humulene and Poisoning

Cannabis legalization has led to significant health consequences, particularly to patients in emergency departments and hospitals in Colorado. The most concerning include psychosis, suicide, and other substance abuse. Deleterious effects on the brain include decrements in complex decision-making, which may not be reversible with abstinence. Increases in fatal motor vehicle collisions, adverse effects on cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, inadvertent pediatric exposures, cannabis contaminants exposing users to infectious agents, heavy metals, and pesticides, and hash-oil burn injuries in preparation of drug concentrates have been documented. Cannabis dispensary workers ("budtenders") without medical training are giving medical advice that may be harmful to patients. Cannabis research may offer novel treatment of seizures, spasticity from multiple sclerosis, nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, chronic pain, improvements in cardiovascular outcomes, and sleep disorders. Progress has been slow due to absent standards for chemical composition of cannabis products and limitations on research imposed by federal classification of cannabis as illegal. Given these factors and the Colorado experience, other states should carefully evaluate whether and how to decriminalize or legalize non-medical cannabis use.

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Behavioral Symptoms; Cannabis; Colorado; Driving Under the Influence; Drug Contamination; Drug Overdose; Emergency Service, Hospital; Hospitalization; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Marijuana Use; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Poisoning; Vomiting

Pet exposure to marijuana-containing products-both recreational and medicinal-along with exposure to extracts such as cannabidiol is increasing in conjunction with greater accessibility. Cannabis products are even sold for use in pets. In addition, exposure to illegal synthetic cannabinoids remains concerning. Veterinarians need to be able to recognize associated clinical signs and understand when cases have the potential for severity. This article provides a brief history of cannabis along with a review of the endocannabinoid system, common cannabis products, expected clinical signs, and medical treatment approaches associated with cannabis exposure in pets.

Topics: Animals; Cannabidiol; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Poisoning; United States

Rapid changes in marijuana legislation have resulted in a wider array of products containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to be legally manufactured and sold, such as edibles in the form of gummy candies and cookies. These products may be enticing to young children who mistake them for typical snack foods.. Our aim was to describe emergency department (ED) visits due to unintentional ingestion of cannabis products among children aged birth to 11 years old in the United States.. Using the 2019-2020 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, U.S. ED records for poisoning events related to ingestion of THC were examined. Descriptive epidemiologic analyses were conducted to provide national estimates of the pediatric visits.. An estimated 1245 pediatric patient visits related to unintentional marijuana poisoning occurred. Most poisonings involved edible marijuana products and most patients were admitted to the hospital.. Cannabis edibles present a challenge with regard to prevention of poisonings among the pediatric population. Legislation or company policies pertaining to packaging and manufacturing are needed to limit the attraction of toddlers and young children, as well reliance on parents and caregivers for safe storage of the products. Continued and expanded public health education campaigns are warranted.

Topics: Cannabis; Child; Child, Preschool; Eating; Emergency Service, Hospital; Hospitalization; Hospitals; Humans; Poisoning; United States

Topics: Cannabis; Child; Emergencies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Humans; Poisoning

With increasing state legalization, marijuana use has become commonplace throughout much of the United States. Existing literature on unintentional exposure focuses primarily on children.We report on a cluster of adults with unwitting marijuana exposure.. A cluster of cases were referred to the Medical Toxicology Service after ingesting marijuana-contaminated food at a family event. We conducted a retrospective analysis of twelve subject charts and a qualitative analysis with six of these subjects who willingly consented to be interviewed about their experiences. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board.. Three of the subjects (25%) required prolonged observation due to persistent symptoms. Eleven (92%) were urine immunoassay positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Two subjects (17%) tested positive for ethanol in their blood. Common symptoms experienced by the subjects included confusion (50%), difficulty speaking (67%), nausea (25%), tremors (17%), and feelings of unreality (33%). All interviewed subjects reported sleepiness and three (50%) reported a negative impact on work. Subjects also reported multiple emotions, including anger, confusion, disbelief, and helplessness. None of the cases resulted in admission for critical care or death.. Our series illuminates effects of unwitting and/or unintentional marijuana exposure in adults. Unintentional marijuana poisonings have increased, but legal and regulatory barriers have limited the study of marijuana outside highly controlled conditions. While the marijuana exposure in this study did not result in admission for critical care or death, it did result in psychological distress and adversely affected work in some cases.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Female; Food Contamination; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Middle Aged; Poisoning; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; United States; Urinalysis; Young Adult

France is the country with the highest prevalence of cannabis use in Europe, despite the fact that cannabis has not been legalized. This prevalence is still increasing along with THC content in cannabis products. In the meantime, unintentional cannabis poisoning by ingestion in toddlers is constantly rising. The aim of this study was to document children's cannabis poisoning biologically and clinically. Plasma and urine samples were extracted by solid phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Children under 4 years old admitted in pediatric emergency departments for cannabis intoxication between February 1st 2019 and January 31st 2020 were included in this study. Twenty-six children were included (14 female and 12 male), the mean age was 17 months (10-41 months). THC, 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH plasma concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 93 ng/mL, 2.6-65 ng/mL and 29-914 ng/mL, respectively. The most frequent symptoms were drowsiness and hypotonia. Six critical cases were observed: 5 coma and 1 respiratory depression. All children having THC plasma concentrations over 60 ng/mL were in coma. Cannabis poisoning in toddlers become more frequent, 9 cases/year were reported in Marseille in 2007 and 26 cases/year in this study. There is a rising in severe clinical cases, particularly coma. These observations could be explained by an increase in THC content in cannabis products, and a trivialization of cannabis consumption. The unintentional ingestion of cannabis by children is a serious public health concern, and cannabis legalization could worsen this problem.

