humulene and Sleep-Wake-Disorders

To perform a qualitative scoping literature review for studies involving the effects of cannabis on sleep and sleep disorders.. Two electronic databases, MEDLINE and EMBASE, searched for comprehensive published abstracted studies that involved human participants. Inclusion criteria were article of any type, published in English, a target population of cannabis users, and reported data on cannabis effect on sleep and sleep disorders. The Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) approach was elected as the methodology framework guidance in the scoping review process.. A total of 40 unique publications were found. The majority (82.5%) were from the Americas with 60% published in the last decade. Of the 40 studies, only 25% were randomized control trials, and the sleep outcome measurements were similar and comparable in only 20%. Cannabis users studied were reported either 73% frequent users or 27% sporadic users. The utilization of cannabis showed improved sleep (21%), worse sleep (48%), mixed results (14%), or no impact at all (17%) in the studies published in the last 5 decades.. Our findings summarize the lack of robust evidence to support the use of cannabis for sleep disorders. The varied cannabis user-related characteristics may account for the inconsistent results identified. Further studies assessing cannabis and sleep are needed to discern what works in what context, how it works, and for whom.. Amaral C, Carvalho C, Scaranelo A, Chapman K, Chatkin J, Ferreira I. Cannabis and sleep disorders: not ready for prime time? A qualitative scoping review.

Topics: Cannabis; Humans; Research Design; Sleep Wake Disorders

As cannabis is increasingly used to treat sleep disorders, we performed a systematic review to examine the effects of cannabis on sleep and to guide cannabis prescribers in their recommendations to patients, specifically focusing on dosing.. We searched EMBASE, Medline, and Web of Science and identified 4550 studies for screening. Five hundred sixty-eight studies were selected for full-text review and 31 were included for analysis. Study results were considered positive based on improvements in sleep architecture or subjective sleep quality. Bias in randomized controlled trials was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0.. Sleep improvements were seen in 7 out of 19 randomized studies and in 7 out of 12 uncontrolled trials. There were no significant differences between the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Cannabis showed most promise at improving sleep in patients with pain-related disorders, as compared to those with neurologic, psychiatric, or sleep disorders, and showed no significant effects on healthy participants' sleep. While subjective improvements in sleep quality were often observed, diagnostic testing showed no improvements in sleep architecture. Adverse events included headaches, sedation, and dizziness, and occurred more frequently at higher doses, though no serious adverse events were observed.. High-quality evidence to support cannabis use for sleep remains limited. Heterogeneity in cannabis types, doses, timing of administration, and sleep outcome measures limit the ability to make specific dosing recommendations.

Topics: Cannabidiol; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Humans; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders

Sleep disturbance is one of the hallmarks of cannabis withdrawal. Studies have indicated that treatment of this key symptom may facilitate abstinence. In the present paper we aim to provide a systematic review of the extant literature on pharmacological management of sleep disturbance associated with cannabis withdrawal.. We conducted a systematic literature search across five electronic databases including PubMed, Psycinfo, MEDLINE, Cochrane review and Embase. Human studies using a pharmacological treatment for sleep disturbances associated with cannabis withdrawal were included. Review articles, case-series, open trials, posters, and editorials were excluded.. Seventeen publications, involving 562 participants, were included in this review. Major limitations involved small sample size, high dropout rate, methodological limitations, and heterogeneity of participants. Most of the studies were at high risk of bias, further downgrading the level of evidence. A meta-analysis was not performed due to lack of quantitative data, marked heterogeneity and low quality of the included studies.. There is not sufficient evidence for any of the reviewed treatment options. Methodological limitations in a majority of the studies rendered their findings preliminary. Of the twelve investigated pharmacological agents, Gabapentin, Lofexidine, Mirtazapine, Quetiapine, and Zolpidem showed some primary benefits for treatment of sleep difficulties associated with cannabis withdrawal; however, future prospective studies are required to confirm such results.. This review examines the current evidence for potential pharmacological options for treatment of cannabis withdrawal and associated sleep disturbance. It furthers our knowledge and provides groundwork for future research. (Am J Addict 2018;27:453-464).

