Page last updated: 2024-10-28

hydroxychloroquine and Autoimmune Disease

hydroxychloroquine has been researched along with Autoimmune Disease in 66 studies

Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970)
hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"The aim of the chronic autoimmune urticaria study and evaluation was to evaluate the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria."9.11Impact of hydroxychloroquine therapy on chronic urticaria: chronic autoimmune urticaria study and evaluation. ( Bonfield, J; Boyle, MJ; Dobson, P; Loewenthal, M; Reeves, GE, 2004)
"The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine whether gestational use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for autoimmune disorders leads to an increase in the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes."8.93Reproductive outcomes following hydroxychloroquine use for autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Kaplan, YC; Koren, G; Nickel, C; Ozsarfati, J, 2016)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is by far the most frequently used antimalarial for the management of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases."8.93[Hydroxychloroquine for autoimmune diseases]. ( Danza, Á; Goñi, M; Graña, D; Ruiz-Irastorza, G; Vargas, A, 2016)
" Secondly, we estimated the prevalence of AVB among mothers with anti-Ro/La antibodies and examined the relationship of those fetal AVB with mother's use of hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy."7.91Causes of fetal third-degree atrioventricular block and use of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant women with Ro/La antibodies. ( Catoggio, LJ; Mollerach, FB; Rosa, J; Scolnik, M; Soriano, ER, 2019)
"Hydroxychloroquine has antithrombotic, cardiovascular, antimicrobial and antineoplastic effects, making it a potentially valuable treatment for patients with systemic vasculitis who are at risk of infections, malignancy and thrombotic events."6.58New use for an old treatment: Hydroxychloroquine as a potential treatment for systemic vasculitis. ( Casian, A; D'Cruz, DP; Sangle, SR, 2018)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an effective immunomodulatory drug which is widely used in treatment of autoimmune disorders."5.72A Preliminary Study on the Therapeutic Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on Generalized Vitiligo. ( Darchini-Maragheh, E; Fathi-Najafi, S; Layegh, P; Meshkat, M; Rahsepar, S; Sazgarnia, S; Sepehr, V, 2022)
"The aim of the chronic autoimmune urticaria study and evaluation was to evaluate the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria."5.11Impact of hydroxychloroquine therapy on chronic urticaria: chronic autoimmune urticaria study and evaluation. ( Bonfield, J; Boyle, MJ; Dobson, P; Loewenthal, M; Reeves, GE, 2004)
"The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine whether gestational use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for autoimmune disorders leads to an increase in the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes."4.93Reproductive outcomes following hydroxychloroquine use for autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Kaplan, YC; Koren, G; Nickel, C; Ozsarfati, J, 2016)
" IFN-α (and more recently pegylated IFN-α) when administered as a component of the combined (IFN-α + ribavirin) anti-HCV therapy can promote the appearance or the worsening of several autoimmune HCV-related disorders, including arthritis."4.90An update on the management of hepatitis C virus-related arthritis. ( D'Amico, E; D'Angelo, S; Gilio, M; Leccese, P; Olivieri, I; Palazzi, C, 2014)
"The aim of this study is to measure retinal vessel density and flow rate area by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with autoimmune diseases taking hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)."4.31Optical coherence tomography angiography parameters in patients taking hydroxychloroquine therapy. ( Dačić, B; Dijana, R; Kovačević, IM; Marić, G; Stanojlović, S; Vasilijević, JB, 2023)
" Secondly, we estimated the prevalence of AVB among mothers with anti-Ro/La antibodies and examined the relationship of those fetal AVB with mother's use of hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy."3.91Causes of fetal third-degree atrioventricular block and use of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant women with Ro/La antibodies. ( Catoggio, LJ; Mollerach, FB; Rosa, J; Scolnik, M; Soriano, ER, 2019)
" Subcutaneous administration of methotrexate was more effective than the oral administration at the same dosage in patients suffering from active rheumatoid arthritis."3.74[What's new in internal medicine?]. ( Francès, C, 2008)
"Chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CUS) is a rare disease of the mucous membranes with characteristics similar to other autoimmune diseases."2.82Clinical and immunological features of chronic ulcerative stomatitis: A systematic review. ( Palma, VM; Rados, PV; Schroeder, FMM; Visioli, F, 2022)
