Schwartz, GK; Shah, DP; Shah, SA; Shyr, Y; Thompson, MA; Warner, JL; Wu, JT; Xie, Z; Yeh, AC; Zhu, H, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, but clinical data supporting HCQ for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are limited."	1.56	Safety, tolerability, and clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine for hospitalized patients with coronavirus 2019 disease. ( Choi, JJ; Goyal, P; Gulick, RM; Kondo, M; Magleby, R; Maldarelli, GA; Pham, K; Rennert, H; Safford, MM; Satlin, MJ; Schenck, EJ; Westblade, LF, 2020)
"The evolving pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 has posed a substantial health risk worldwide."	1.56	A Patient with Cryoglobulinemic Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN) Who Survived COVID-19 Disease: Case Presentation and Current Data of COVID-19 Infection in Dialysis and Transplanted Patients in Greece. ( Argyraki, A; Boletis, I; Grigorakos, K; Lourida, P; Marinaki, S; Skalioti, C; Tsiakas, S, 2020)
"Key words: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Meningoencephalitis, Pneumonia."	1.56	A Case of 45-Year Man Who Succumbed to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). ( Khan, MA, 2020)
"Colchicine was considered for this purpose based on well-recognised anti-inflammatory effects and potential antiviral properties."	1.56	Association between treatment with colchicine and improved survival in a single-centre cohort of adult hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. ( Airó, P; Andreoli, L; Bertasi, V; Bianchi, M; Bottone, D; Brucato, A; Civelli, P; Colombo, E; Cotelli, MS; Damiolini, E; Franceschini, F; Furloni, R; Galbassini, G; Gatta, D; Ghirardelli, ML; Magri, R; Malamani, P; Mendeni, M; Miclini, M; Molinari, S; Morotti, A; Piantoni, S; Richini, D; Salada, L; Scarsi, M; Tincani, A; Turla, M; Vender, A, 2020)
"Among candidate drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the combination of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin (AZ) has received intense worldwide attention."	1.56	Acute QT Interval Modifications During Hydroxychloroquine-Azithromycin Treatment in the Context of COVID-19 Infection. ( Azria, P; Borie, MF; Guillerm, JC; Hubert, S; Lorc'h, EL; Mahé, A; Ménage, E; Mourad, JJ; Voisin, O, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine was prescribed as an antiviral in 90% of cases, both as monotherapy (11."	1.56	Inpatient Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Italian Physicians. ( Attanasi, M; Caronni, A; Centanni, S; Chiarelli, F; Cimino, MM; Cipolla, G; Di Pillo, S; Faverio, P; Pasini, S; Pellegrino, GM; Sferrazza Papa, GF, 2020)
"Hilar lymphadenopathy is a rarely reported finding in the setting of COVID-19."	1.56	Hilar lymphadenopathy, a novel finding in the setting of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a case report. ( Eng, MH; Kan, N; Mirza, H; Mughal, MS; Osman, R; Rehman, R, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a potential COVID-19 treatment."	1.56	Hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab therapy in COVID-19 patients-An observational study. ( Asif, A; Balani, B; Barsky, C; Bednarz, U; Berry, DA; Berry, NS; Berry, SM; Biran, N; Cicogna, C; Go, RC; Goldberg, SL; Goy, AH; Hansen, E; Ip, A; Jacobs, LG; Korcak, J; Landolfi, JC; Marafelias, M; Mathura, S; Pecora, AL; Piwoz, JA; Rose, KM; Sawczuk, IS; Sebti, R; Sinclaire, BA; Sperber, S; Sugalski, G; Tank, L; Timmapuri, SL; Underwood, JP; Varga, DW; Zuckerman, J, 2020)
"Rheumatic diseases were IA (60%) and CTD (40%)."	1.56	Clinical outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a multicentric matched cohort study. ( Alvaro-Gracia, JM; Blanco, R; Carmona, L; Castrejón, I; Fernández Fernández, D; Fernandez-Nebro, A; Galindo, M; Gonzalez-Gay, MA; Lledó, A; Manrique-Arija, S; Martinez-Lopez, D; Mena Vázquez, N; Mera-Varela, A; Pablos, JL; Retuerto, M, 2020)
"The evolution to pulmonary fibrosis is frequent in older males and patients with comorbidities and bone marrow involvement."	1.56	First report on clinical and radiological features of COVID-19 pneumonitis in a Caucasian population: Factors predicting fibrotic evolution. ( Balzarini, L; Ferrozzi, F; Mancini, C; Marvisi, M; Ramponi, S; Uccelli, M, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been largely used and investigated as therapy for COVID-19 across various settings at a total dose usually ranging from 2400 mg to 9600 mg."	1.56	Low-dose hydroxychloroquine therapy and mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a nationwide observational study of 8075 participants. ( Bottieau, E; Catteau, L; Dauby, N; Duysburgh, E; Goetghebeur, E; Hautekiet, J; Montourcy, M; Van Beckhoven, D; van Ierssel, S; Van Oyen, H; Wyndham-Thomas, C, 2020)
"We interpreted this as a viral exanthema likely caused by an immune response to SARS-CoV-2 nucleotides."	1.56	Viral exanthema as manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case report. ( Birlutiu, V; Iancu, GM; Solomon, A, 2020)
"A chest CT scan showed an acute type B aortic dissection (ATBAD) and bilateral lung involvement with ground-glass opacity, compatible with interstitial pneumonia."	1.56	An infection-oriented approach for thoracic endovascular aortic repair in a SARS-CoV-2 positive patient. A case report. ( Ferrari, SA; Muzzarelli, L; Piconi, S; Rossi, G; Sommaruga, S, 2020)
" This position statement recommends dosage adjustment for these drugs in the context of renal impairment."	1.56	Position statement from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology regarding chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine drug dose adjustment according to renal function. ( Andreoli, MCC; Bastos, K; D'Avila, R; Kraychete, A; Misael, AM; Moura-Neto, JA; Nascimento, MMD; Silva, DRD, 2020)
"However, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)/HIV-1 coinfection has been described in only few cases worldwide and no data are available on immunological outcomes in HIV-1-patients infected with SARS-CoV-2."	1.56	Analysis of type I IFN response and T cell activation in severe COVID-19/HIV-1 coinfection: A case report. ( Antonelli, G; Bitossi, C; Borrazzo, C; Ceccarelli, G; d'Ettorre, G; Frasca, F; Innocenti, GP; Mastroianni, CM; Pinacchio, C; Recchia, G; Ridolfi, M; Santinelli, L; Scagnolari, C; Siccardi, G, 2020)
"Methemoglobinemia is a rare disorder of the blood in which there is an increase in methemoglobin, which occurs when hemoglobin is present in the oxidized form."	1.56	Unexplained Methemoglobinemia in Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Case Report. ( Bloom, A; Faisal, H; Gaber, AO, 2020)
" Some studies have shown that COVID-19 combined with diabetes is an independent risk factor for death or other adverse outcomes."	1.56	Efficacy and safety of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 combined with diabetes mellitus: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Fu, X; Liu, Y; Xie, C, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine was used to treat both patients; the first patient was treated with it over a period of 14 days before showing signs of improvement."	1.56	Two seriously ill neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 pneumonia- a case report. ( Atef-Yekta, R; Jafary, M; Lamsehchi, A; Sadeghi, K; Sagheb, S, 2020)
"We have developed a population pharmacokinetic model for hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients using prospectively collected pharmacokinetic data from patients either enrolled in a clinical trial or treated with hydroxychloroquine as part of standard of care in two tertiary Belgian hospitals."	1.56	Population Pharmacokinetics of Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Dose Optimization. ( Belkhir, L; Dauby, N; De Greef, J; Delongie, KA; Dogné, JM; Hamdani, J; Kiridis, S; Lescrainier, C; Musuamba, FT; Nasreddine, R; Thémans, P; Vandeputte, M; Verlinden, V; Wallemacq, P; Wittebole, X; Wuillaume, F; Yombi, JC, 2020)
"To evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on rheumatology practice."	1.56	The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on rheumatology practice: a cross-sectional multinational study. ( Abdulateef, N; Abutiban, F; Eissa, M; El Kibbi, L; El Rakawi, M; Halabi, H; Hamdi, W; Hmamouchi, I; Masri, B; Ziadé, N, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine was associated with lower mortality when the model was adjusted for age and gender, with OR (95% CI): 0."	1.56	The association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine and hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. ( Ayerbe, L; Ayis, S; Risco-Risco, C, 2020)
" Further, almost all of the trials registered do not consider dosage adjustment in the elderly, a patient population most likely to require HCQ treatment."	1.56	Inhaled hydroxychloroquine to improve efficacy and reduce harm in the treatment of COVID-19. ( Arthur, A; Dayton, F; Farragher, JP; Kavanagh, O; Mahoney, B; Marie Healy, A; O'Reilly, NJ; Robinson, S; Walker, G, 2020)
"BACKGROUND Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare exanthem characterized by the abrupt onset of numerous small, non-follicular, sterile pustules arising on an erythematous base."	1.56	Delayed Presentation of Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis Following Treatment with Cefepime in a Patient with COVID-19 without the Use of Hydroxychloroquine. ( Haraszti, S; Jensen, N; Sendil, S, 2020)
" In this study we analyzed over thirteen million adverse event reports form the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System to confirm and quantify the association of cardiac side effects of CQ and HCQ."	1.56	Cardiac adverse events associated with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine exposure in 20 years of drug safety surveillance reports. ( Abagyan, R; Cohen, IV; Issa, MA; Makunts, T; Moumedjian, T, 2020)
"Hydroxychloroquine is an agent used as a treatment but also considered as a prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infection."	1.56	[SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient treated by hydroxychloroquine and anti TNF α for Inflammatory Rheumatic Disease]. ( Bouchti, IE; Malek, SA, 2020)
"It may cause severe viral pneumonia with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome requiring critical care."	1.56	Very severe COVID-19 in the critically ill in Tunisia. ( Boussarsar, M; Ennouri, E; Jerbi, S; Mahmoud, J; Meddeb, K; Nachi, R; Saida, IB; Thabet, N, 2020)
"The pregnancy is still ongoing without any visible sequelae on the foetus so far."	1.56	COVID-19 infection in first trimester of pregnancy marked by a liver cytolysis in a woman previously treated by hydroxychloroquine for repeated implantation failure: a case report. ( Calès, P; Delaroche, L; Descamps, P; Dieli-Crimi, R; Guerin, A; Lamazou, F; Letouzey, V; Octernaud, S; Oger, P; Place, V, 2020)