Topics: Cannabis; Humans; Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

In the United States, approximately 60 million Americans suffer from sleep disorders and about 22 million Americans report substance dependence or use disorders annually. Sleep disturbances are common consequences of substance use disorders and are likely found in primary care as well as in specialty practices. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effects of the most frequently used substances-nicotine, alcohol, opioids, cocaine, caffeine, and cannabis-have on sleep parameters measured by polysomnography (PSG) and related clinical manifestations.. We used electronic databases such as PubMED and PsycINFO to search for relevant articles. We only included studies that assessed sleep disturbances using polysomnography and reviewed the effects of these substances on six clinically relevant sleep parameters: Total sleep time, sleep onset latency, rapid-eye movement, REM latency, wake after sleep onset, and slow wave sleep.. Our review indicates that these substances have significant impact on sleep and that their effects differ during intoxication, withdrawal, and chronic use. Many of the substance-induced sleep disturbances overlap with those encountered in sleep disorders, medical, and psychiatric conditions. Sleep difficulties also increase the likelihood of substance use disorder relapse, further emphasizing the need for optimizing treatment interventions in these patients.. Our review highlights the importance of systematically screening for substance use in patients with sleep disturbances and highlights the need for further research to understand mechanisms underlying substances-induced sleep disturbances and on effective interventions addressing these conditions.

Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Caffeine; Cannabis; Cocaine; Ethanol; Humans; Nicotine; Polysomnography; Sleep Wake Disorders

Cannabis sativa L. has been utilized for treatment of pain and sleep disorders since ancient times. This review examines modern studies on effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on sleep. It goes on to report new information on the effects on sleep in the context of medical treatment of neuropathic pain and symptoms of multiple sclerosis, employing standardized oromucosal cannabis-based medicines containing primarily THC, CBD, or a 1 : 1 combination of the two (Sativex). Sleep-laboratory results indicate a mild activating effect of CBD, and slight residual sedation with THC-predominant extracts. Experience to date with Sativex in numerous Phase I-III studies in 2000 subjects with 1000 patient years of exposure demonstrate marked improvement in subjective sleep parameters in patients with a wide variety of pain conditions including multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathic pain, intractable cancer pain, and rheumatoid arthritis, with an acceptable adverse event profile. No tolerance to the benefit of Sativex on pain or sleep, nor need for dosage increases have been noted in safety extension studies of up to four years, wherein 40-50% of subjects attained good or very good sleep quality, a key source of disability in chronic pain syndromes that may contribute to patients' quality of life.

Topics: Cannabidiol; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dronabinol; Drug Combinations; Humans; Pain; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Preparations; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders

A subset of marijuana smokers develop a cannabis use disorder and seek treatment for their marijuana use on their own initiative. A less well-known consequence of daily, repeated marijuana use is a withdrawal syndrome, characterized by a time-dependent constellation of symptoms: irritability, anxiety, marijuana craving, decreased quality and quantity of sleep, and decreased food intake. Treatment studies show that rates of continuous abstinence are low (comparable to relapse rates for other abused drugs), and more treatment options are needed. The objective of this review is to update clinicians on the current state of marijuana research and to describe features of marijuana withdrawal to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of cannabis use disorders.

Topics: Anxiety; Cannabis; Eating; Humans; Irritable Mood; Marijuana Abuse; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

People who use cocaine experience numerous sleep problems and often use cannabis to mitigate these problems. However, co-using cocaine and cannabis may result in worse sleep outcomes when compared to using cocaine only. The current study examined group differences in subjective sleep outcomes among people who use cocaine and people who co-use cocaine and cannabis.. Participants were 82 individuals with cocaine use disorder who were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial for cocaine treatment. Sleep outcomes, assessed at baseline prior to treatment, were measured with the Saint Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire and included total sleep time, perceived sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep, and daytime alertness. Analysis of covariance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare sleep outcomes between participants with urine samples that tested positive for both cocaine and cannabis at baseline, those who tested positive for cocaine only, and those who tested negative for all drugs.. Total reported sleep time was highest among those with a drug negative urine, followed by those with a cocaine positive urine and those who tested positive for cocaine and cannabis. There were no differences in perceived sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep, or daytime alertness between groups.. People who co-use cocaine and cannabis may report reduced sleep time relative to those who only use cocaine. Co-use of cannabis may exacerbate sleep difficulties in people who use cocaine by decreasing total sleep time, although it is important to note that the groups each reported similar sleep quality. Implications for treatment and directions for future research are discussed.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Cocaine; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Middle Aged; Plant Extracts; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance Abuse Detection; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult

To assess the relationship between frequency of cannabis use and sleep duration across age in a large US population (235,667 people).. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the frequency of cannabis use and sleep duration using cross sectional data from the 2016-2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.. When adjusted for sociodemographic factors, health related variables, and stratified by age we found that young adults (18-44 years) who reported daily-use (≥16 uses a month) had an increased risk ratio (RR [95% CI]) for either short or long sleep (1.22 [1.06-1.40] and 1.52 [1.07-2.16]); midlife adults (45-64 years) who reported daily-use had an increased prevalence of long sleep (1.71 [1.03-2.82]); and older adults (≥65 years) who reported daily-use had an increased prevalence of short sleep (1.61 [1.05-2.49]).. Compared to those who reported no cannabis use, individuals who reported daily cannabis use demonstrated a greater prevalence for either short or long sleep duration.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Sleep; Sleep Duration; Sleep Wake Disorders; Young Adult

Sleep complaints and cannabis use are common among University students and are related to detrimental effects on health. The aim of this study was to explore their association. This cross-sectional study based on the i-Share e-cohort included French students between 18 and 30 years old (n = 14,787). Frequency of cannabis use was categorized into daily, weekly, monthly, and never/rarely use. Sleep complaints were defined using four items (i.e., insomnia, sleepiness, poor sleep quality, and sleep deprivation). In the whole sample (mean age: 20.4 years, 75.5% of females), 22.7% had insomnia, 18.3% had sleepiness, 22.4% had poor sleep quality, 52.5% had sleep deprivation, and 5.8% used cannabis weekly or daily. After adjustment, the likelihood of insomnia was significantly higher by 45% in cannabis users compared to non-users. The estimates steadily increased with frequency of use, reaching a 2.0-fold higher likelihood of insomnia in daily users compared to never/rarely users. Results were similar for the other sleep complaints. These findings provide support for an association between cannabis use and sleep complaints, particularly insomnia, among University students. Though direction and causality cannot be established in this setting, these results suggest warning students and health professionals about the association between cannabis use and sleep complaints.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Sleep Wake Disorders; Sleepiness; Students; Universities; Young Adult

Little is known about the risks and benefits of cannabis use in the context of cancer care. This study characterized the prevalence, reasons for use, and perceived benefits of cannabis and compared symptoms and perceived risks between those who reported past 30-day cannabis use and those who did not.. Adults undergoing cancer treatment at a National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center completed measures of sociodemographic characteristics, cannabis use, use modalities, reasons for use, perceived harms/benefits of use, physical and psychological symptoms, and other substance/medication use. Analyses compared patients who used or did not use cannabis in the past 30 days.. Participants (N = 267) were 58 years old on average, primarily female (70%), and predominantly White (88%). Over a quarter of respondents (26%) reported past 30-day cannabis use, and among those, 4.5% screened positive for cannabis use disorder. Participants who used cannabis most often used edibles (65%) or smoked cannabis (51%), and they were younger and more likely to be male, Black, and disabled, and to have lower income and Medicaid insurance than participants who did not use cannabis. Those who used cannabis reported more severe symptoms and perceived cannabis as less harmful than those who did not use cannabis. The most common medical reasons for cannabis use were pain, cancer, sleep problems, anxiety, nausea/vomiting, and poor appetite. Participants reported the greatest cannabis-related symptom relief from sleep problems, nausea/vomiting, headaches, pain, muscle spasms, and anxiety.. Patients with cancer who used cannabis perceived benefits for many symptoms, although they showed worse overall symptomatology.. Among adults undergoing cancer treatment, 26% reported cannabis use in the past 30 days. Those who used cannabis were more likely to be male and disabled and to have lower income and Medicaid insurance than those who did not use cannabis. Participants most commonly reported using cannabis for pain, cancer, sleep, anxiety, and nausea/vomiting and reported the greatest perceived benefits for sleep, nausea/vomiting, headaches, pain, muscle spasms, and anxiety, yet participants who used cannabis also reported feeling worse physically and psychologically compared to those who did not use cannabis. Participants who used cannabis were more likely to report that cannabis was less risky to their health than alcohol, smoking, and opioids than those who did not use cannabis.

Topics: Adult; Cancer Pain; Cannabis; Female; Headache; Humans; Male; Medical Marijuana; Middle Aged; Nausea; Neoplasms; Pain; Sleep Wake Disorders; Spasm; Vomiting

While popularly consumed for its perceived benefits as a sleeping aid, the impact of cannabis on sleep-wake regulation in clinical studies is inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between cannabis use and nightly sleep duration in a nationally representative dataset.. A cross-sectional analysis of adults was undertaken using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2005 to 2018. Respondents were dichotomized as recent users or non-users if they had used or not used cannabis in the past 30 days, respectively. The primary outcome was nightly sleep duration, categorized as short (<6 hours), optimal (6-9 hours), and long (>9 hours). Multinomial logistic regression was used to adjust for sociodemographic and health-related covariates, and survey sample weights were used in modeling.. From a sample representing approximately 146 million adults in the USA, 14.5% reported recent cannabis use. In an adjusted analysis, recent users were more likely than non-users to report both short sleep (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.59, p<0.001) and long sleep (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.96, p<0.001). Heavy users (≥20 of the past 30 days) were even more likely to be at the extremes of nightly sleep duration.. Recent cannabis use was associated with the extremes of nightly sleep duration in a nationally representative sample of adults, with suggestions of a dose-response relationship. Our findings highlight the need to further characterize the sleep health of regular cannabis users in the population.

Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Nutrition Surveys; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders

For a good night's sleep, we consensually recommend avoiding alcohol, smoking and drugs. However, these addictions are highly prevalent in the general population, and it is difficult to estimate their real impact on sleep. The aim of this study is to clarify the association between sleep habits and disorders, and addictions. The design was a telephone crossover national recurrent health poll survey (Santé publique France, Baromètre santé, 2017; Questionnaire, pp. 53; Saint Maurice) in a representative sample of French adults. There were 12,367 subjects (18-75 years old) who answered the survey. Sleep log items assessed sleep schedules (total sleep time) on work and leisure days: at night, while napping, and over 24 hr using a sleep log. Retained items include: (1) short sleep (≤ 6 hr/24 hr); (2) chronic insomnia (International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Cannabis; Humans; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Sleep; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Sleep Wake Disorders; Smoking; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult

Growing evidence indicates that sleep characteristics predict future substance use and related problems. However, most prior studies assessed a limited range of sleep characteristics, studied a narrow age span, and included few follow-up assessments. Here, we used six annual assessments from the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study, which spans adolescence and young adulthood with an accelerated longitudinal design, to examine whether multiple sleep characteristics in any year predict alcohol and cannabis use the following year.. The sample included 831 NCANDA participants (423 females; baseline age 12-21 years). Sleep variables included circadian preference, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, the timing of midsleep (weekday/weekend), and sleep duration (weekday/weekend). Using generalized linear mixed models (logistic for cannabis; ordinal for binge severity), we tested whether each repeatedly measured sleep characteristic (years 0-4) predicted substance use (alcohol binge severity or cannabis use) the following year (years 1-5), covarying for age, sex, race, visit, parental education, and previous year's substance use.. Greater eveningness, more daytime sleepiness, later weekend sleep timing, and shorter sleep duration (weekday/weekend) all predicted more severe alcohol binge drinking the following year. Only greater eveningness predicted a greater likelihood of any cannabis use the following year. Post-hoc stratified exploratory analyses indicated that some associations (e.g., greater eveningness and shorter weekend sleep duration) predicted binge severity only in female participants, and that middle/high school versus post-high school adolescents were more vulnerable to sleep-related risk for cannabis use.. Our findings support the relevance of multiple sleep/circadian characteristics in the risk for future alcohol binge severity and cannabis use. Preliminary findings suggest that these risk factors vary based on developmental stage and sex. Results underscore a need for greater attention to sleep/circadian characteristics as potential risk factors for substance use in youth and may inform new avenues to prevention and intervention.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Child; Circadian Rhythm; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence; Female; Humans; Self Report; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult

To examine the effects of sleep duration on next-day alcohol and cannabis craving and use among young adults.. At the day-level, sleep duration was inversely associated with craving for both alcohol and cannabis: Stronger craving was reported on mornings and afternoons after relatively shorter sleep duration. At the burst-level, sleep duration was inversely associated with morning and afternoon alcohol craving indicating stronger alcohol craving, but not cannabis craving, during two-week periods when young adults have accumulated shorter sleep duration. Pertaining to alcohol and cannabis use, no daily-level effects were found, but the burst-level effect showed that participants engaged in greater alcohol use during two-week bursts with shorter sleep duration.. Based on a non-clinical sample of young adults reporting substance use, results suggest shorter sleep duration may be a modifiable risk factor as it pertains to substance use and cravings. Results highlight day-level effects of shorter sleep duration on substance use cravings and adverse effects of cumulative sleep deficit on alcohol use.