"Hydroxychloroquine has antithrombotic, cardiovascular, antimicrobial and antineoplastic effects, making it a potentially valuable treatment for patients with systemic vasculitis who are at risk of infections, malignancy and thrombotic events."2.58New use for an old treatment: Hydroxychloroquine as a potential treatment for systemic vasculitis. ( Casian, A; D'Cruz, DP; Sangle, SR, 2018)
" Although these agents have largely revolutionized the treatment of the systemic autoimmune diseases, adverse reactions, which can be serious and life threatening, to the various immunosuppressive agents used in the treatment of CTD can occur."2.46Toxicity and monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy used in systemic autoimmune diseases. ( Baughman, R; Decker, C; Meyer, KC, 2010)
"In this study we investigated COVID-19 vaccination-related adverse events (ADEs) 7 days postvaccination in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) and other systemic autoimmune and inflammatory disorders (SAIDs)."1.72COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases (COVAD) study: Vaccine safety in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. ( Agarwal, V; Aggarwal, R; Cavagna, L; Chatterjee, T; Chinoy, H; Day, J; Distler, O; Gaur, PS; Gheita, T; Gil-Vila, A; Gonzalez, RA; Gracia-Ramos, AE; Gupta, L; Joshi, M; Kardes, S; Kim, M; Knitza, J; Kuwana, M; Lilleker, JB; Makol, A; Milchert, M; Nikiphorou, E; Nune, A; Parodis, I; Ravichandran, N; Saavedra, MA; Salim, B; Selva-O'Callaghan, A; Sen, P; Shinjo, SK; Tan, AL; Velikova, T; Ziade, N, 2022)
"Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an effective immunomodulatory drug which is widely used in treatment of autoimmune disorders."1.72A Preliminary Study on the Therapeutic Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on Generalized Vitiligo. ( Darchini-Maragheh, E; Fathi-Najafi, S; Layegh, P; Meshkat, M; Rahsepar, S; Sazgarnia, S; Sepehr, V, 2022)
"To evaluate the susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with autoimmune conditions treated with antimalarials in a population-based study."1.62Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Patients Treated With Antimalarials: A Population-Based Study in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy. ( Bajocchi, G; Boiardi, L; Carrozzi, G; Cassone, G; Costantini, M; Croci, S; Galli, E; Giorgi Rossi, P; Gradellini, F; Mancuso, P; Marata, AM; Muratore, F; Pandolfi, P; Pipitone, N; Reta, M; Salvarani, C; Sandri, G; Viani, N, 2021)
"Autoimmune myelofibrosis is a distinct clinicopathological entity that occurs with autoimmune disorders."1.51Autoimmune myelofibrosis: a rare haematological involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. ( Belfeki, N; Declerck, D; Diamantis, S; Shankarasivam, G, 2019)
"Hydroxychloroquine is a valuable treatment for morphea because of its high response rate and low rate of adverse effects; however, prospective studies are needed to determine its true efficacy."1.51Treatment of morphea with hydroxychloroquine: A retrospective review of 84 patients at Mayo Clinic, 1996-2013. ( Blixt, EK; Drage, LA; El-Azhary, RA; Kumar, AB; Wetter, DA, 2019)
" Adhering to careful weight-based dosing can significantly reduce the risk of this adverse event and is recommended in recent guidelines."1.46Hydroxychloroquine dosing in immune-mediated diseases: implications for patient safety. ( Gianfrancesco, MA; Haserodt, S; Izadi, Z; Jafri, K; Schmajuk, G; Shiboski, S; Sirota, M; Trupin, L; Yazdany, J, 2017)
"CHI is associated with high recurrence rate and the combined regimen seems to be necessary, in particular, in the presence of previous intrauterine death."1.42Chronic histiocytic intervillositis: outcome, associated diseases and treatment in a multicenter prospective study. ( Botta, A; Bucourt, M; Carbillon, L; Chollet-Martin, S; Chudzinski, A; Cornelis, F; Costedoat-Chalumeau, N; De Carolis, S; Emmanuelli, V; Fain, O; Hachulla, E; Masseau, A; Mekinian, A; Montestruc, F; Nicaise, P; Revaux, A; Subtil, D; Theulin, A, 2015)
" In at least one patient, the technique was able to detect the early onset of Plaquenil toxicity followed by reversal of the toxic effects after the medication was discontinued."1.35Using multifocal ERG ring ratios to detect and follow Plaquenil retinal toxicity: a review : Review of mfERG ring ratios in Plaquenil toxicity. ( Lyons, JS; Severns, ML, 2009)
"Hydroxychloroquine alone was given in 4 and was effective in 3."1.33Chronic inflammation of the vagina: treatment and relationship to autoimmunity. ( Thomson, JC, 2005)
"In untreated rheumatoid arthritis 20% of the patients has a EOG Lp/Dt ratio lower than the lower 5% limit calculated for normal patients."1.27The EOG in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Broekhuyse, RM; Pinckers, A, 1983)