Research

Studies (729)

Authors

Clinical Trials (115)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Count of Participants Who Died

Count of Participants With ED Visit, Hospitalization or Death

Count of Participants With Hospitalization or Death

Count of Participants With Hypoxia Only

Number of Participants Who Are Hospitalized for Covid 19 Infection

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	0 (0.00)	29.6817
2010's	0 (0.00)	24.3611
2020's	729 (100.00)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Gordon, DE	1
Jang, GM	1
Bouhaddou, M	1
Xu, J	2
Obernier, K	1
White, KM	1
O'Meara, MJ	1
Rezelj, VV	1
Guo, JZ	1
Swaney, DL	1
Tummino, TA	1
Hüttenhain, R	1
Kaake, RM	1
Richards, AL	1
Tutuncuoglu, B	1
Foussard, H	1
Batra, J	1
Haas, K	1
Modak, M	1
Kim, M	1
Haas, P	1
Polacco, BJ	1
Braberg, H	1
Fabius, JM	1
Eckhardt, M	1
Soucheray, M	1
Bennett, MJ	1
Cakir, M	1
McGregor, MJ	1
Li, Q	1
Meyer, B	1
Roesch, F	1
Vallet, T	1
Mac Kain, A	1
Miorin, L	1
Moreno, E	1
Naing, ZZC	1
Zhou, Y	1
Peng, S	1
Shi, Y	2
Zhang, Z	3
Shen, W	1
Kirby, IT	1
Melnyk, JE	1
Chorba, JS	1
Lou, K	1
Dai, SA	1
Barrio-Hernandez, I	1
Memon, D	1
Hernandez-Armenta, C	1
Lyu, J	1
Mathy, CJP	1
Perica, T	1
Pilla, KB	1
Ganesan, SJ	1
Saltzberg, DJ	1
Rakesh, R	1
Liu, X	2
Rosenthal, SB	1
Calviello, L	1
Venkataramanan, S	1
Liboy-Lugo, J	1
Lin, Y	3
Huang, XP	1
Liu, Y	3
Wankowicz, SA	1
Bohn, M	1
Safari, M	1
Ugur, FS	1
Koh, C	1
Savar, NS	1
Tran, QD	1
Shengjuler, D	1
Fletcher, SJ	1
O'Neal, MC	1
Cai, Y	1
Chang, JCJ	1
Broadhurst, DJ	1
Klippsten, S	1
Sharp, PP	1
Wenzell, NA	1
Kuzuoglu-Ozturk, D	1
Wang, HY	1
Trenker, R	1
Young, JM	1
Cavero, DA	1
Hiatt, J	1
Roth, TL	1
Rathore, U	1
Subramanian, A	1
Noack, J	1
Hubert, M	1
Stroud, RM	1
Frankel, AD	1
Rosenberg, OS	1
Verba, KA	1
Agard, DA	1
Ott, M	1
Emerman, M	1
Jura, N	1
von Zastrow, M	1
Verdin, E	1
Ashworth, A	1
Schwartz, O	1
d'Enfert, C	1
Mukherjee, S	1
Jacobson, M	1
Malik, HS	1
Fujimori, DG	1
Ideker, T	1
Craik, CS	1
Floor, SN	1
Fraser, JS	1
Gross, JD	1
Sali, A	1
Roth, BL	1
Ruggero, D	1
Taunton, J	1
Kortemme, T	1
Beltrao, P	1
Vignuzzi, M	1
García-Sastre, A	1
Shokat, KM	1
Shoichet, BK	1
Krogan, NJ	1
Chen, PH	2
Jhou, HJ	1
Ou-Yang, LJ	1
Lee, CH	1
McCullough, PA	1
Stricker, RB	1
Risch, HA	3
Tanni, SE	1
Bacha, HA	1
Naime, A	1
Bernardo, WM	1
Chotsiri, P	1
Tarning, J	4
Hoglund, RM	3
Watson, JA	4
White, NJ	5
Hentschke-Lopes, M	1
Botton, MR	1
Borges, P	1
Freitas, M	1
Mancuso, ACB	1
Matte, U	1
Colson, P	3
Rolain, JM	3
Lagier, JC	2
Brouqui, P	2
Raoult, D	4
Touret, F	2
de Lamballerie, X	2
Yao, X	2
Ye, F	1
Zhang, M	3
Cui, C	2
Huang, B	1
Niu, P	1
Zhao, L	1
Dong, E	1
Song, C	1
Zhan, S	1
Lu, R	1
Li, H	4
Tan, W	1
Liu, D	3
Rubin, EJ	5
Baden, LR	6
Morrissey, S	4
Sahraei, Z	1
Shabani, M	1
Shokouhi, S	2
Saffaei, A	2
Zhou, D	1
Dai, SM	1
Tong, Q	1
Duan, Y	1
Zhu, HL	1
Zhou, C	1
Hu, TY	1
Frieman, M	1
Wolfram, J	1
Gautret, P	1
Parola, P	1
Hoang, VT	2
Meddeb, L	1
Mailhe, M	1
Doudier, B	1
Courjon, J	2
Giordanengo, V	1
Vieira, VE	1
Tissot Dupont, H	1
Honoré, S	1
Chabrière, E	1
La Scola, B	2
Pagliano, P	1
Piazza, O	1
De Caro, F	1
Ascione, T	1
Filippelli, A	1
Guastalegname, M	1
Vallone, A	1
Atluri, S	1
Manchikanti, L	1
Hirsch, JA	1
Kupferschmidt, K	4
Cohen, J	1
Zhang, W	2
Zhao, Y	2
Zhang, F	1
Wang, Q	1
Li, T	2
Liu, Z	2
Wang, J	3
Qin, Y	1
Zhang, X	3
Yan, X	1
Zeng, X	1
Zhang, S	1
Kim, AHJ	4
Sparks, JA	5
Liew, JW	5
Putman, MS	3
Berenbaum, F	3
Duarte-García, A	3
Graef, ER	4
Korsten, P	3
Sattui, SE	3
Sirotich, E	3
Ugarte-Gil, MF	3
Webb, K	2
Grainger, R	2
Sargiacomo, C	1
Sotgia, F	1
Lisanti, MP	1
Agrawal, S	1
Goel, AD	1
Gupta, N	1
Yazdany, J	2
Gandolfini, I	1
Delsante, M	1
Fiaccadori, E	1
Zaza, G	1
Manenti, L	1
Degli Antoni, A	1
Peruzzi, L	1
Riella, LV	1
Cravedi, P	1
Maggiore, U	1
Ye, Q	1
Wang, B	2
Mao, J	1
Fu, J	2
Shang, S	1
Shu, Q	1
Zhang, T	1
Molina, JM	1
Delaugerre, C	1
Le Goff, J	1
Mela-Lima, B	1
Ponscarme, D	1
Goldwirt, L	1
de Castro, N	1
Scuccimarri, R	1
Sutton, E	1
Fitzcharles, MA	1
Lu, CC	1
Chen, MY	1
Lee, WS	1
Chang, YL	1
Keshtkar-Jahromi, M	1
Bavari, S	1
Marmor, MF	2
Marotto, D	1
Sarzi-Puttini, P	1
Fantini, J	3
Di Scala, C	1
Chahinian, H	3
Yahi, N	3
Schwartz, RA	1
Janniger, CK	1
Barlow, A	1
Landolf, KM	1
Barlow, B	1
Yeung, SYA	1
Heavner, JJ	1
Claassen, CW	1
Heavner, MS	1
Al-Tawfiq, JA	1
Memish, ZA	1
Kutlu, Ö	1
Metin, A	1
Lodise, TP	1
Rybak, MJ	1
Roden, DM	4
Harrington, RA	3
Poppas, A	3
Russo, AM	3
Arnold, SLM	1
Buckner, F	1
Juurlink, DN	1
Ferner, RE	1
Aronson, JK	1
Peschken, CA	1
Jakhar, D	1
Kaur, I	1
Nau, JY	4
Yousefzadegan, S	1
Rezaei, N	1
Spezzani, V	1
Piunno, A	1
Iselin, HU	1
Jaffe, S	1
Serafin, MB	1
Bottega, A	1
Foletto, VS	1
da Rosa, TF	1
Hörner, A	1
Hörner, R	1
Bartiromo, M	1
Borchi, B	1
Botta, A	2
Bagalà, A	1
Lugli, G	1
Tilli, M	1
Cavallo, A	1
Xhaferi, B	1
Cutruzzulà, R	1
Vaglio, A	2
Bresci, S	1
Larti, A	1
Bartoloni, A	1
Cirami, C	1
Hillaker, E	1
Belfer, JJ	1
Bondici, A	1
Murad, H	1
Dumkow, LE	1
Shah, S	1
Das, S	3
Jain, A	1
Misra, DP	2
Negi, VS	1
Pereira, BB	1
Gao, J	2
Hu, S	2
Sanders, JM	1
Monogue, ML	1
Jodlowski, TZ	1
Cutrell, JB	1
De Luna, G	1
Habibi, A	1
Deux, JF	1
Colard, M	1
Pham Hung d'Alexandry d'Orengiani, AL	1
Schlemmer, F	3
Joher, N	1
Kassasseya, C	1
Pawlotsky, JM	2
Ourghanlian, C	2
Michel, M	3
Mekontso-Dessap, A	1
Bartolucci, P	1
Boyarsky, BJ	1
Po-Yu Chiang, T	1
Werbel, WA	1
Durand, CM	1
Avery, RK	1
Getsin, SN	1
Jackson, KR	1
Kernodle, AB	1
Van Pilsum Rasmussen, SE	1
Massie, AB	1
Segev, DL	1
Garonzik-Wang, JM	1
Patrì, A	2
Fabbrocini, G	2
Alia, E	1
Grant-Kels, JM	2
Guidon, AC	1
Amato, AA	1
Garcia-Cremades, M	1
Solans, BP	1
Hughes, E	1
Ernest, JP	1
Wallender, E	1
Aweeka, F	1
Luetkemeyer, AF	1
Savic, RM	1
Rome, BN	1
Avorn, J	1
Stevens, RW	1
Estes, L	1
Rivera, C	1
Brufsky, A	1
Şimşek Yavuz, S	1
Ünal, S	2
Gendrot, M	1
Javelle, E	1
Clerc, A	1
Savini, H	1
Pradines, B	1
Simard, JF	1
Harrison, C	2
Konig, MF	3
Proulx, L	1
Richards, DP	1
Robinson, PC	3
Young, KJ	2
Kim, AH	2
Joob, B	2
Wiwanitkit, V	2
Heldwein, FL	1
Calado, A	1
Sinha, N	1
Balayla, G	1
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John-Stewart, G	1
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Costanzo, M	1
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Kumar, H	1
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Prajapat, M	1
Shekhar, N	1
Kumar, S	2
Singh, R	2
Singh, A	3
Dhibar, DP	1
Prakash, A	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Studying the Efficiency of the Natural Preparation Rutan in Children in the Treatment of COVID-19, Acute Respiratory Viral Infections, and Developing Treatment Protocols[NCT05862883]	Phase 2	301 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-06-01	Completed
COVID-OUT: Early Outpatient Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19)[NCT04510194]	Phase 3	1,323 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Active, not recruiting
"Evaluation de l'efficacité et de la tolérance de Quinquina et d'un phytomédicament ACAR en Comparaison Avec l'Hydroxychloroquine Chez Des Adultes Malades de Covid-19 Sans symptômes"[NCT04501965]	Phase 2	231 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-01	Enrolling by invitation
An aDaptive, multicEnter, rAndomized, Open-Label, Controlled Trial to Assess Effectiveness and Safety of Quinine Sulfate for COVID-19 in Hospitalized Adults[NCT05808231]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-26	Recruiting
Azithromycin Added to Hydrochloroquine in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)- Randomised Controlled Trial[NCT04339816]	Phase 3	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-13	Terminated (stopped due to Steering Committee decision in accordance with stopping rule 1: Emergence of new data)
Clinical Trial Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine and Nitazoxanide Combination as Adjuvant Therapy in Covid-19 Newly Diagnosed Egyptian Patients: A Tanta University Hope[NCT04361318]	Phase 2/Phase 3	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Rapid Development and Implementation of a Remote ECG-monitored Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial During a Pandemic: Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis in COVID-19 Household Contacts[NCT04652648]	Phase 4	54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-27	Completed
Proflaxis for Healthcare Professionals Using Hydroxychloroquine Plus Vitamin Combining Vitamins C, D and Zinc During COVID-19 Pandemia: An Observational Study[NCT04326725]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-03-20	Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Phase 2/3 Trial of Hydroxychloroquine In Covid-19 Kinetics[NCT04353271]	Phase 2/Phase 3	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-17	Terminated (stopped due to FDA recommendations to not use outside of the hospital setting or in a clinical trial due to the risk of cardiac arrhythmias)
Évaluationefficacité et tolérance d'Une médication à Base de Cosphérunate et d'un phytomédicament Antiviral Par Voie Orale en Comparaison Avec un Traitement à Base d'Hydroxychloroquine Chez Des Adultes Malades Covid-19 Sans Complications[NCT04502342]	Phase 2	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-01	Enrolling by invitation
Randomized Study to Evaluate the Safety and Antiviral Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With Newly Diagnosed COVID-19 Compared to Standard of Care Treatment[NCT04334967]	Phase 4	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-30	Suspended (stopped due to suspected unfavorable risk/benefit assessment)
A Comparative Observational Study on Ivermectin and Hydroxychloroquine on the COVID19 Patients in Bangladesh[NCT04434144]		116 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2020-05-02	Completed
Randomized Trial Evaluating Effect of Outpatient Hydroxychloroquine on Reducing Hospital Admissions in Pregnant Women With SARS-CoV-2 Infection: HyPreC Trial[NCT04354441]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Not started)
Effectiveness and Safety of Medical Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in Colombia: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04359095]	Phase 2/Phase 3	650 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-08-18	Completed
Will Hydroxychloroquine Impede or Prevent COVID-19: WHIP COVID-19 Study[NCT04341441]	Phase 3	624 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-07	Terminated (stopped due to Interim analysis did not reveal any safety concerns by the DSMB, but unblinded data did not provide support to continue. Event rate did not meet projected magnitude; given low recruitment potential, it is unlikely that a positive result will occur.)
Prophylaxis With Chloroquine in Health Personnel Exposed to Infection With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)[NCT04627467]	Phase 2	3,217 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-28	Completed
Clinical Outcome of Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia Treated With Corticosteroids and Colchicine in Colombia[NCT04654416]		301 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-03-20	Completed
Low-dose Hydroxychloroquine and Bromhexine: a Novel Regimen for COVID-19 Prophylaxis in Healthcare Professionals (ELEVATE Trial)[NCT04340349]	Early Phase 1	214 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-01	Enrolling by invitation
Clearing the Fog: Is HCQ Effective in Reducing COVID-19 progression-a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04491994]	Phase 3	540 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-10	Completed
