humulene and Respiratory-Tract-Infections

Acute myocardial infarction is triggered by various factors, such as physical exertion, stressful events, heavy meals, or increases in air pollution. However, the importance and relevance of each trigger are uncertain. We compared triggers of myocardial infarction at an individual and population level.. We searched PubMed and the Web of Science citation databases to identify studies of triggers of non-fatal myocardial infarction to calculate population attributable fractions (PAF). When feasible, we did a meta-regression analysis for studies of the same trigger.. Of the epidemiologic studies reviewed, 36 provided sufficient details to be considered. In the studied populations, the exposure prevalence for triggers in the relevant control time window ranged from 0.04% for cocaine use to 100% for air pollution. The reported odds ratios (OR) ranged from 1.05 to 23.7. Ranking triggers from the highest to the lowest OR resulted in the following order: use of cocaine, heavy meal, smoking of marijuana, negative emotions, physical exertion, positive emotions, anger, sexual activity, traffic exposure, respiratory infections, coffee consumption, air pollution (based on a difference of 30 μg/m3 in particulate matter with a diameter <10 μm [PM10]). Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%), followed by physical exertion (6.2%), alcohol (5.0%), coffee (5.0%), a difference of 30 μg/m3 in PM10 (4.8%), negative emotions (3.9%), anger (3.1%), heavy meal (2.7%), positive emotions (2.4%), sexual activity (2.2%), cocaine use (0.9%), marijuana smoking (0.8%) and respiratory infections (0.6%). Interpretation In view of both the magnitude of the risk and the prevalence in the population, air pollution is an important trigger of myocardial infarction, it is of similar magnitude (PAF 5-7%) as other well accepted triggers such as physical exertion, alcohol, and coffee. Our work shows that ever-present small risks might have considerable public health relevance.. The research on air pollution and health at Hasselt University is supported by a grant from the Flemish Scientific Fund (FWO, Krediet aan navorsers/G.0873.11), tUL-impulse financing, and bijzonder onderzoeksfonds (BOF) and at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven by the sustainable development programme of BELSPO (Belgian Science Policy).

Topics: Adult; Aged; Air Pollution; Cannabis; Cocaine; Coffee; Emotions; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Odds Ratio; Particulate Matter; Physical Exertion; Prevalence; Public Health; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; United States

The use of cannabis is embedded within many societies, mostly used by the young and widely perceived to be safe. Increasing concern regarding the potential for cannabis to cause mental health effects has dominated cannabis research and the potential adverse respiratory effects have received relatively little attention. Studies on cannabis are challenging and subject to confounding by concomitant use of tobacco and other social factors, and while many of the studies referred to in this review are beset by the difficulties inherent in undertaking epidemiological research of the effects of cannabis, there is an emerging concern among many chest physicians who would suggest that habitual smoking of cannabis may contribute to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumothorax and respiratory infections, including tuberculosis. Special attention should be given to the risk of lung cancer, particularly as biological plausibility may precede epidemiology.

Topics: Cannabis; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Pneumothorax; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Tract Infections; United Kingdom

Little is known about the effects of secondhand marijuana smoke on children. We aimed to determine caregiver marijuana use prevalence and evaluate any association between secondhand marijuana smoke, childhood emergency department (ED) or urgent care (UC) visitation, and several tobacco-related illnesses: otitis media, viral respiratory infections (VRIs), and asthma exacerbations.. This study was a cross-sectional, convenience sample survey of 1500 subjects presenting to a pediatric ED. The inclusion criteria were as follows: caregivers aged 21-85 years, English- or Spanish-speaking. The exclusion criteria were as follows: children who were critically ill, medically complex, over 11 years old, or using medical marijuana.. Of 1500 caregivers, 158 (10.5%) reported smoking marijuana and 294 (19.6%) reported smoking tobacco. Using negative-binomial regression, we estimated rates of reported ED/UC visits and specific illnesses among children with marijuana exposure and those with tobacco exposure, compared to unexposed children. Caregivers who used marijuana reported an increased rate of VRIs in their children (1.31 episodes/year) compared to caregivers with no marijuana use (1.04 episodes/year) (p = 0.02).. Our cohort did not report any difference with ED/UC visits, otitis media episodes, or asthma exacerbations, regardless of smoke exposure. However, caregivers of children with secondhand marijuana smoke exposure reported increased VRIs compared to children with no smoke exposure.. Approximately 10% of caregivers in our study were regular users of marijuana. Prior studies have shown that secondhand tobacco smoke exposure is associated with negative health outcomes in children, including increased ED utilization and respiratory illnesses. Prior studies have shown primary marijuana use is linked to negative health outcomes in adults and adolescents, including increased ED utilization and respiratory illnesses. Our study reveals an association between secondhand marijuana smoke exposure and increased VRIs in children. Our study did not find an association between secondhand marijuana smoke exposure and increased ED or UC visitation in children.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Asthma; Cannabis; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Cannabis; Drug Contamination; Humans; Neoplasms; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk; Sterilization

Topics: Adolescent; Affective Symptoms; Cannabis; Child Health Services; Fractures, Bone; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency; Legislation as Topic; Male; Massachusetts; Medical History Taking; Physical Examination; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Skin Diseases; Sprains and Strains; Substance-Related Disorders; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Asthma; Biopsy; Bronchitis; Bronchoscopy; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Pharyngitis; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinitis; Smoking; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; California; Cannabis; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Services; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Methamphetamine; Psychology, Social; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Conditions; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Cannabis; Dura Mater; Dust; Humans; Occupational Medicine; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Tract Infections