Research

Studies (66)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19905 (7.58)18.7374
1990's4 (6.06)18.2507
2000's11 (16.67)29.6817
2010's24 (36.36)24.3611
2020's22 (33.33)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Zhao, J1
Xiao, R1
Zeng, R1
He, E1
Zhang, A1
Schroeder, FMM1
Palma, VM1
Rados, PV1
Visioli, F1
Gil-Vila, A1
Ravichandran, N1
Selva-O'Callaghan, A1
Sen, P1
Nune, A1
Gaur, PS1
Gonzalez, RA1
Lilleker, JB1
Joshi, M1
Agarwal, V2
Kardes, S1
Kim, M1
Day, J1
Makol, A1
Milchert, M1
Gheita, T1
Salim, B1
Velikova, T1
Gracia-Ramos, AE1
Parodis, I1
Nikiphorou, E1
Tan, AL1
Chatterjee, T1
Cavagna, L1
Saavedra, MA1
Shinjo, SK1
Ziade, N1
Knitza, J1
Kuwana, M1
Distler, O1
Chinoy, H1
Aggarwal, R1
Gupta, L1
Choi, R1
Bhullar, S1
Glusac, E1
Podoltsev, N1
Leventhal, J1
Zheng, YQ1
Li, HJ1
Chen, L1
Lin, SP1
Liu, Y1
Wei, Y1
Zhang, Y1
Yang, H1
Sazgarnia, S1
Layegh, P1
Darchini-Maragheh, E1
Sepehr, V1
Meshkat, M1
Fathi-Najafi, S1
Rahsepar, S1
Hawtin, S1
André, C1
Collignon-Zipfel, G1
Appenzeller, S1
Bannert, B1
Baumgartner, L1
Beck, D1
Betschart, C1
Boulay, T1
Brunner, HI1
Ceci, M1
Deane, J1
Feifel, R1
Ferrero, E1
Kyburz, D1
Lafossas, F1
Loetscher, P1
Merz-Stoeckle, C1
Michellys, P1
Nuesslein-Hildesheim, B1
Raulf, F1
Rush, JS1
Ruzzante, G1
Stein, T1
Zaharevitz, S1
Wieczorek, G1
Siegel, R1
Gergely, P1
Shisha, T1
Junt, T1
Yildirim, M1
Oluklu, D1
Beser, DM1
Hendem, DU1
Aktas, BA1
Yildiz, EG1
Kara, O1
Sahin, D1
Vasilijević, JB1
Kovačević, IM1
Dijana, R1
Dačić, B1
Marić, G1
Stanojlović, S1
Mena-Vázquez, N1
Fernández-Nebro, A1
Pego-Reigosa, JM1
Galindo, M1
Melissa-Anzola, A1
Uriarte-Isacelay, E1
Olivé-Marqués, A1
Aurrecoechea, E1
Freire, M1
Tomero, E1
García-Villanueva, MJ1
Stoye, C1
Salas-Heredia, E1
Bernal-Vidal, JA2
Salgado, E1
Blanco, R1
Javier Novoa, F1
Ibáñez-Barcelo, M1
Torrente-Segarra, V1
Narvaez, J1
Calvet, J1
Moriano Morales, C1
Ramon Vazquez-Rodriguez, T1
Garcia de la Peña, P1
Bohórquez, C1
Andreu-Sánchez, JL1
Cobo-Ibañez, T1
Bonilla, G1
Lozano-Rivas, N1
Montilla, C1
Toyos, FJ1
De la Fuente, JLM1
Expósito, L1
Ruiz-Lucea, ME1
Vals, E1
Manero-Ruiz, J1
Rua-Figueroa, I1
Askanase, AD1
Khalili, L1
Buyon, JP2
Emmi, G1
Bettiol, A1
Mattioli, I1
Silvestri, E1
Di Scala, G1
Urban, ML1
Vaglio, A1
Prisco, D1
Martinez, GP1
Zabaleta, ME1
Di Giulio, C1
Charris, JE1
Mijares, MR1
Nirk, EL1
Reggiori, F1
Mauthe, M1
Winthrop, KL1
Brunton, AE1
Beekmann, S1
Polgreen, P1
Baddley, J1
Saag, KG1
Calabrese, C1
Calabrese, L1
Robinson, PC1
Wallace, ZS1
Curtis, JR1
Salvarani, C1
Mancuso, P1
Gradellini, F1
Viani, N1
Pandolfi, P1
Reta, M1
Carrozzi, G1
Sandri, G1
Bajocchi, G1
Galli, E1
Muratore, F1
Boiardi, L1
Pipitone, N1
Cassone, G1
Croci, S1
Marata, AM1
Costantini, M1
Giorgi Rossi, P1
Kabeerdoss, J1
Danda, D1
Montero, F1
Martínez-Barrio, J1
Serrano-Benavente, B1
González, T1
Rivera, J1
Molina Collada, J1
Castrejón, I1