Describing Chinese Herbal Medicine Telehealth Care for Symptoms Related to Infectious Diseases Such as COVID-19: A Descriptive, Longitudinal, Pragmatic Cohort Study[NCT04380870]		500 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-05-11	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Treatment With Convalescent Plasma for Adults With COVID-19 Pneumonia. A Double-blinded, Randomized, Multicenter Placebo-controlled Trial[NCT04345289]	Phase 3	147 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-01	Terminated (stopped due to DSMB advise due to high probability of futility)
A Randomized Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine and Zinc in Combination With Either Azithromycin or Doxycycline for the Treatment of COVID-19 in the Outpatient Setting[NCT04370782]	Phase 4	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-28	Completed
Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial on the Safety and Efficacy of Imatinib for Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19[NCT04394416]	Phase 3	204 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-06-02	Active, not recruiting
Observational Study of COVID-19 Treatment Efficacy[NCT04369989]		250 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-04-14	Terminated (stopped due to Review of data revealed poor correlation with hypothesis and data quality challenges.)
Safety and Efficacy of Post-exposure Prophylaxis With Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for the Prevention of COVID-19 in High-risk Older Individuals in Long-term and Specialized Care: A Double-blind Randomized Control Trial[NCT04397328]	Phase 3	336 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-05-19	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of the Use of Hydroxychloroquine, Favipiravir or Hydroxychloroquine + Favipiravir in Early SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Treatment[NCT04981379]	Phase 3	1,120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-16	Completed
Treatment of Covid-19 With Favipiravir Versus Hydroxychloroquine: a Randomized Comparator Trial[NCT04387760]	Phase 2	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-08-11	Completed
Prophylactic Corticosteroid to Prevent COVID-19 Cytokine Storm[NCT04355247]	Phase 2	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-04-14	Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase IIa Study of Quintuple Therapy to Treat COVID-19 Infection[NCT04334512]	Phase 2	600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-06-22	Recruiting
Observational Cohort of COVID-19 Patients at Raymond-Poincare[NCT04364698]		500 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-05-07	Recruiting
COVID-19 - Quality of Life After Infection[NCT04377464]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-05-05	Not yet recruiting
Azitromycin Use in COVID-19 Positive Pediatric Patients; Effect on Ventricle Repolarization[NCT04699097]		105 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-07-01	Completed
Prognostic Modification in Patients With COVID-19 Under Early Intervention Treatment at U.M.F 13 and U.M.F 20[NCT04673214]	Phase 3	114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-16	Completed
The Zambia Ivermectin Trial for the Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19[NCT04891250]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-10-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Insufficient funding)
A Multi-center, Randomized, Open-label, Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in Adult Patients With Mild to Moderate Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Compared to Standard of Care Treatment[NCT04384380]		33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-01	Completed
A Randomized Trial of Efficacy and Safety of an Early OUTpatient Treatment of COVID-19 in Patients With Risk Factor for Poor Outcome: a Strategy to Prevent Hospitalization[NCT04365582]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-07	Withdrawn (stopped due to The PI decided.)
Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of Hydroxychloroquine With or Without Azithromycin for Virologic Cure of COVID-19[NCT04349592]		456 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-14	Completed
The Role of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine (BCG) in the Clinical Evolution of COVID-19 and in the Efficacy of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Vaccines[NCT05507671]	Phase 3	556 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-27	Active, not recruiting
Chloroquine Phosphate Against Infection by the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): The HOPE Open-Label, Non Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT04344951]	Phase 2	29 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-06	Terminated (stopped due to No clinical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 recorded)
Prevention of COVID19 Infection by the Administration of Hydroxychloroquine to Institutionalized Older People and Nursing Home Staff. Controlled Clinical Trial, Randomized Triple Blind by Clusters (PREVICHARM Study)[NCT04400019]	Phase 2/Phase 3	1,930 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-30	Not yet recruiting
Use of Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19 Patients With Hypoxia: a Prospective Randomized Trial[NCT04356534]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-19	Completed
Efficacy of Chloroquine Phosphate Prophylactic Use in First-line Health Personnel Exposed to COVID-19 Patients[NCT04443270]	Phase 1	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-27	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin in Hospitalized no Critical Patients Secondary to COVID-19 Infection: Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04391127]	Phase 3	108 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-04	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase IIa Study of Hydroxychloroquine, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Zinc for the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection[NCT04335084]	Phase 2	600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-06-22	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Normoxic Allogenic Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Administered as Adjuntive Treatment to Standard Treatment in Severe Patients With COVID-19[NCT05132972]	Phase 2/Phase 3	42 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-17	Recruiting
Efficacy of Intravenous Infusions of Stem Cells in the Treatment of COVID-19 Patients[NCT04437823]	Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-01	Completed
Assessment of Netosis During COVID-19, Under Treatment With Anakinra, an Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist[NCT04594356]		120 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-11-19	Completed
Utility of Low Doses of Corticosteroids and Cyclosporine Combined With Enoxaparin, in Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia at the ISSSTE Regional Hospital, Puebla, During the Contingency Period Due to the SARS-Cov2 Pandemic[NCT04540926]	Phase 1/Phase 2	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-30	Not yet recruiting
Nutritional Habits, Does it Affect Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Outcome? An Egyptian Experience[NCT04447144]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-06-01	Recruiting
Evaluation of Independent Clinical- Laboratory Predictors of Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Positive SARS-CoV2 Patients (Outcomes SARS-CoV2)[NCT05162534]		1,800 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-05-29	Completed
Comparison of Cytokine Hemadsorption as an Immunomodulator Therapy in Covid 19 Patients With and Without Bacterial Sepsis[NCT04920851]		23 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-06-10	Recruiting
A Randomized Double-blinded Placebo-controlled Outpatient Clinical Trial in High Risk Population Confirmed COVID-19 Patients Using Ivermectin and Doxycycline to Prevent COVID-19 Illness-related Hospitalization (COVIVER-OUT PLUS)[NCT04729140]	Phase 4	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-28	Recruiting
Baricitinib Therapy in COVID-19: A Pilot Study on Safety and Clinical Impact[NCT04358614]	Phase 2/Phase 3	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-16	Completed
The Use of Brazilian Green Propolis Extract (EPP-AF) in Patients Affected by COVID-19: a Randomized, Open and Pilot Clinical Study.[NCT04480593]	Phase 2/Phase 3	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-02	Completed
Sub-cutaneous Ivermectin in Combination With and Without Oral Zinc: a Placebo Randomized Control Trial on Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Patients[NCT04472585]	Phase 1/Phase 2	180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-14	Recruiting
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy and Therapeutic Safety of Ivermectin Versus Placebo Associated With Standard of Care Treatment in the Early Phase of Coronavirus Infection (COVID19).[NCT04836299]	Phase 2	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-08	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Ivermectin in COVID-19 : A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04392713]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-04-15	Recruiting
Ivermectin Will be Used as an Outpatient Treatment Option for COVID-19 Patients.[NCT05045937]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2022-05-01	Recruiting
Ivermectin to Prevent Hospitalizations in COVID-19: Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled[NCT04529525]	Phase 2/Phase 3	501 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-08-19	Completed
Trial of Early Therapies During Non-hospitalized Outpatient Window (TREAT NOW) for COVID-19[NCT04372628]	Phase 2	452 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-01	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Pragmatic Clinical Trial[NCT04896866]		833 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-01	Completed
Safety and Immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV2 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplantation (Lung and / or Liver) Adult Recipients[NCT05116748]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-10-01	Active, not recruiting
Multi-centre, Adaptive, Randomized Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Treatments of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Adults[NCT04315948]	Phase 3	1,552 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-22	Completed
The Effectiveness and Safety of Ivermectin as add-on Therapy in Severe COVID-19 Management[NCT04646109]	Phase 3	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-11	Completed
Convalescent Plasma in the Early Treatment of High-Risk Patients With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection[NCT04513158]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-14	Recruiting
Incidence of COVID-19 Test Conversion in Post-surgical Patients[NCT04392323]		111 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-13	Completed
Study on the Frequency of COVID-19 Antibodies in Patients With Hereditary Hematological Diseases Subject to Chronic Transfusion Support.[NCT04526405]		63 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-07-14	Completed
A Longitudinal Survey Study on Living With Sickle Cell Disease in the COVID-19 Pandemic[NCT04417673]		500 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-06-15	Completed
Treatment With COLchicine of Patients Affected by COVID-19: a Pilot Study[NCT04375202]	Phase 2	227 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-18	Terminated (stopped due to Insufficient rate of patient accrual and newly available scientific evidence)
Evaluation of Awake Prone Positioning Effectiveness in Moderate to Severe COVID-19[NCT05083130]		93 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-03-08	Completed