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Analgesics; Cannabis; Craving; Ethanol; Female; Hallucinogens; Humans; Male; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult

Medicinal cannabis use (MCU) among youth is correlated with frequent cannabis use and multiple substance use and health-related indicators. This study examined whether correlates of self-reported MCU among youth varied as a function of the primary health condition for which cannabis is used.. Data were drawn from the 2017 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs Survey. Youth (ages 15-24) who reported past-year cannabis use were included in these analyses. Regression analyses (controlling for age and sex) compared youth reporting only nonmedicinal cannabis use (NMCU only,. Relative to youth reporting NMCU only, youth reporting MCU for physical or mental health conditions had greater odds of reporting daily cannabis use, cannabis problems, vaporization and oral ingestion of cannabis, and tobacco use. Youth reporting MCU for physical health reasons also had greater odds of both illicit drug use and prescription pain medication use, whereas youth reporting MCU for mental health reasons had greater odds of prescription sedative use. Youth in both the physical health and mental health MCU groups reported poorer health and mental health compared with the NMCU-only group. Youth reporting MCU for insomnia had greater odds of cannabis problems relative to youth in the NMCU-only group, but there were no other differences between these groups.. Findings provide new insight into the correlates of MCU among youth in the Canadian population, suggesting that these correlates vary as a function of the primary reason for MCU.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Canada; Cannabis; Humans; Medical Marijuana; Mental Health; Prescription Drugs; Self Report; Sleep; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult

Given the rising rates of insufficient sleep and the popularity of marijuana, we investigated using marijuana as a sleep aid, marijuana use frequency, problematic marijuana use, and sleep problems.

Topics: Cannabis; Humans; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Students; Universities

Use of cannabis is increasing in a variety of populations in the United States; however, few investigations about how and for what reasons cannabis is used in older populations exist.. Anonymous survey.. Geriatrics clinic.. A total of 568 adults 65 years and older.. Not applicable.. Survey assessing characteristics of cannabis use.. Approximately 15% (N = 83) of survey responders reported using cannabis within the past 3 years. Half (53%) reported using cannabis regularly on a daily or weekly basis, and reported using cannabidiol-only products (46%). The majority (78%) used cannabis for medical purposes only, with the most common targeted conditions/symptoms being pain/arthritis (73%), sleep disturbance (29%), anxiety (24%), and depression (17%). Just over three-quarters reported cannabis "somewhat" or "extremely" helpful in managing one of these conditions, with few adverse effects. Just over half obtained cannabis via a dispensary, and lotions (35%), tinctures (35%), and smoking (30%) were the most common administration forms. Most indicated family members (94%) knew about their cannabis use, about half reported their friends knew, and 41% reported their healthcare provider knowing. Sixty-one percent used cannabis for the first time as older adults (aged ≥61 years), and these users overall engaged in less risky use patterns (e.g., more likely to use for medical purposes, less likely to consume via smoking).. Most older adults in the sample initiated cannabis use after the age of 60 years and used it primarily for medical purposes to treat pain, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and/or depression. Cannabis use by older adults is likely to increase due to medical need, favorable legalization, and attitudes.

Topics: Aged; Anxiety; Cannabis; Depression; Humans; Medical Marijuana; Pain; Sleep Wake Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States

The sleep-wake cycle is a complex composition of specific physiological and behavioral characteristics. In addition, neuroanatomical, neurochemical and molecular systems exerts influences in the modulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Moreover, homeostatic and circadian mechanisms interact to control the waking or sleeping states. As many other behaviors, sleep also develops pathological features that include several signs and symptoms corresponding to medical conditions known as sleep disorders.In addition to the neurobiological mechanisms modulating sleep, external elements also influence the sleep-wake cycle, including the use of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa). In this regard, and over the last decades, the interest of studying the pharmacology of Δ

Topics: Cannabidiol; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Humans; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders

The medical uses of cannabidiol (CBD), a constituent of the Cannabis sativa, have accelerated the legal and social acceptance for CBD-based medications but has also given the momentum for questioning whether the long-term use of CBD during the early years of life may induce adverse neurobiological effects in adulthood, including sleep disturbances. Given the critical window for neuroplasticity and neuro-functional changes that occur during stages of adolescence, we hypothesized that CBD might influence the sleep-wake cycle in adult rats after their exposure to CBD during the adolescence.. Here, we investigated the effects upon behavior and neural activity in adulthood after long-term administrations of CBD in juvenile rats.. We pre-treated juvenile rats with CBD (5 or 30 mg/Kg, daily) from post-natal day (PND) 30 and during 2 weeks. Following the treatments, the sleep-wake cycle and NeuN expression was analyzed at PND 80.. We found that systemic injections of CBD (5 or 30 mg/Kg, i.p.) given to adolescent rats (post-natal day 30) for 14 days increased in adulthood the wakefulness and decreased rapid eye movement sleep during the lights-on period whereas across the lights-off period, wakefulness was diminished and slow wave sleep was enhanced. In addition, we found that adult animals that received CBD during the adolescence displayed disruptions in sleep rebound period after total sleep deprivation. Finally, we determined how the chronic administrations of CBD during the adolescence affected in the adulthood the NeuN expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a sleep-related brain region.. Our findings are relevant for interpreting results of adult rats that were chronically exposed to CBD during the adolescence and provide new insights into how CBD may impact the sleep-wake cycle and neuronal activity during developmental stages.