Álvaro-Gracia, J1
Hammad, I1
Porter, TF1
Pothen, L1
Yildiz, H1
Samnick, MM1
Yombi, JC1
Chen, RI1
Chen, AX1
Greenlee, TE1
Conti, TF1
Deal, C1
Singh, RP1
Lisney, AR1
Szelinski, F1
Reiter, K1
Burmester, GR1
Rose, T1
Dörner, T1
Gianfrancesco, MA1
Schmajuk, G1
Haserodt, S1
Trupin, L1
Izadi, Z1
Jafri, K1
Shiboski, S1
Sirota, M1
Yazdany, J1
Piscianz, E1
Cuzzoni, E1
Sharma, R1
Tesser, A1
Sapra, P1
Tommasini, A1
Eren, M1
Kucukevcilioglu, M1
Durukan, AH1
Dumas, M1
Hua, C1
Hotz, C1
Velter, C1
Duong, TA1
Maraffi, T1
Ortonne, N1
Hüe, S1
Fardet, L1
de Prost, N1
Wolkenstein, P1
Ingen-Housz-Oro, S1
Chosidow, O1
Casian, A1
Sangle, SR1
D'Cruz, DP1
Schreiber, K1
Davies, N1
Hunt, BJ1
Rayess, N1
Patel, VR1
Zeidi, M1
Chansky, PB1
Werth, VP1
Barsalou, J1
Costedoat-Chalumeau, N2
Berhanu, A1
Fors-Nieves, C1
Shah, U1
Brown, P1
Laskin, CA1
Morel, N1
Levesque, K1
Silverman, ED1
Izmirly, PM1
Khosa, S1
Khanlou, N1
Khosa, GS1
Mishra, SK1
Campochiaro, C1
Atay, S1
Clark, KEN1
Ong, V1
Denton, CP1
Belfeki, N1
Shankarasivam, G1
Declerck, D1
Diamantis, S1
Kumar, AB1
Blixt, EK1
Drage, LA1
El-Azhary, RA1
Wetter, DA1
Mollerach, FB1
Scolnik, M1
Catoggio, LJ1
Rosa, J1
Soriano, ER1
Mekinian, A1
Masseau, A1
Botta, A1
Chudzinski, A1
Theulin, A1
Emmanuelli, V1
Hachulla, E1
De Carolis, S1
Revaux, A1
Nicaise, P1
Cornelis, F1
Subtil, D1
Montestruc, F1
Bucourt, M1
Chollet-Martin, S1
Carbillon, L1
Fain, O1
Palazzi, C1
D'Amico, E1
D'Angelo, S1
Gilio, M1
Leccese, P1
Olivieri, I1
Geamănu Pancă, A1
Popa-Cherecheanu, A1
Marinescu, B1
Geamănu, CD1
Voinea, LM1
Kaplan, YC1
Ozsarfati, J1
Nickel, C1
Koren, G1
Danza, Á1
Graña, D1
Goñi, M1
Vargas, A1
Ruiz-Irastorza, G1
Ferreira, CS1
Beato, J1
Falcão, MS1
Brandão, E1
Falcão-Reis, F1
Carneiro, ÂM1
Francès, C1
Meyer, KC1
Decker, C1
Baughman, R1
Rozin, AP1
Egozi, D1
Ramon, Y1
Toledano, K1
Braun-Moscovici, Y1
Markovits, D1
Schapira, D1
Bergman, R1
Melamed, Y1
Ullman, Y1
Balbir-Gurman, A1
Ben-Zvi, I1
Kivity, S1
Langevitz, P1
Shoenfeld, Y1
RUGGIERO, HA1
Reeves, GE1
Boyle, MJ1
Bonfield, J1
Dobson, P1
Loewenthal, M1
Cimaz, R2
Meregalli, E2
Biggioggero, M1
Borghi, O1
Tincani, A2
Motta, M2
Airò, P1
Meroni, PL1
Brucato, A1
Muscará, M1
Sergi, P1
Jiménez-Alonso, J1
Sabio, JM1
Carrillo-Alascio, PL1
Jiménez-Jáimez, J1
Ortego-Centeno, N1
Jiménez-Jáimez, E1
Hidalgo-Tenorio, C1
Guzmán-Ubeda, M1
Jáimez, L1
Cáliz, R1
García-Sánchez, A1
Gallego, M1
Caminal, L1
Callejas-Rubio, JL1
Cervera, R1
Font, J1
McLaurin, EY1
Holliday, SL1
Williams, P1
Brey, RL1
Thomson, JC1
Knight, AK1
Cunningham-Rundles, C1
Wang, Y1
Yan, T1
Shen, J1
Guo, H1
Xiang, X1
Ciardelli, L1
Marconi, M1
Gasparoni, A1
Lojacono, A1
Chirico, G1
Lyons, JS1
Severns, ML1
Pinckers, A1
Broekhuyse, RM1
Senécal, JL1
Chartier, S1
Rothfield, N1
Van Horn, G1
Arnett, FC1
Dimachkie, MM1
Fox, R1
Wallace, DJ1
Jones, BR1
Voop, HV1
Rekant, SI1
Becker, LE1
Clauvel, JP1
Seligmann, M1