Prevalence, Seroconversion and Impact of COVID-19 in Autoimmune Diseases in Europe[NCT04397237]		3,100 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-06-10	Active, not recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial on the Efficacy of Dexamethasone Versus Methyl Prednisolone in Covid-19 Infected Patients With High Oxygen Flow[NCT05062681]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-15	Recruiting
Tocilizumab: A Therapeutic Cache Against the Treatment of Severe Cases of COVID-19[NCT04560205]	Phase 1	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-05-01	Recruiting
Post-exposure Prophylaxis or Preemptive Therapy for SARS-Coronavirus-2: A Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT04308668]	Phase 3	1,312 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-17	Completed
"Review of Barotrauma in Admitted Covid-19 Cases - A Single Center Retrospective Study From March 2020 Till April 2021."[NCT05216523]		251 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-06-24	Completed
Evaluation of Immune Cell Subgroups in Covid 19 Patients[NCT04531319]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-08-15	Completed
Immunogenicity and Safety of the CoronaVac Vacccine in Patients With Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and People Living With HIV/AIDS[NCT04754698]	Phase 4	2,067 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-09	Active, not recruiting
A Double-blind Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Tafenoquine Versus Placebo in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Disease[NCT04533347]	Phase 2	86 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-02-19	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparative Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Famotidine vs Placebo for the Treatment of Non-Hospitalized Symptomatic Adults With COVID-19[NCT04724720]	Phase 2	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-19	Active, not recruiting
A Multi-site, Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparative Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Standard of Care (SOC) Plus Famotidine vs SOC Plus Placebo for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Adults[NCT04370262]	Phase 3	233 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-07	Completed
Preemptive Therapy for SARS-Coronavirus-2 (COVID-19 PEP Canada)[NCT04421664]	Phase 3	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-25	Terminated (stopped due to Request of Health Canada after publication of https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-4207)
Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine for Treatment of COVID-19[NCT04261517]	Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-06	Completed
The Safety and Efficacy Outcome of Ivermectin Plus Doxycycline in Treatment of RT-PCR Positive Adult Mild Covid-19 Cases: a Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial[NCT04551755]	Phase 2	188 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-30	Not yet recruiting
Long-term Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Consequences of COVID-19 in Patients Discharged From Critical Care Units. A Cohort Study of the Advance Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) Covid-19 Working Group.[NCT05019300]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-05-24	Recruiting
Hydroxychloroquine vs. Azithromycin for Hospitalized Patients With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19 (HAHPS): A Prospective Pragmatic Trial[NCT04329832]	Phase 2	85 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-30	Completed
Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles as an Oropharyngeal Product (Mouthwash) and Nasal Hygiene, by Health Personnel Working at the Tijuana General Hospital Exposed to Patients Diagnosed With Atypical Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2[NCT04894409]		231 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-24	Completed
Intraoperative Lung Mechanics, Postoperative Complications, and Functional Evaluation in Post COVID-19 Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery[NCT05851807]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2022-05-12	Recruiting
Long Term Immunological Responses of COVID-19 Vaccination in Cancer Patients on Chemotherapy: a Pilot Study[NCT05238467]		42 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-05-21	Completed
Epidemiology of COVID-19 Infection in Patients With Hematological Malignancies: A European Haematology Association Survey[NCT04733729]		3,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2020-03-01	Recruiting
The COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) Registry[NCT04354701]		19,275 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2020-03-17	Active, not recruiting
Outcomes Related to COVID-19 Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Among In-patients With Symptomatic Disease[NCT04332991]	Phase 3	479 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-02	Completed
An Investigation Into Beneficial Effects of Interferon Beta 1a, Compared to Interferon Beta 1b And The Base Therapeutic Regiment in Moderate to Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial[NCT04343768]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-09	Completed
Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine for Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) to Prevent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Among Adults Exposed to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Blinded, Randomized Study[NCT04328961]	Phase 2/Phase 3	943 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-31	Completed
Norwegian Coronavirus Disease 2019 Study: An Open Labeled Randomized Controlled Pragmatic Trial to Evaluate the Antiviral Effect of Chloroquine in Adult Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection[NCT04316377]	Phase 4	53 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-25	Active, not recruiting
Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine vs Nitazoxanide + Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With COVID-19 With Risk Factors for Poor Outcome[NCT04341493]	Phase 4	44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-06	Terminated (stopped due to Concerns about safety of Hydroxychloroquine)
Proactive Protection With Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients With COVID: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Double-blinded Trial Evaluating Treatment With Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine to Patients With COVID-19[NCT04322396]	Phase 2	117 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-06	Terminated (stopped due to Recommended by the DSMB)
the Investigation Into Beneficial Effects of High-dose Interferon Beta 1-a, Compared to Low-dose Interferon Beta 1-a in Moderate to Severe Covid-19[NCT04521400]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-20	Not yet recruiting
Diagnosis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA) - Specific Testing in Bronchial Secretions Versus Bronchoalveolar Fluid in Patients With and Without COVID-19[NCT04848831]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-06-01	Not yet recruiting
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Imatinib Mesylate (Impentri®) in Subjects With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by COVID-19[NCT04794088]	Phase 2	67 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-14	Terminated (stopped due to Due to the decline of COVID-19 patients on Dutch ICUs. A sample size reestimation based on blinded study data of 66 patients was furthermore favorable, indicating sufficient power to detect a difference in primary endpoint between groups.)
Hydroxychloroquine Efficacy and Safety in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Disease Severity During Pregnancy and Postpartum[NCT04410562]	Phase 3	129 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-13	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Hydroxychloroquine Versus Placebo in Early Ambulatory Diagnosis and Treatment of Elderly COVID19 Patients[NCT04351516]	Phase 2/Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-21	Withdrawn (stopped due to No Patients enrolled)
MentalPlus® for Assessment and Rehabilitation of Cognitive Functions After Remission of Symptoms of COVID-19[NCT04632719]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-08	Recruiting
An Open-label, Randomized Controlled Trial of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin for COVID-19 Infection on Hospitalized, Noncritical Patients[NCT04322123]	Phase 3	667 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-01	Completed
Study of COVID-19 Prognostic Factors in Hospitalized Patients[NCT05102708]		3,725 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-11-25	Completed
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis With Hydroxychloroquine for High-Risk Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicentre, Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04331834]	Phase 3	275 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-03	Completed
Study to Investigate the Treatment Effect of Colchicine in Patients With COVID-19[NCT04667780]	Phase 3	102 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Completed
PROTECT: A Randomized Study With Hydroxychloroquine Versus Observational Support for Prevention or Early Phase Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)[NCT04363827]	Phase 2	2,300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-05-14	Active, not recruiting
Pakistan Randomized and Observational Trial to Evaluate Coronavirus Treatment[NCT04338698]	Phase 3	550 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-22	Completed
Real World Observational Database for COVID-19 Treatment and Outcomes[NCT04347993]		4,496 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2020-03-27	Active, not recruiting
A Case-Control Study on the Association Between Periodontal Health and Gingival Crevicular Level of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 in Post COVID-19 Patients[NCT05950230]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-08-01	Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of the Safety and Clinical Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine Associated With Azithromycin in Patients With Pneumonia Caused by Infection by the SARS-CoV2 Virus - Coalition COVID-19 Brasil II - SEVERE - Patients[NCT04321278]	Phase 3	440 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-03-28	Completed
Thyroid Function Tests and the Status of Thyroid Autoantibodies in Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients and Their Relationship With White Blood Cells, Neutrophil / Lymphocyte Ratio, c Reactive Protein, Fibrinogen, Procalcitonin, Ferritin and D-dimer[NCT04659200]		20 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-09-01	Completed
Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy[NCT04381936]	Phase 2/Phase 3	50,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-03-19	Recruiting
Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Outpatient Treatments to Reduce the Risk of Worsening in Individuals With COVID-19 With Risk Factors (COVERAGE France)[NCT04356495]	Phase 2/Phase 3	412 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-07-29	Completed
A Trial of Favipiravir and Hydroxychloroquine Combination in Adults Hospitalized With Moderate and Severe Covid-19[NCT04392973]		268 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-21	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Treatment Arm - Metformin Only Group	0
Treatment Arm - Placebo Group	0
Treatment Arm - Ivermectin Only Group	0
Treatment Arm - Fluvoxamine Only Group	0
Treatment Arm - Metformin and Fluvoxamine Group	0
Treatment Arm - Metformin and Ivermectin Group	1