Topics: Animals; Brain; Cannabidiol; Cannabis; Male; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation; Sleep Wake Disorders; Sleep, REM; Wakefulness

The criminal justice system is the second largest referral source to publicly funded marijuana use disorder treatment. Individuals with criminal justice contact (being unfairly treated or abused by the police, lifetime arrest, incarceration, or parole) have reported notably high levels of stress, sleep problems, and marijuana use. There are well-known race and sex disparities in marijuana use and criminal justice contact. However, understanding is limited on the role that stressors and sleep problems contribute to marijuana use among Black adults who experience criminal justice contact.. To determine whether life stressors and sleep problems contribute to lifetime marijuana use among Black adults with criminal justice contact and if there are sex differences.. We performed multivariate logistic analysis, using nationally representative data of a non-institutionalized population sample (n=1508) of the National Survey of American Life from 2001 to 2003. We compared life stressors and sleep problems between Black adults with criminal justice contact who had lifetime marijuana use and those who did not have lifetime marijuana use. All analyses were stratified by sex.. In the sample of Black males with criminal justice contacts, individuals who reported financial stress (PR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12-1.60) had a higher prevalence of experiencing lifetime marijuana use than Black males who reported no financial stress. Black males who reported that they were spiritual (PR: .76, 95% CI: .61-.93) had a lower prevalence of experiencing lifetime marijuana use than Black males who indicated that they were not spiritual. Black females who reported family stress (PR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.04-1.82) had a higher prevalence of experiencing lifetime marijuana use than Black females who reported no family stress.. These results underscore the importance of considering sex differences in life stressors when developing etiologic models of marijuana use disorder for Black adults who have experienced criminal justice contact.

Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Cannabis; Criminal Law; Humans; Marijuana Smoking; Sleep Wake Disorders; United States

This study examined longitudinal associations of sleep problems with alcohol and cannabis use across six annual waves of data from adolescence to emerging adulthood.. Participants were 3,265 youth from California (ages 16-22 across waves). At each wave, past-month alcohol use and cannabis use, mental health, and several dimensions of sleep health (i.e. social jetlag, bedtimes, time in bed, trouble sleeping) were assessed via questionnaire. Parallel process latent growth models examined the association between sleep and alcohol or cannabis use trajectories and the role of mental health in contributing to such trajectories.. Smaller declines in social jetlag (r = 0.11, p = 0.04), increases in trouble sleeping (r = 0.18, p < 0.01), and later weekday (r = 0.16, p < 0.01) and weekend bedtimes (r = 0.25, p < 0.01) were associated with increases in likelihood of alcohol use over time. Declines in weekend TIB (r = -0.13, p = 0.03), as well as increases in weekday TIB (r = 0.11, p = 0.04) and later weekday (r = 0.18, p < 0.01) and weekend bedtime (r = 0.24, p < 0.01), were associated with increases in likelihood of cannabis use over time. Most associations remained significant after controlling for time-varying mental health symptoms.. Trajectories of sleep health were associated with trajectories of alcohol and cannabis use during late adolescence to emerging adulthood. Improving sleep is an important target for intervention efforts to reduce the risk of substance use during this critical developmental transition.

Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adult; Cannabis; Humans; Jet Lag Syndrome; Longitudinal Studies; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Young Adult

To explore patterns of medicinal cannabis use prior to implementation of the new Medicinal Cannabis Scheme (MCS) in New Zealand.. An anonymous online convenience survey of 3,634 last-year medicinal users of cannabis promoted via Facebook™ from May to August 2019.. Fifty percent of the sample were female, 18% were Māori and the median age was 38 years. The medical conditions for which cannabis was most often used were pain (81%), sleep (66%) and mental health conditions (64%). Respondents perceived cannabis to be an effective therapy and reported reducing use of other pharmaceutical medicines. Fifty-two percent reported side effects from cannabis use, including increased appetite (29%), drowsiness (12%), eye irritation (11%), dependency (10%), memory impairment (10%) and lack of energy (9%). Smoking was the dominant route of administration. Nearly half (47%) had discussed their use of cannabis with a medical professional in the previous year, while 14% had requested a prescription and 5% accessed a prescribed cannabis-based product (mostly oral CBD).. Respondents self-medicated with cannabis to treat a wide range of health complaints. Only half discussed medicinal cannabis use with their medical professional, and a minority requested a prescription and used a prescribed cannabis-based product.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cannabis; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Male; Marijuana Smoking; Medical Marijuana; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Pain; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Sleep Wake Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult

There is evidence that regular cannabis use has negative effects on sleep health. Relative to HIV- populations, HIV + individuals consistently report greater sleep impairments. The number of HIV + individuals reporting frequent cannabis use, often to treat sleep issues, has significantly increased recently. It is unknown, however, if HIV status moderates the association between cannabis use and sleep health. The current study, therefore, examines these associations in a sample of HIV + and HIV- adults.. HIV + and HIV- (N = 107) individuals completed one laboratory visit. Participants completed a 30-day drug use history questionnaire quantifying consumption of cannabis, cigarettes, and alcohol, and a sleep health questionnaire. To verify substance use and HIV status, participants completed a urine toxicology screening and serology testing.. HIV + individuals demonstrated lower sleep health than HIV- individuals. Linear regressions indicated that HIV status moderated the association between total 30-day cannabis consumption and sleep health; cannabis consumption was negatively associated with sleep health in HIV-, but not HIV + individuals. This interactive effect was significant after examining cigarette/alcohol use, depression symptoms, and demographic variables as covariates.. These results corroborate studies demonstrating an inverse relationship between sleep health and cannabis consumption. This study also suggests that factors other than cannabis may be associated with lower sleep health in HIV + individuals. Emerging studies suggest that inflammation may mediate effects of cannabis on HIV infection. Future studies examining this mechanism are warranted to understand cannabis further and sleep in HIV + individuals.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Cannabis; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Marijuana Smoking; Middle Aged; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires

To examine the prevalence and correlates of sleep problems in a sample of medical cannabis patients.. Adults ages 21 and older (N=801,M age=45.8) who were seeking medical cannabis certification (either for the first time or as a renewal) for chronic pain at medical cannabis clinics in southern Michigan completed baseline measures of cannabis use, sleep, pain, and other related constructs.. Over half of the sample (59%) met criteria for past 1-month sleep disturbance, defined as at least one sleep problem occurring on 15 or more nights in the past month. Most participants (86%) reported that sleep problems were due to their current pain. Approximately 80% of participants reported using cannabis in the past 6 months to improve sleep and, among these participants, cannabis was rated as helpful for improving sleep. Sleep-related cannabis side effects were rare (35%), but sleep-related cannabis withdrawal symptoms were relatively common (65%). Statistically significant correlates of past 1-month sleep disturbance included a) being female, b) being white, c) being on disability, d) not having a medical cannabis card, and e) frequency of using cannabis to help sleep.. Sleep problems are highly prevalent and frequent in medical cannabis patients and are closely tied to pain. Sleep-related cannabis withdrawal symptoms are relatively common but their clinical relevance is unknown. The association between frequency of cannabis use to help sleep with higher odds of sleep problems will need to be clarified by longitudinal studies.

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Chronic Pain; Humans; Medical Marijuana; Michigan; Prevalence; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders

Although an association between adolescent sleep and substance use is supported by the literature, few studies have characterized the longitudinal relationship between early adolescent sleep and subsequent substance use. The current study examined the prospective association between the duration and quality of sleep at age 11 and alcohol and cannabis use throughout adolescence.. The present study, drawn from a cohort of 310 boys taking part in a longitudinal study in Western Pennsylvania, includes 186 boys whose mothers completed the Child Sleep Questionnaire; sleep duration and quality at age 11 were calculated based on these reports. At ages 20 and 22, participants were interviewed regarding lifetime alcohol and cannabis use. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to determine the association between sleep and substance use.. After accounting for race, socioeconomic status, neighborhood danger, active distraction, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems, both the duration and quality of sleep at age 11 were associated with multiple earlier substance use outcomes. Specifically, less sleep was associated with earlier use, intoxication, and repeated use of both alcohol and cannabis. Lower sleep quality was associated with earlier alcohol use, intoxication, and repeated use. Additionally, lower sleep quality was associated with earlier cannabis intoxication and repeated use, but not first use.. Both sleep duration and sleep quality in early adolescence may have implications for the development of alcohol and cannabis use throughout adolescence. Further studies to understand the mechanisms linking sleep and substance use are warranted.