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Immunogenicity and Safety of the CoronaVac Vacccine in Patients With Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and People Living With HIV/AIDS[NCT04754698]Phase 42,067 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-09Active, not recruiting
Will Hydroxychloroquine Impede or Prevent COVID-19: WHIP COVID-19 Study[NCT04341441]Phase 3624 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-07Terminated (stopped due to Interim analysis did not reveal any safety concerns by the DSMB, but unblinded data did not provide support to continue. Event rate did not meet projected magnitude; given low recruitment potential, it is unlikely that a positive result will occur.)
Hydroxychloroquine Efficacy in Chronic Urticaria[NCT01073852]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Withdrawn (stopped due to withdrawn, not funded)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Assess the Impact of Chronic Weight-based Dosing of HCQ for COVID-19 Prevention.

Compare the rates of SARS-CoV 2 infections (number of events of symptomatic patients with a positive COVID-19 test) in the non-randomized comparator arm to the randomized hydroxychloroquine and placebo arms to assess the impact of chronic weight-based dosing of HCQ for COVID-19 prevention via weekly questionnaire and/or blood samples. This analysis includes all randomized and non-randomized groups in the study. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose1
Placebo1
Non-Randomized Active Comparator0

Compare the Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV 2 IgM and/or IgG Positive Samples at Study Entry and Study Conclusion in All Participants Receiving HCQ Compared to Those Receiving Placebo.

Measurement of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV 2 IgM and/or IgG positive samples in all arms of the study, randomized and non-randomized (Study Drug - Daily Dose, Study Drug - Weekly Dose, Placebo, and Non-Randomized Active Comparator). (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose1
Placebo2
Non-Randomized Active Comparator0

Comparison of the Emergence of Clinical Symptoms or COVID-19 Diagnosis in Participants Presenting Asymptomatically at Study Entry But Identified as Seropositive by Serology at Entry Between the Randomized Treatment Arms and Comparator Arm.

Measurement of the emergence of clinical symptoms or COVID-19 diagnosis in participants presenting asymptomatically at study entry but identified as seropositive by serology at entry between the randomized treatment arms and comparator arm and via weekly questionnaire and/or blood samples. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose0
Placebo0
Non-Randomized Active Comparator0

Comparison of the Rate of SARS-CoV 2 Infections as Measured by IgM/IgG Seroconversion in Study Participants Receiving Randomized HCQ Versus Placebo.

Measurement of the rate of SARS-CoV 2 infections as measured by IgM/IgG seroconversion in study participants receiving randomized HCQ versus placebo via blood samples in the randomized arms of the study (Study Drug - Daily Dose, Study Drug - Weekly Dose, and Placebo). (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose1
Placebo2

Determine the Effect of Hydroxychloroquine Dose in the Prevention of COVID-19 Viremia and Disease.

Compare the rates of SARS-CoV 2 symptomatic infections (number of events with both symptoms and positive test for COVID-19) between the randomized hydroxychloroquine treatment arms and the placebo control arm to determine the effect of HCQ dose in the prevention of COVID-19 viremia and disease. This analysis only includes only the randomized arms in the study (Study Drug - Daily Dose, Study Drug - Weekly Dose, and Placebo). (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose1
Placebo1

Examine the Correlation Between HCQ Drug Levels and Development of COVID-19 Symptoms or Positive COVID-19 Test Results.

Examination of the correlation between HCQ drug levels and development of COVID-19 clinical symptoms and/or positive COVID-19 test results via weekly subject questionnaire and/or blood samples. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

InterventionCorrelation coefficient (Number)
Study Drug - Daily DoseNA
Study Drug - Weekly DoseNA
PlaceboNA
Non-Randomized Active ComparatorNA

Identify Immunologic, Serological and Inflammatory Markers Associated With Acquisition and Response to COVID-19 in Both HCQ and Placebo Participants Developing Laboratory or Clinical Confirmed Disease.

Identification of immunologic, serological and inflammatory markers associated with acquisition and response to COVID-19 in both HCQ and placebo Participants developing laboratory or clinical confirmed disease via study visits, weekly questionnaire, and blood samples. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionInflammatory markers (Number)
Study Drug - Daily DoseNA
Study Drug - Weekly DoseNA
PlaceboNA
Non-Randomized Active ComparatorNA

To Determine if the Use of Hydroxychloroquine as Preventive Therapy Decreases the Rate of Acquisition of SARS-CoV 2 Infections With Clinical COVID-19 Disease in Study Participants for Each Randomized Treatment Arm as Compared to Placebo.

The rate of acquisition of SARS-CoV 2 infections and clinical COVID-19 disease (number of events) in study participants for each randomized hydroxychloroquine treatment arm was compared to the placebo treatment arm. This included both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose1
Study Drug - Weekly Dose1
Placebo1
Non-Randomized Active Comparator0

To Examine Other Clinical Factors Contributing to the Risk of SARS-CoV 2 Infection in Healthcare Workers and First Responders.

Examination of other clinical factors contributing to the risk of SARS-CoV 2 infection including demographics, work type and location, positive COVID-19 partners, possible exposures and clinical symptoms via study visits and weekly questionnaire. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

InterventionClinical factors (Number)
Study Drug - Daily DoseNA
Study Drug - Weekly DoseNA
PlaceboNA
Non-Randomized Active ComparatorNA

To Examine the Level of Care Needed by Participants in Each Arm Developing COVID19 as Measured as Requiring Emergency Room Visit, Hospitalization or Able to Stay Home Without Hospital Care.