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Treatment Arm - Metformin Only Group	27
Treatment Arm - Placebo Group	48
Treatment Arm - Ivermectin Only Group	16
Treatment Arm - Fluvoxamine Only Group	15
Treatment Arm - Metformin and Fluvoxamine Group	18
Treatment Arm - Metformin and Ivermectin Group	23

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Treatment Arm - Metformin Only Group	8
Treatment Arm - Placebo Group	18
Treatment Arm - Ivermectin Only Group	5
Treatment Arm - Fluvoxamine Only Group	5
Treatment Arm - Metformin and Fluvoxamine Group	6
Treatment Arm - Metformin and Ivermectin Group	4

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Treatment Arm - Metformin Only Group	147
Treatment Arm - Placebo Group	158
Treatment Arm - Ivermectin Only Group	88
Treatment Arm - Fluvoxamine Only Group	73
Treatment Arm - Metformin and Fluvoxamine Group	71
Treatment Arm - Metformin and Ivermectin Group	96

Number of subjects in each arm who are hospitalized for Covid 19 infection (NCT04353271)
Timeframe: 14 days

Number of Participants Who Are Virus Free

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Treatment	0
Control	0

Nasopharyngeal swab PCR measurement of viral load expressed as the % of negative PCR swabs (NCT04353271)
Timeframe: 7 days after initiation of trial

Number of Participants Who Die Secondary to Covid 19 Infection

Intervention	participants (Number)
Treatment	0
Control	0

Number of subjects in each arm who die secondary to Covid-19 infection (NCT04353271)
Timeframe: 70 Days (10 weeks)

Number of Participants Who Discontinue or Withdraw Medication Use for Any Reason

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Treatment	0
Control	0

Number of subjects in each arm who discontinue or withdraw medication use for any reason (NCT04353271)
Timeframe: 14 days

Number of Participants Who Have Confirmed Covid 19 Infection

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Treatment	0
Control	1

Number of subjects in each arm who have confirmed Covid-19 infection (NCT04353271)
Timeframe: 14 days

Assess the Impact of Chronic Weight-based Dosing of HCQ for COVID-19 Prevention.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Treatment	1
Control	2

Compare the rates of SARS-CoV 2 infections (number of events of symptomatic patients with a positive COVID-19 test) in the non-randomized comparator arm to the randomized hydroxychloroquine and placebo arms to assess the impact of chronic weight-based dosing of HCQ for COVID-19 prevention via weekly questionnaire and/or blood samples. This analysis includes all randomized and non-randomized groups in the study. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

Compare the Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV 2 IgM and/or IgG Positive Samples at Study Entry and Study Conclusion in All Participants Receiving HCQ Compared to Those Receiving Placebo.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose	1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	1
Placebo	1
Non-Randomized Active Comparator	0

Measurement of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV 2 IgM and/or IgG positive samples in all arms of the study, randomized and non-randomized (Study Drug - Daily Dose, Study Drug - Weekly Dose, Placebo, and Non-Randomized Active Comparator). (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

Comparison of the Emergence of Clinical Symptoms or COVID-19 Diagnosis in Participants Presenting Asymptomatically at Study Entry But Identified as Seropositive by Serology at Entry Between the Randomized Treatment Arms and Comparator Arm.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose	1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	1
Placebo	2
Non-Randomized Active Comparator	0

Measurement of the emergence of clinical symptoms or COVID-19 diagnosis in participants presenting asymptomatically at study entry but identified as seropositive by serology at entry between the randomized treatment arms and comparator arm and via weekly questionnaire and/or blood samples. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

Comparison of the Rate of SARS-CoV 2 Infections as Measured by IgM/IgG Seroconversion in Study Participants Receiving Randomized HCQ Versus Placebo.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose	1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	0
Placebo	0
Non-Randomized Active Comparator	0

Measurement of the rate of SARS-CoV 2 infections as measured by IgM/IgG seroconversion in study participants receiving randomized HCQ versus placebo via blood samples in the randomized arms of the study (Study Drug - Daily Dose, Study Drug - Weekly Dose, and Placebo). (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

Determine the Effect of Hydroxychloroquine Dose in the Prevention of COVID-19 Viremia and Disease.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose	1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	1
Placebo	2

Compare the rates of SARS-CoV 2 symptomatic infections (number of events with both symptoms and positive test for COVID-19) between the randomized hydroxychloroquine treatment arms and the placebo control arm to determine the effect of HCQ dose in the prevention of COVID-19 viremia and disease. This analysis only includes only the randomized arms in the study (Study Drug - Daily Dose, Study Drug - Weekly Dose, and Placebo). (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

Examine the Correlation Between HCQ Drug Levels and Development of COVID-19 Symptoms or Positive COVID-19 Test Results.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose	1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	1
Placebo	1

Examination of the correlation between HCQ drug levels and development of COVID-19 clinical symptoms and/or positive COVID-19 test results via weekly subject questionnaire and/or blood samples. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

Identify Immunologic, Serological and Inflammatory Markers Associated With Acquisition and Response to COVID-19 in Both HCQ and Placebo Participants Developing Laboratory or Clinical Confirmed Disease.

Intervention	Correlation coefficient (Number)
Study Drug - Daily Dose	NA
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	NA
Placebo	NA
Non-Randomized Active Comparator	NA

Identification of immunologic, serological and inflammatory markers associated with acquisition and response to COVID-19 in both HCQ and placebo Participants developing laboratory or clinical confirmed disease via study visits, weekly questionnaire, and blood samples. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

To Determine if the Use of Hydroxychloroquine as Preventive Therapy Decreases the Rate of Acquisition of SARS-CoV 2 Infections With Clinical COVID-19 Disease in Study Participants for Each Randomized Treatment Arm as Compared to Placebo.

Intervention	Inflammatory markers (Number)
Study Drug - Daily Dose	NA
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	NA
Placebo	NA
Non-Randomized Active Comparator	NA

The rate of acquisition of SARS-CoV 2 infections and clinical COVID-19 disease (number of events) in study participants for each randomized hydroxychloroquine treatment arm was compared to the placebo treatment arm. This included both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

To Examine Other Clinical Factors Contributing to the Risk of SARS-CoV 2 Infection in Healthcare Workers and First Responders.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose	1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	1
Placebo	1
Non-Randomized Active Comparator	0

Examination of other clinical factors contributing to the risk of SARS-CoV 2 infection including demographics, work type and location, positive COVID-19 partners, possible exposures and clinical symptoms via study visits and weekly questionnaire. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

To Examine the Level of Care Needed by Participants in Each Arm Developing COVID19 as Measured as Requiring Emergency Room Visit, Hospitalization or Able to Stay Home Without Hospital Care.