Topics: Adolescent; Cannabis; Child; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Prospective Studies; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Social Class; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors; Underage Drinking; Young Adult

The study examined the association between marijuana use, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and sleep quality in 56 men and 20 women with ADHD. Participants, ages 18-45, were assessed with the Assessment of Hyperactivity and Attention, drug use survey, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Moderate to strong correlations were found between marijuana use and inattentive symptoms in men, and marijuana use and decreased sleep quality in women. Men and women with ADHD may use marijuana for different reasons.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Smoking; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Young Adult

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Opioid-Related Disorders; Outpatients; Prevalence; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Surveys and Questionnaires

A valid cannabis withdrawal syndrome has been demonstrated in controlled studies with adult marijuana abusers, yet few published reports have examined cannabis withdrawal among adolescents. Adolescents presenting for outpatient substance abuse treatment, whose primary substance of abuse was cannabis, completed a questionnaire reporting the presence and severity of withdrawal symptoms during past periods of cannabis abstinence. Nearly two-thirds of the sample indicated that they had experienced four or more symptoms, and over one-third reported four or more symptoms that occurred at a moderate or greater severity. The magnitude of withdrawal severity was positively correlated with current emotional and behavioral symptoms and self-reported problems with cannabis use. These findings are consistent with previous studies, though the prevalence and magnitude of withdrawal symptoms were lower than that observed in a similar study with adult treatment seekers [Budney, A.J., Novy, P., Hughes, J.R., 1999. Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence. Addiction 94, 1311-1322]. Further research is needed to elucidate associations between cannabis withdrawal effects, the initiation of cessation attempts, and relapse.

Topics: Adolescent; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Mood Disorders; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Retrospective Studies; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Vermont

To estimate the patterns and prevalence of cannabis use among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 220 patients were surveyed in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Seventy-two subjects (36%) reported ever having used cannabis for any purpose; 29 respondents (14%) reported continuing use of cannabis for symptom treatment. Medical cannabis use was associated with male gender, tobacco use, and recreational cannabis use. The symptoms reported by medical cannabis users to be most effectively relieved were stress, sleep, mood, stiffness/spasm, and pain.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Utilization; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Muscle Spasticity; Nova Scotia; Pain; Patients; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Sleep Wake Disorders; Smoking; Surveys and Questionnaires; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Cannabis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant; Poisoning; Sleep Wake Disorders

This paper considers a model for the difference of two proportions in a paired or matched design of clinical trials, case-control studies and also sensitivity comparison studies of two laboratory tests. This model includes a parameter indicating both interpatient variability of response probabilities and their correlation. Under the proposed model, we derive a one-sided test for equivalence based upon the efficient score. Equivalence is defined here as not more than 100 delta per cent inferior. McNemar's test for significance is shown to be a special case of the proposed test. Further, a score-based confidence interval for the difference of two proportions is derived. One of the features of these methods is applicability to the 2 x 2 table with off-diagonal zero cells; all the McNemar type tests and confidence intervals published so far cannot apply to such data. A Monte Carlo simulation study shows that the proposed test has empirical significance levels closer to the nominal alpha-level than the other tests recently proposed and further that the proposed confidence interval has better empirical coverage probability than those of the four published methods.

Topics: Cannabis; Case-Control Studies; Confidence Intervals; Contact Lenses; Disinfection; Humans; Incidence; Likelihood Functions; Mass Screening; Models, Statistical; Monte Carlo Method; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Research Design; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders

The study examined the drug patterns and attitudes of a heavy marijuana user sample drawn from the local "counter-culture." The results indicate that the heavier marijuana user has a different subjective attitude and perception of the drug's effect than a light user. Second, multiple drug usage is, in general, the current and accepted mode within the sample. Finally, it appears that age of initial usage of a specific agent, duration, frequency of usage, and perceived drug effects may be dependent variables with reference to heavy marijuana and multiple drug usage. With respect to these variables, the question arises concerning what proportion of lighter drug using samples may, with time, adopt heavier and more varied drug patterns.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Attention; Cannabis; Cognition; Emotions; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Psychotropic Drugs; Self Concept; Sensation; Sexual Behavior; Sleep Wake Disorders; Social Behavior; Space Perception; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors; Time Perception

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Morphine Dependence; Sleep Wake Disorders; Sleep, REM; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Aerospace Medicine; Analgesics; Atmospheric Pressure; Cannabis; Hearing Disorders; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Hypertension; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Sleep Wake Disorders; Streptomycin; Tranquilizing Agents