Review of the level of care needed by participants in each arm developing COVID19 as measured as requiring emergency room visit, hospitalization or able to stay home without hospital care via weekly questionnaire. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug - Daily Dose0
Study Drug - Weekly Dose0
Placebo0
Non-Randomized Active Comparator0

Determine the Safety and Tolerability of HCQ Dosing for Preventive Strategy Against COVID-19 as Measured by Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events.

Measurement of the safety and tolerability of HCQ dosing for preventive strategy against COVID-19 as measured by adverse events and serious adverse events reported via weekly questionnaire. (NCT04341441)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks

,,,
InterventionNumber of adverse events. (Number)
Adverse events (only Level 1 and 2) observed in the study.Serious adverse events (Level 3 or 4).
Non-Randomized Active Comparator20
Placebo1880
Study Drug - Daily Dose2060
Study Drug - Weekly Dose1930

Reviews

20 reviews available for hydroxychloroquine and Autoimmune Disease

ArticleYear
Small molecules targeting cGAS-STING pathway for autoimmune disease.
    European journal of medicinal chemistry, 2022, Aug-05, Volume: 238

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Inflammation; Membrane Proteins; Nucleotidyltransferases; Signal Transd

2022
Clinical and immunological features of chronic ulcerative stomatitis: A systematic review.
    Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 2022, Volume: 51, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Chronic Disease; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Gin

2022
Hydroxychloroquine significantly decreases the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women with autoimmune disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Clinical rheumatology, 2023, Volume: 42, Issue:5

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Hypertension, Pregnan

2023
SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients with systemic autoimmune diseases.
    Autoimmunity reviews, 2020, Volume: 19, Issue:7

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoi

2020
The Role of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Immune Regulation and Diseases.
    Current pharmaceutical design, 2020, Volume: 26, Issue:35

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Betacoronavirus; Chloroquine; Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19; Humans; Hydroxy

2020
Hydroxychloroquine in rheumatic autoimmune disorders and beyond.
    EMBO molecular medicine, 2020, 08-07, Volume: 12, Issue:8

    Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoimmune Diseases; Chloroquine; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Lupus Erythemat

2020
Understanding immunopathological fallout of human coronavirus infections including COVID-19: Will they cross the path of rheumatologists?
    International journal of rheumatic diseases, 2020, Volume: 23, Issue:8

    Topics: Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; Antirheumatic Agents; Antiviral Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; COVID-19;

2020
An Update on Biologic Agents During Pregnancy.
    Clinics in perinatology, 2020, Volume: 47, Issue:4

    Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humani

2020
Hydroxychloroquine in the post-COVID-19 era: will this pandemic upset decades of clinical practice?
    Clinical rheumatology, 2021, Volume: 40, Issue:4

    Topics: Antiviral Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Cardiotoxicity; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Humans; Hydroxychlor

2021
Reappraisal of Antimalarials in Interferonopathies: New Perspectives for Old Drugs.
    Current medicinal chemistry, 2018, Volume: 25, Issue:24

    Topics: Antimalarials; Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Interferon Type I; Lupus Erythematos

2018
New use for an old treatment: Hydroxychloroquine as a potential treatment for systemic vasculitis.
    Autoimmunity reviews, 2018, Volume: 17, Issue:7

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Immunologic Factors; Systemic Vasculitis

2018
An update on the management of hepatitis C virus-related arthritis.
    Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2014, Volume: 15, Issue:14

    Topics: Antirheumatic Agents; Antiviral Agents; Arthritis; Autoimmune Diseases; Cyclosporine; Disease Manage

2014
Retinal toxicity associated with chronic exposure to hydroxychloroquine and its ocular screening. Review.
    Journal of medicine and life, 2014, Sep-15, Volume: 7, Issue:3

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Incidence; Macular Degeneration; Risk Factors

2014
Reproductive outcomes following hydroxychloroquine use for autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2016, Volume: 81, Issue:5

    Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine

2016
[Hydroxychloroquine for autoimmune diseases].
    Revista medica de Chile, 2016, Volume: 144, Issue:2

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Immunologic Factors

2016
Toxicity and monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy used in systemic autoimmune diseases.
    Clinics in chest medicine, 2010, Volume: 31, Issue:3

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antimetabolites; Autoimmune Diseases; Benzamides; C

2010
Hydroxychloroquine: from malaria to autoimmunity.
    Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2012, Volume: 42, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antigen Presentation; Antimalarials; Autoimmune Diseases; Autoimm

2012
Inflammatory and autoimmune complications of common variable immune deficiency.
    Autoimmunity reviews, 2006, Volume: 5, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived

2006
Anti-malarial drugs: possible mechanisms of action in autoimmune disease and prospects for drug development.
    Lupus, 1996, Volume: 5 Suppl 1

    Topics: Antigen Presentation; Antimalarials; Autoantigens; Autoimmune Diseases; Chloroquine; Drug Design; Hi

1996
The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for non-infectious conditions other than rheumatoid arthritis or lupus: a critical review.
    Lupus, 1996, Volume: 5 Suppl 1

    Topics: Antimalarials; Antiphospholipid Syndrome; Autoimmune Diseases; Chloroquine; Controlled Clinical Tria