Intervention	Clinical factors (Number)
Study Drug - Daily Dose	NA
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	NA
Placebo	NA
Non-Randomized Active Comparator	NA

Review of the level of care needed by participants in each arm developing COVID19 as measured as requiring emergency room visit, hospitalization or able to stay home without hospital care via weekly questionnaire. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

Determine the Safety and Tolerability of HCQ Dosing for Preventive Strategy Against COVID-19 as Measured by Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose	0
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	0
Placebo	0
Non-Randomized Active Comparator	0

Measurement of the safety and tolerability of HCQ dosing for preventive strategy against COVID-19 as measured by adverse events and serious adverse events reported via weekly questionnaire. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

Number of Participants With Progression

Intervention	Number of adverse events. (Number)
	Adverse events (only Level 1 and 2) observed in the study.	Serious adverse events (Level 3 or 4).
Non-Randomized Active Comparator	2	0
Placebo	188	0
Study Drug - Daily Dose	206	0
Study Drug - Weekly Dose	193	0

After start of treatment, development of fever > 101 F for > 72 hours, shortness of breath by minimal exertion (10-Step walk test), derangement of basic lab parameters (ALC < 1000 or raised CRP) or appearance of infiltrates on CXR during course of treatment was labeled as progression irrespective of PCR status (NCT04491994)
Timeframe: 5 days

Average Days in COVID-19 Symptoms by Type of Therapy in the UMF 20 and UMF 13 of the IMSS.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard of Care (SOC)	5
Intervention Group	11

Statistical differences were evaluated using Student's t test for quantitative variables. In relation to the presence of the number of days with clinical symptoms of COVID-19 by double therapy vs. triple therapy. (NCT04673214)
Timeframe: 14 days

Average Days of COVID-19 Symptoms Under Treatment of Early Intervention Due to Outcome in UMF 13 and 20 of the IMSS

Intervention	days (Mean)
	Cough	Fever	Headache	Rhinorrhea	Odynophagia	Diarrhea	Myalgia	Anosmia	Conjunctivitis	Chest pain	Dyspnea of movement	Dysnea at rest	Major symptoms	Minor symptoms	treatment start day
DOUBLE THERAPY	7	2	6	3	5	2	6	5	2	5	2	1	5	3	4
TRIPLE THERAPY	7	2	5	3	5	1	5	6	1	4	2	2	5	3	4

Statistical differences were evaluated using Student's t test for quantitative variables. The average duration of days with clinical symptoms of COVID-19 under early intervention treatment by outcome in the improvement of the modification of the clinical evolution of symptoms vs. therapeutic failure. (NCT04673214)
Timeframe: 14 days

Crosstabulated Outcome in Modification of the Evolution Clinical vs Fails Therapeutic by Type of Treatment in Patients With COVID-19 UMF 13 and UMF 20 of the IMSS

Intervention	Days (Mean)
	Cough	Fever	Headache	Rhinorrhea	Odynophagia	Diarrhea	Myalgia	Anosmia	Conjunctivitis	Chest Pain	Dyspnea of movement	Dyspnea at Rest	Major Symptoms	Minor Symptoms
Modification of Evolution Clinic	7	2	6	4	5	2	6	6	1	4	2	1	5	3
Therapeutic Failure	4	1	2	1	2	1	5	2	1	1	3	3	2	2

Statistical differences between clinical evolution vs therapeutic failure by type of treatment were evaluated using Pearson's Chi-square test as categorical variables. (NCT04673214)
Timeframe: 14 days

Number of Participants Who Were Alive and Had COVID-19 Symptoms by Type of Therapy During a 14-day Follow-up

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Number of Participants with Improvement in Clinical Evaluation	Number of Participants with Therapeutic Failure
Double Therapy	44	2
Triple Therapy	59	6

Survival analysis. The time it takes for 50% of COVID-19 patients to improve symptoms during a 14-day follow-up with dual therapy vs. triple therapy (NCT04673214)
Timeframe: 14 days

Fever-free Days: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Cought	Fever	Headache	Odynophagia	Rhinorrhea	Anosmia	Conjunctivitis	Diarrhea	Myalgia	Chest pain	Dyspnea of movement	Dyspnea at rest
Double Therapy	16	10	6	26	17	34	13	8	23	25	14	9
Triple Therapy	26	7	7	35	16	33	8	11	35	33	18	16

Number of days without fever from Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) (NCT04372628)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 29

Hospital-free Days: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)

Intervention	days (Median)
Group 2 - Lopinavir/Ritonavir	16
Placebo Control Group	17

Number of days outside the hospital from Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) (NCT04372628)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 29

ICU-free Days: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)

Intervention	days (Median)
Group 2 - Lopinavir/Ritonavir	17
Placebo Control Group	17

Number of days outside the ICU from Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) (NCT04372628)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 29

Oxygen-free Days: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)

Intervention	days (Median)
Group 2 - Lopinavir/Ritonavir	17
Placebo Control Group	17

Number of Days without oxygen Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) (NCT04372628)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 29

Time to Hospitalization Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)

Intervention	days (Median)
Group 2 - Lopinavir/Ritonavir	17
Placebo Control Group	17

Number of days from enrollment to hospitalization (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) (NCT04372628)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 29

Time to Symptom Resolution: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)

Intervention	days (Median)
Group 2 - Lopinavir/Ritonavir	6
Placebo Control Group	7

Number of days from enrollment to resolution of COVID-19 symptoms (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) (NCT04372628)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 29

Vasopressor-free Days Through Study Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)

Intervention	days (Median)
Group 2 - Lopinavir/Ritonavir	11
Placebo Control Group	11

Number of vasopressor-free days through Study Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) (NCT04372628)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 29

Ventilator-free Days: Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group)

Intervention	days (Median)
Group 2 - Lopinavir/Ritonavir	17
Placebo Control Group	17

Number of days without ventilator use from Day 1 to Day 29 (Group 2 and Placebo Control Group) (NCT04372628)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 29

Age Distribution of the Patients

Intervention	days (Median)
Group 2 - Lopinavir/Ritonavir	17
Placebo Control Group	17

The age of the patients (years) in both groups were recorded at the time of inclusion. (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: At the first day of the study

Body Temperature Means of the Patients

Intervention	Years (Mean)
Control Group	66.23
Study Group	58.17

At the beginning of the study, the body temperatures (as degree celcius) of the patients were measured and the mean body temperature values of both groups were recorded. (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: At the first day of the study

Heart Rate Means of the Patients

Intervention	Degree celcius (Mean)
Control Group	36.8
Study Group	36.9

At the beginning of the study, the heart rates (as per minute) of the patients were measured and the mean heart rate values of both groups were recorded. (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: At the first day of the study

Mortality

Intervention	beats per minute (Mean)
Control Group	92
Study Group	88

The number of died patients were evaluated in study and control groups (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: Through study completion, an average of 3 months

Number of Participants With Clinical Response

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control Group	9
Study Group	6

"The presence of at least two of the following criteria in patients at the end of 5th day were accepted as clinical response: Extubation in mechanically ventilated patients, respiratory rate <26/min, SpO2 level in room air >90%, PaO2/FiO2 >300 in patients receiving oxygen, presence of at least two of the 2-point reduction criteria in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score." (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From starting to the end of ivermectin therapy (0 to the end of 5th day)

Number of Participants With Clinical Response

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control Group	11
Study Group	14

"The presence of at least two of the following criteria in patients on the 10th day were accepted as clinical response: Respiration rate between 22-24/min, SpO2 level in room air >95%, absence of oxygen requirement, observation of radiological improvement in control lung tomography and no need for intensive care." (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: 10 days (5 days ivermectin therapy plus 5 days follow-up)

Rate of COVID-19 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test Negativity

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control Group	16
Study Group	22

At the end of the follow-up period (10th day), patients in the study and control group were investigated by PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 and the negative results were recorded as percentage for both groups. (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: At the end of 10th day

Respiratory Rate Means of the Patients

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control Group	3
Study Group	14

At the beginning of the study, the respiratory rates (as per minute) of the patients were measured and the mean respiratory rate values of both groups were recorded. (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: At the first day of the study

Treatment-Related Adverse Events as Assessed by CTCAE v4.0

Intervention	breaths per minute (Mean)
Control Group	24.7
Study Group	24

"Adverse effects of ivermectin and drugs other than ivermectin (Hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, azithromycin) were evaluated in the patients in the study group and and the number of participants were noted.~Adverse effects of drugs other than ivermectin (Hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, azithromycin) were evaluated in the patients in the control group and and the number of participants were noted." (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From the 6th day of study to the 10th day of study

Changes in Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) Values

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Control Group	0
Study Group	0

Baseline SpO2 values of the patients were recorded in both groups. Then, their treatments were started and SpO2 values at the end of the 1st (TD1), 3rd (TD3) and 5th days (TD5) were also recorded. The end of the 5th day was accepted as the primary endpoint. While the change in SpO2 values on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days after the basal value calculated graphically, the change in the SpO2 value at the end of the 5th day (primary endpoint) with the baseline value was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From starting to the end of ivermectin therapy (0 to the end of 5th day)

Changes in Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) Values

Intervention	percentage of peripheral capillary O2 (Mean)
	Baseline	TD1	TD3	TD5
Control Group	89.67	90.50	91.90	93.00
Study Group	89.93	92.85	93.07	93.52

In both groups, after the treatment period was completed (first 5 days, primary endpoint), patients were followed up for 5 more days (follow-up period). SpO2 values at the end of 6th (FD1), 8th (FD3) and 10th day (FD5) were also recorded. The end of the 10th day was accepted as the secondary endpoint. While the change in SpO2 values on the 6th, 8th and 10th days was calculated graphically, the change in the SpO2 value at the end of the 10th day (secondary endpoint) with the baseline value was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From 6th to the end of 10th day

Changes in Serum D-dimer Levels

Intervention	percentage of peripheral capillary O2 (Mean)
	Baseline	FD1	FD3	FD5
Control Group	89.67	92.43	92.91	93.00
Study Group	89.93	94.54	94.24	95.35

Baseline serum D-dimer levels (mg/L) of the patients were recorded in both groups. Then, their treatments were started and serum D-dimer levels at the end of the 1st (TD1), 3rd (TD3) and 5th days (TD5) were also recorded. The end of the 5th day was accepted as the primary endpoint. While the change in serum D-dimer levels on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days after the basal level was calculated graphically, the change in the serum D-dimer level at the end of the 5th day (primary endpoint) with the baseline level was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From starting to the end of ivermectin therapy (0 to the end of 5th day)

Changes in Serum D-dimer Levels

Intervention	mg/L (Mean)
	Baseline	TD1	TD3	TD5
Control Group	1.32	2.80	4.14	3.58
Study Group	1.25	1.40	3.24	5.85

In both groups, after the treatment period was completed (first 5 days, primary endpoint), patients were followed up for 5 more days (follow-up period). Serum D-dimer levels (mg/L) at the end of 6th (FD1), 8th (FD3) and 10th day (FD5) were also recorded. The end of the 10th day was accepted as the secondary endpoint. While the change in Serum D-dimer levels on the 6th, 8th and 10th days was calculated graphically, the change in the serum D-dimer level at the end of the 10th day (secondary endpoint) with the baseline value was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From 6th to the end of 10th day

Changes in Serum Ferritin Levels

Intervention	mg/L (Mean)
	Baseline	FD1	FD3	FD5
Control Group	1.32	3.45	1.63	1.49
Study Group	1.25	1.37	0.89	0.71