1996

Trials

2 trials available for hydroxychloroquine and Autoimmune Disease

ArticleYear
Impact of hydroxychloroquine therapy on chronic urticaria: chronic autoimmune urticaria study and evaluation.
    Internal medicine journal, 2004, Volume: 34, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Chronic Disease; Dermatologic Agents; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine

2004
[Intolerance to hydroxychloroquine marketed in Spain (Dolquine) in patients with autoimmune conditions].
    Revista clinica espanola, 2004, Volume: 204, Issue:11

    Topics: Adult; Advertising; Antimalarials; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Lupus Er

2004

Other Studies

44 other studies available for hydroxychloroquine and Autoimmune Disease

ArticleYear
COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases (COVAD) study: Vaccine safety in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.
    Muscle & nerve, 2022, Volume: 66, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; BNT162 Vaccine; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Exanthema; Female;

2022
Treatment of myelodysplasia-associated reactive, non-interstitial granulomatous dermatitis with hydroxychloroquine.
    International journal of dermatology, 2023, Volume: 62, Issue:7

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Dermatitis; Granuloma; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine

2023
Immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
    Scientific reports, 2022, 10-26, Volume: 12, Issue:1

    Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Autoimmune Diseases; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Imm

2022
A Preliminary Study on the Therapeutic Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on Generalized Vitiligo.
    Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC, 2022, Volume: 30, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Male; Treatment Outcome;

2022
Preclinical characterization of the Toll-like receptor 7/8 antagonist MHV370 for lupus therapy.
    Cell reports. Medicine, 2023, 05-16, Volume: 4, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Interferons; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic

2023
The assessment of fetal cardiac functions in pregnancies with autoimmune diseases: a prospective case-control study.
    Journal of perinatal medicine, 2023, Oct-26, Volume: 51, Issue:8

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Fetal Heart; Humans; H

2023
Optical coherence tomography angiography parameters in patients taking hydroxychloroquine therapy.
    Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2023, Volume: 71, Issue:10

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fluorescein Angiography; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; R

2023
Hydroxychloroquine is associated with a lower risk of polyautoimmunity: data from the RELESSER Registry.
    Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2020, 08-01, Volume: 59, Issue:8

    Topics: Adult; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Autoimmunity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hum

2020
Thoughts on COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases.
    Lupus science & medicine, 2020, Volume: 7, Issue:1

    Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Autoimmune Diseases; Azetidines; Betacoronavirus; Chloroquine; Co

2020
SARS CoV-2 infection among patients using immunomodulatory therapies.
    Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2021, Volume: 80, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized

2021
Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Patients Treated With Antimalarials: A Population-Based Study in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.
    Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2021, Volume: 73, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimalarials; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Juvenile; Arthritis,

2021
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions: clinical characteristics of poor outcomes.
    Rheumatology international, 2020, Volume: 40, Issue:10

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antirheumatic Agents; Antiviral Agen

2020
Hydroxychloroquine Prescription Practices after 2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology Recommendations.
    Ophthalmology, 2021, Volume: 128, Issue:7

    Topics: Academies and Institutes; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Drug Prescriptions; Female; Fol

2021
High maternal expression of SIGLEC1 on monocytes as a surrogate marker of a type I interferon signature is a risk factor for the development of autoimmune congenital heart block.
    Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2017, Volume: 76, Issue:8

    Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Antinuclear; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Che

2017
Hydroxychloroquine dosing in immune-mediated diseases: implications for patient safety.
    Rheumatology international, 2017, Volume: 37, Issue:10

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Human

2017
Macular sensitivities measured by microperimetry in patients on hydroxychloroquine treatment.
    Cutaneous and ocular toxicology, 2018, Volume: 37, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Hydroxychlor

2018
Epidermal necrolysis and autoimmune diseases: two more observations supporting the concept that 'toxic' epidermal necrolysis can be 'non-toxic'.
    Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 2018, Volume: 32, Issue:9

    Topics: Antibodies, Antinuclear; Autoimmune Diseases; Cyclophosphamide; Fatal Outcome; Female; Humans; Hydro

2018
Using hydroxychloroquine and protecting the retina.
    Lupus, 2018, Volume: 27, Issue:9

    Topics: Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Electroretinography; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Retinal

2018
Bilateral Severe Decreased Vision With Normal Examination Findings.
    JAMA ophthalmology, 2018, 10-01, Volume: 136, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Cataract; Cystic Fibr

2018
Acute onset/flares of dermatomyositis following ingestion of IsaLean herbal supplement: Clinical and immunostimulatory findings.
    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2019, Volume: 80, Issue:3

    Topics: Acute Disease; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Dermatomyositis; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Hy

2019
Effect of in utero hydroxychloroquine exposure on the development of cutaneous neonatal lupus erythematosus.
    Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2018, Volume: 77, Issue:12

    Topics: Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine;

2018
Hydroxychloroquine-induced autophagic vacuolar myopathy with mitochondrial abnormalities.
    Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology, 2018, Volume: 38, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Autophagy; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Male