Baseline serum ferritin levels (mg/dL) of the patients were recorded in both groups. Then, their treatments were started and serum ferritin levels at the end of the 1st (TD1), 3rd (TD3) and 5th days (TD5) were also recorded. The end of the 5th day was accepted as the primary endpoint. While the change in serum ferritin levels on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days after the basal level was calculated graphically, the change in the serum ferritin level at the end of the 5th day (primary endpoint) with the baseline level was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From starting to the end of ivermectin therapy (0 to the end of 5th day)

Changes in Serum Ferritin Levels

In both groups, after the treatment period was completed (first 5 days, primary endpoint), patients were followed up for 5 more days (follow-up period). Serum ferritin levels (mg/dL) at the end of 6th (FD1), 8th (FD3) and 10th day (FD5) were also recorded. The end of the 10th day was accepted as the secondary endpoint. While the change in serum ferritin levels on the 6th, 8th and 10th days was calculated graphically, the change in the serum ferritin level at the end of the 10th day (secondary endpoint) with the baseline value was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From 6th to the end of 10th day

Changes in Serum Lymphocyte Counts

Baseline Serum Lymphocyte counts (cell/mm^3) of the patients were recorded in both groups. Then, their treatments were started and Serum Lymphocyte counts at the end of the 1st (TD1), 3rd (TD3) and 5th days (TD5) were also recorded. The end of the 5th day was accepted as the primary endpoint. While the change in Serum Lymphocyte counts on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days after the basal level was calculated graphically, the change in the Serum Lymphocyte count at the end of the 5th day (primary endpoint) with the baseline count was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From starting to the end of ivermectin therapy (0 to the end of 5th day)

Changes in Serum Lymphocyte Counts

In both groups, after the treatment period was completed (first 5 days, primary endpoint), patients were followed up for 5 more days (follow-up period). Serum lymphocyte counts (cell/mm^3) at the end of 6th (FD1), 8th (FD3) and 10th day (FD5) were also recorded. The end of the 10th day was accepted as the secondary endpoint. While the change in serum lymphocyte counts on the 6th, 8th and 10th days was calculated graphically, the change in the serum lymphocyte count at the end of the 10th day (secondary endpoint) with the baseline value was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From 6th to the end of 10th day

Changes in the Ratio of Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO2) to Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) (PaO2/FiO2)

Baseline PaO2/FiO2 ratios of the patients were recorded in both groups. Then, their treatments were started and PaO2/FiO2 ratios at the end of the 1st (TD1), 3rd (TD3) and 5th days (TD5) were also recorded. The end of the 5th day was accepted as the primary endpoint. While the change in PaO2/FiO2 ratios on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days after the basal ratio was calculated graphically, the change in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio at the end of the 5th day (primary endpoint) with the baseline value was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From starting to the end of ivermectin therapy (0 to the end of 5th day)

Changes in the Ratio of Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO2) to Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) (PaO2/FiO2)

In both groups, after the treatment period was completed (first 5 days, primary endpoint), patients were followed up for 5 more days (follow-up period). PaO2/FiO2 ratios at the end of 6th (FD1), 8th (FD3) and 10th day (FD5) were also recorded. The end of the 10th day was accepted as the secondary endpoint. While the change in PaO2/FiO2 ratios on the 6th, 8th and 10th days was calculated graphically, the change in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio at the end of the 10th day (secondary endpoint) with the baseline ratio was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From 6th to the end of 10th day

Changes in the Ratio of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Count to Lymphocyte Count (PNL/L)

Baseline PNL/L ratio of the patients were recorded in both groups. Then, their treatments were started and PNL/L ratios at the end of the 1st (TD1), 3rd (TD3) and 5th days (TD5) were also recorded. The end of the 5th day was accepted as the primary endpoint. While the change in PNL/L ratios on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days after the basal level was calculated graphically, the change in the PNL/L ratio at the end of the 5th day (primary endpoint) with the baseline ratio was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From starting to the end of ivermectin therapy (0 to the end of 5th day)

Changes in the Ratio of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Count to Lymphocyte Count (PNL/L)

In both groups, after the treatment period was completed (first 5 days, primary endpoint), patients were followed up for 5 more days (follow-up period). PNL/L ratios at the end of 6th (FD1), 8th (FD3) and 10th day (FD5) were also recorded. The end of the 10th day was accepted as the secondary endpoint. While the change in PNL/L ratios on the 6th, 8th and 10th days was calculated graphically, the change in the PNL/L ratio at the end of the 10th day (secondary endpoint) with the baseline value was compared statistically (the results were given as p value). (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: From 6th to the end of 10th day

Gender Distribution of the Patients

The gender of patients (Male/female) in both groups were recorded at the time of inclusion. (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: At the first day of the study

Genetic Examination of Haplotypes and Mutations That Cause Function Losing for Ivermectin Metabolism

A blood sample was taken from the patients included in the study group, after taking or during the first dose of ivermectin. From the blood samples, haplotypes and mutations that cause the function losing were investigated by performing sequence analysis of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1)/ABCB1 and CYP3A4 genes with Sanger method. In case of detection of mutation, the patient were excluded from the study and if observed, side effects of ivermectin were noted. (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: At the first day of ivermectin therapy (1st day)

Percentage of Patients With Accompanying Diseases

"At the beginning of the study, the patients were asked whether there were any of the following accompanying diseases and the percentage of patients with accompanying disease in both groups were recorded:~Diabetes mellitus~Hypertension~Coronary artery disease~Cardiac failure~Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease~Malignancy~Immunodeficiency" (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: At the first day of the study

Percentage of Patients With Baseline Clinical Symptoms

"At the beginning of the study, the patients were asked whether there were any of the following clinical symptoms and the percentage of patients with any of the clinical symptoms in both groups were recorded:~Fever~Cough~Sore throat~Dispnea~Headache~Weakness~Myalgia~Diarrhea~Nausea or vomiting" (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: At the first day of the study

Systolic and Diastolic Pressure Means of the Patients

At the beginning of the study, the systolic and diastolic pressures (as mmHg) of the patients were measured and the mean systolic and diastolic pressure values of both groups were recorded. (NCT04646109)
Timeframe: At the first day of the study

Treatment-Related Adverse Events as Assessed by CTCAE v4.0

Change in Disease Severity Over 14 Days Among Those Who Are Symptomatic at Baseline

Visual Analog Scale 0-10 score of rating overall symptom severity (0 = no symptoms; 10 = most severe) (NCT04308668)
Timeframe: baseline and 14 days

Number of Participants With Active COVID-19 Disease at Day 14 Among Those Who Were Asymptomatic at Baseline

Number of participants at 14 days post enrollment with active COVID19 disease among those who were asymptomatic at baseline. (NCT04308668)
Timeframe: 14 days

Number of Participants With Severe COVID-19 Disease at 14 Days Among Those Who Are Symptomatic at Trial Entry

Participants will self-report disease severity status as one of the following 3 options; no COVID19 illness (score of 1), COVID19 illness with no hospitalization (score of 2), or COVID19 illness with hospitalization or death (score of 3). Increased scale score indicates greater disease severity. Outcome is reported as the number of participants who report a score of 3. (NCT04308668)
Timeframe: 14 days

Occurrence of Symptoms Compatible With COVID-19 (Possible Disease)

Outcome reported as the number of participants in each arm who self-report symptoms compatible with COVID-19 infection. (NCT04308668)
Timeframe: 14 days

Rate of All-Cause Study Medicine Discontinuation or Withdrawal

Outcome reported as the number of participants in each arm who discontinue or withdraw medication use for any reason. (NCT04308668)
Timeframe: 14 days

Rate of Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Detection

Outcome reported as the number of participants in each arm who have confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. (NCT04308668)
Timeframe: 14 days

Rate of Death

Outcome reported as the number of participants in each arm who expire due to COVID-19-related disease through study completion of 14 days. For those hospitalized within the 14-day study period, the protocol specified follow up would occur for up to 90 days to capture the final outcome of participants' hospitalization. Approximately 30-days was the maximal follow up for hospitalization outcome needed in the trial. (NCT04308668)
Timeframe: Approximately 30 days

Rate of Hospitalization

Outcome reported as the number of participants in each arm who require hospitalization for COVID19-related disease. (NCT04308668)
Timeframe: 14 days

Overall Symptom Severity at 5 and 14 Days

Visual Analog Scale 0-10 score of rating overall symptom severity (0 = no symptoms; 10 = most severe) (NCT04308668)
Timeframe: 5 and 14 days

COVID Ordinal Outcomes Scale at 14 Days

"Improvement of clinical condition of the patient defined by the COVID-19 WHO ordinal Outcomes score. This scale reflects a range from uninfected to dead, where 0 is no clinical or virological evidence of infection, 1 is no limitation of activities, 2 is limitation of activities, 3 is hospitalized, no oxygen therapy, 4 is oxygen by mask or nasal prongs, 5 is non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen, 6 is intubation and mechanical ventilation, 7 is ventilation + additional organ support - pressors, RRT (renal replacement therapy), ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), and 8 is death." (NCT04329832)
Timeframe: Assessed once on day 14 after enrollment (enrollment is day 0)

Hospital-free Days at 28 Days

Calculated as number of days patient not in hospital (NCT04329832)
Timeframe: Admission (day 1) to 28 days after admission (day 28)

ICU-free Days at 28 Days

Calculated as number of days patient not in an ICU (NCT04329832)
Timeframe: Admission (day 1) to 28 days after admission (day 28)

Time to a 1-point Decrease in the WHO Ordinal Recovery Score

"Time to 1-point decrease in the WHO ordinal recovery score is defined as the number of days until the ordinal outcome score drops by 1 relative to baseline on the 8-point WHO COVID Ordinal Outcomes scale, which reflects a range from uninfected to dead, where 0 is no clinical or virological evidence of infection, 1 is no limitation of activities, 2 is limitation of activities, 3 is hospitalized, no oxygen therapy, 4 is oxygen by mask or nasal prongs, 5 is non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen, 6 is intubation and mechanical ventilation, 7 is ventilation + additional organ support - pressors, RRT (renal replacement therapy), ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), and 8 is death." (NCT04329832)
Timeframe: Admission (day 1) to 14 days after admission (day 14)

Ventilator-free Days at 28 Days (Number of Days Patient Not on a Ventilator)