2018
Autoimmunity and immunodeficiency at the crossroad: autoimmune disorders as the presenting feature of selective IgM deficiency.
    BMJ case reports, 2019, Jan-03, Volume: 12, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aftercare; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Iloprost; I

2019
Autoimmune myelofibrosis: a rare haematological involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.
    BMJ case reports, 2019, Jan-14, Volume: 12, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antiphospholipid Syndrome; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Disease

2019
Treatment of morphea with hydroxychloroquine: A retrospective review of 84 patients at Mayo Clinic, 1996-2013.
    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2019, Volume: 80, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Child; Deglutition Disorders; Drug Eva

2019
Causes of fetal third-degree atrioventricular block and use of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant women with Ro/La antibodies.
    Clinical rheumatology, 2019, Volume: 38, Issue:8

    Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Antinuclear; Argentina; Atrioventricular Block; Autoimmune Diseases; Autoimmunity

2019
Chronic histiocytic intervillositis: outcome, associated diseases and treatment in a multicenter prospective study.
    Autoimmunity, 2015, Volume: 48, Issue:1

    Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Adult; Aspirin; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Cell Movement; Chorionic Vi

2015
CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN MULTISYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES WITHOUT OPHTHALMOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS.
    Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2017, Volume: 37, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoimmune Diseases; Choroid; Cross-Sectional St

2017
[What's new in internal medicine?].
    Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie, 2008, Volume: 135 Suppl 7

    Topics: Animals; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoimmune Diseases; Bacteriophages; Body Mass

2008
Large leg ulcers due to autoimmune diseases.
    Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2011, Volume: 17, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Ciprofloxacin; Cyclophosphamide;

2011
[TREATMENT OF COLLAGEN DISEASES].
    Prensa medica argentina, 1963, Mar-29, Volume: 50

    Topics: Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoimmune Diseases; Chloroquine; Collagen Diseases; Dermatomyosit

1963
Alterations in the immune system of children from mothers treated with immunosuppressive agents during pregnancy.
    Toxicology letters, 2004, Apr-01, Volume: 149, Issue:1-3

    Topics: Adult; Aspirin; Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Dexamethasone; Female; Hemoglobins;

2004
Electroretinograms of children born to mothers treated with hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy and breast-feeding: comment on the article by Costedoat-Chalumeau et al.
    Arthritis and rheumatism, 2004, Volume: 50, Issue:9

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Breast Feeding; Child, Preschool; Electroretinography; Female; Humans; Hydroxyc

2004
Predictors of cognitive dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
    Neurology, 2005, Jan-25, Volume: 64, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; Aspirin; Autoant

2005
Chronic inflammation of the vagina: treatment and relationship to autoimmunity.
    The Journal of reproductive medicine, 2005, Volume: 50, Issue:7

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Chronic Disease; Dyspareunia; Endometr

2005
Preventive effect of Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharides on an autoallergic mouse model for Sjogren's syndrome by regulating the Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance.
    Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, Nov-01, Volume: 114, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Autoantigens; Autoimmune Diseases; Body Weight; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Drinking

2007
Immune system development in infants born to mothers with autoimmune disease, exposed in utero to immunosuppressive agents.
    American journal of perinatology, 2007, Volume: 24, Issue:8

    Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Azathioprine; Cyclosporine; Female; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Immune System;

2007
Using multifocal ERG ring ratios to detect and follow Plaquenil retinal toxicity: a review : Review of mfERG ring ratios in Plaquenil toxicity.
    Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology, 2009, Volume: 118, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antirheumatic Agents; Autoimmune Diseases; Child; Dose-R

2009
The EOG in rheumatoid arthritis.
    Acta ophthalmologica, 1983, Volume: 61, Issue:5

    Topics: Aged; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoimmune Diseases; Chloroquine; Electrooculography; Female; Humans; H

1983
Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: predictive value of anti-Ro(SSA) and anti-La(SSB) antibodies and treatment with indomethacin and hydroxychloroquine.
    The Journal of rheumatology, 1995, Volume: 22, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antirheumatic Agents

1995
Reversible dementia and chorea in a young woman with the lupus anticoagulant.
    Neurology, 1996, Volume: 46, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Antiphospholipid Syndrome; Aspirin; Autoimmune Diseases; Chorea; Dementia; Depression; Diagno

1996
The management of keratoconjuctivitis sicca.
    Transactions of the ophthalmological societies of the United Kingdom, 1965, Volume: 85

    Topics: Anesthetics; Autoimmune Diseases; Bicarbonates; Chloramphenicol; Cysteine; Dextrans; Heparin; Herpes

1965
Auto-immune annular erythema. A variant of lupus erythematosus?
    Archives of dermatology, 1973, Volume: 107, Issue:3

    Topics: Antibodies, Antinuclear; Autoimmune Diseases; Biopsy; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Complement Fixa

1973
[Primary hyperimmunoglobulinemic purpura].
    La Presse medicale, 1971, Dec-11, Volume: 79, Issue:53

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Female; Humans; Hydroxych

1971