Calculated as number of days that patient is not on a ventilator up to day 28 days after admission (NCT04329832)
Timeframe: Admission (day 1) to 28 days after admission (day 28)

All-location, All-cause Mortality Assessed on Study Day 15 (14 Days After Randomization)

"Vital status of the patient on day 15 will be determined using any of the following methods: medical record review, phone calls to patient or proxy.~There were two patients for whom we were unable to collect their vital status." (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: assessed on study day 15

All-location, All-cause Mortality Assessed on Study Day 29 (28 Days After Randomization)

"Vital status of the patient at day 28 will be determined using any of the following methods: medical record review, phone calls to patient or proxy.~There were two patients for whom we were unable to collect their vital status." (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: assessed on study day 29

COVID Ordinal Outcomes Scale on Study Day 29 (28 Days After Randomization)

"We will determine the COVID Ordinal Scale on study day 29~COVID Ordinal Scale defined as:~Death~Hospitalized on invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO ( extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)~Hospitalized on non-invasive ventilation or high flow nasal cannula~Hospitalized on supplemental oxygen~Hospitalized not on supplemental oxygen~Not hospitalized with limitation in activity (continued symptoms)~Not hospitalized without limitation in activity (no symptoms)" (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: assessed on study day 29

COVID Ordinal Outcomes Scale on Study Day 3 (2 Days After Randomization)

"We will determine the COVID Ordinal Scale for all patients on study day 3~COVID Ordinal Scale defined as:~Death~Hospitalized on invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO ( extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)~Hospitalized on non-invasive ventilation or high flow nasal cannula~Hospitalized on supplemental oxygen~Hospitalized not on supplemental oxygen~Not hospitalized with limitation in activity (continued symptoms)~Not hospitalized without limitation in activity (no symptoms)" (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: assessed on study day 3

COVID Ordinal Outcomes Scale on Study Day 8 (7 Days After Randomization)

"We will determine the COVID Ordinal Scale on study day 8~COVID Ordinal Scale defined as:~Death~Hospitalized on invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO ( extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)~Hospitalized on non-invasive ventilation or high flow nasal cannula~Hospitalized on supplemental oxygen~Hospitalized not on supplemental oxygen~Not hospitalized with limitation in activity (continued symptoms)~Not hospitalized without limitation in activity (no symptoms)" (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: assessed on study day 8

COVID Outcomes Scale Score on Study Day 15 (14 Days After Randomization)

"We will determine the COVID Ordinal Scale for all patients on study day 15~COVID Ordinal Scale defined as:~Death~Hospitalized on invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO ( extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)~Hospitalized on non-invasive ventilation or high flow nasal cannula~Hospitalized on supplemental oxygen~Hospitalized not on supplemental oxygen~Not hospitalized with limitation in activity (continued symptoms)~Not hospitalized without limitation in activity (no symptoms)" (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: Assessed on study day 15

Hospital-free Days to Day 28

Defined as 28 days minus the number of days from randomization to discharge home.If a patient has not been discharged home prior to day 28 or dies prior to day 28, hospital free days will be zero. (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

ICU-free Days to Day 28

The number of days spent out of the ICU to day 28. Patients who die prior to day 28 are assigned zero ICU free days. (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients Dead or With Receipt of ECMO Between Enrollment and Day 28

We will determine the number of patients who are either dead or on ECMO ( extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) between enrollment and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: Enrollment to Day 28

Number of Patients With Acute Kidney Injury to day28

We will determine the number of patients that experience acute kidney injury between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Acute Pancreatitis Arrest to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience acute pancreatitis between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Anemia to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience anemia between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Atrial Arrhythmia to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience atrial arrhythmia between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Cardiac Arrest to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience cardiac arrest between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Elevation in Aspartate Aminotransferase or Alanine Aminotransferase to Twice the Local Upper Limit of Normal to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience elevation in aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase to twice the local upper limit of normal between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Lymphopenia to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience lymphopenia between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Neutropenia to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience neutropenia between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Receipt of Renal Replacement Therapy to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience renal replacement therapy between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Seizures to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience seizure between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Severe Dermatologic Reaction to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience severe dermatologic reaction between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Symptomatic Hypoglycemia to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience symptomatic hypoglycemia between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Thrombocytopenia to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience thrombocytopenia between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmia to Day 28

We will determine the number of patients that experience ventricular arrhythmia between randomization and day 28 (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Oxygen-free Days Through Day 28

The number of calendar days between randomization and 28 days later that the patient is alive and without the use of oxygen therapy. Patients who die prior to day 28 are assigned zero oxygen free days. (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Time to Recovery, Defined as Time to Reaching Level 5, 6, or 7 on the COVID Outcomes Scale, Which is the Time to the Earlier of Final Liberation From Supplemental Oxygen or Hospital Discharge

Time to recovery, defined as time to reaching level 5, 6, or 7 on the COVID Outcomes Scale, which is the time to the earlier of final liberation from supplemental oxygen or hospital discharge. Patients who die prior to day 28 are assigned 28 days for time to recovery. (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Vasopressor-free Days Through Day 28

The number of calendar days between randomization and 28 days later that the patient is alive and without the use of vasopressor therapy. Patients who die prior to day 28 are assigned zero vasopressor free days. (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Ventilator-free Days Through Day 28

Ventilator-free days is defined to be 28 days minus the duration of mechanical ventilation through day 28. Participants who do not survive to day 28 are assigned zero ventilator-free days. (NCT04332991)
Timeframe: 28 days after randomization

Number of Participants Who Had COVID-19 Disease

Participants who had a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and met the Center for Disease Control (CDC) defined criteria for symptomatic COVID-19 disease. (NCT04328961)
Timeframe: 28 days from enrolment

Number of Participants Who Had Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 of the genus Betacoronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection from self-collected samples collected daily for 14 days (NCT04328961)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 14 after enrolment

Rate of Participant-reported Adverse Events

Safety and tolerability of Hydroxychloroquine as SARS-CoV-2 PEP in adults (NCT04328961)
Timeframe: 28 days from start of Hydroxychloroquine therapy

The Number of Participants Who Had Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from self-collected samples collected at study exit (NCT04328961)
Timeframe: Day 28 after enrolment

"Time for no Oxygen Supplement (or Regular Oxygen Supplement LTOT)"

"Time for no oxygen supplement (or regular oxygen supplement LTOT) if on oxygen during admission." (NCT04322396)
Timeframe: 14 days

Change in Patient's Carbondioxide Partial Pressure

PaCO2 measured in arterial puncture at baseline and 4 days. (NCT04322396)
Timeframe: 4 days

Change in Patient's Oxygen Partial Pressure

PaO2 measured in arterial puncture at baseline and 4 days. (NCT04322396)
Timeframe: 4 days

Change of pH in Blood

pH measured in arterial puncture at baseline and 4 days. (NCT04322396)
Timeframe: 4 days

Days Alive and Discharged From Hospital

Length of Hospitalization

Length of Stay in ICU

Mortality

Number of Days Alive and Discharged From Hospital Within 14 Days

Number of Days Using Non-invasive Ventilation (NIV)

Number of days using non-invasive ventilation (NIV) if on NIV during hospitalization. (NCT04322396)
Timeframe: 14 days

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	Baseline	TD1	TD3	TD5
Control Group	747.05	783.03	881.17	1028.24
Study Group	682.75	834.94	875.90	875.12

Intervention	cell/mm^3 (Mean)
	Baseline	TD1	TD3	TD5
Control Group	1010	1034	977	968
Study Group	932	928	1021	1273

Intervention	Ratio (Mean)
	Baseline	TD1	TD3	TD5
Control Group	197.44	181.83	174.77	180.13
Study Group	158.83	147.31	147.74	178.94

Intervention	Ratio (Mean)
	Baseline	TD1	TD3	TD5
Control Group	7.48	7.74	9.26	9.88
Study Group	8.77	10.82	9.02	7.16

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Mutation positive	Mutation negative
Control Group	0	0
Study Group	6	30

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Diabetes Mellitus	Hypertension	Coronary artery disease	Cardiac failure	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Malignancy	Immunodeficiency
Control Group	10	12	8	1	3	1	1
Study Group	9	15	5	0	6	0	0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Fever	Cough	Sore throat	dyspnea	Headache	Weakness	Myalgia	Diarrhea	Nausea or vomiting
Control Group	13	14	1	19	2	11	7	0	0
Study Group	15	16	3	23	5	13	9	1	1

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
	Systolic pressure	Diastolic pressure
Control Group	124.61	73.43
Study Group	124.39	75.64

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Nausea and vomiting	Increase in liver function tests
Control Group	2	1
Study Group	0	0

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Day 14 WHO COVID Score: Hydroxychloroquine	2.0
Day 14 WHO COVID Score: Azithromycin	2.0

Intervention	Days (Median)
Days to a 1-point Decrease in WHO COVID Scale in Hydroxychloroquine Arm	7
Days to a 1-point Decrease in WHO COVID Scale in Azithromycin Arm	6

Authors	Studies
Gordon, DE	1
Jang, GM	1
Bouhaddou, M	1
Xu, J	2
Obernier, K	1
White, KM	1
O'Meara, MJ	1
Rezelj, VV	1
Guo, JZ	1
Swaney, DL	1
Tummino, TA	1
Hüttenhain, R	1
Kaake, RM	1
Richards, AL	1
Tutuncuoglu, B	1
Foussard, H	1
Batra, J	1
Haas, K	1
Modak, M	1
Kim, M	1
Haas, P	1
Polacco, BJ	1
Braberg, H	1
Fabius, JM	1
Eckhardt, M	1
Soucheray, M	1
Bennett, MJ	1
Cakir, M	1
McGregor, MJ	1
Li, Q	1
Meyer, B	1
Roesch, F	1
Vallet, T	1
Mac Kain, A	1
Miorin, L	1
Moreno, E	1
Naing, ZZC	1
Zhou, Y	1
Peng, S	1
Shi, Y	2

Intervention	days (Median)
Ventilator-Free Days at Day 28 for Hydroxychloroquine Arm	18
Ventilator-Free Days at Day 28 for Azithromycin Arm	18