Topics: Accidents; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Child, Preschool; Coma; Emergency Service, Hospital; Fatigue; Female; France; Humans; Infant; Male; Muscle Hypotonia; Poisoning; Respiratory Insufficiency

This study describes the events and circumstances preceding children aged 16 years or younger being treated for cannabis poisoining in the emergency department (ED) of a Canadian pediatric hospital.. We extracted cannabis poisoning treated in the ED at British Columbia Children's Hospital (BCCH) between 1 January, 2016 and 31 December, 2018, from the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) database. The poisonings were distinguished by the inadvertent or intentional ingestion of cannabis. We reviewed the hospital's electronic health information system and the patients' health records to obtain additional information on the context, including spatial and temporal characteristics.. Of the 911 poisonings treated at BCCH, 114 were related to intentional cannabis use (12.5%). Fewer than 10 poisonings resulted from inadvertent ingestions by children and the median age for these was 3 years. All inadvertent ingestion occurred at home and involved cannabis belonging to the patient's family. The vast majority of poisonings resulted from the intentional use of cannabis only (28.9%) or cannabis use with other psychoactive substances (co-ingestions; 71.1%). The median patient age was 15 years. Most patients reported consuming cannabis through inhalation with peers. Cannabis and co-ingestion poisonings were more often reported on weekdays than weekends. The consumption of cannabis leading to poisoning more often occurred in private residences. Patients with cannabis poisoning more often sought medical treatment themselves or were helped by their family.. The characteristics of cannabis poisonings among children are described for the three-year period prior to recreational cannabis legalization in Canada in order to set a baseline for future comparisons. Implications for improving injury prevention initiatives and policies are discussed.. Cette étude décrit les événements et les circonstances à l’origine des admissions de jeunes de 16 ans et moins au service des urgences d’un hôpital pédiatrique canadien pour une intoxication au cannabis.. Nous avons extrait de la base de données du Système canadien hospitalier d’information et de recherche en prévention des traumatismes (SCHIRPT) les cas d’intoxication au cannabis ayant été traités au service des urgences de l’Hôpital pour enfants de la Colombie­Britannique (HECB) entre le 1er janvier 2016 et le 31 décembre 2018. Nous avons examiné le système électronique d’information sur la santé de l’hôpital ainsi que le dossier médical des patients pour obtenir plus de renseignements sur le contexte des cas, notamment les caractéristiques spatiales et temporelles.. Des 911 cas d’intoxication traités à l’HECB, 114 étaient liés à la consommation intentionnelle de cannabis (12,5 %). Moins de 10 concernaient des enfants ayant ingéré du cannabis par inadvertance, avec un âge médian pour ces cas de 3 ans. Toutes les ingestions accidentelles sont survenues à la maison et, dans tous les cas, le cannabis appartenait à un membre de la famille du patient. La vaste majorité des intoxications étaient dues à une consommation intentionnelle soit de cannabis seul (28,9 %) soit de cannabis avec d’autres substances psychoactives (co­ingestion, 71,1 %). L’âge médian des patients était de 15 ans. La plupart des patients ont déclaré avoir consommé le cannabis par inhalation et en groupe. Les intoxications au cannabis seul et au cannabis co­ingéré avec d’autres substances étaient plus fréquentes les jours de semaine que les fins de semaine. Dans la plupart des cas d’intoxication au cannabis, le cannabis avait été consommé dans une résidence privée. La majorité des victimes d’intoxication au cannabis ont obtenu des soins médicaux par elles­mêmes ou ont été aidées par leur famille.. Les caractéristiques des cas d’intoxication pédiatrique au cannabis portent sur les trois ans précédant la légalisation de la consommation de cannabis à des fins récréatives au Canada, de manière à établir une base de référence pour des comparaisons futures. Nous abordons aussi la question de l’amélioration des initiatives et des politiques de prévention à la lumière de ces résultats.. Few pediatric poisonings involved the inadvertent ingestion of cannabis; in these cases, patients consumed cannabis found in their home. The vast majority of pediatric cannabis poisonings resulted from intentional use. Of these, more poisonings resulted from cannabis co-ingestions with alcohol as compared to cannabis only. Cannabis was most often intentionally consumed in the company of peers and in private residences. Cannabis-only and cannabis co-ingestion poisonings were more often reported on weekdays than on weekends. A higher proportion of patients with cannabis poisoning sought medical treatment themselves or were helped by family members, rather than being helped by a bystander.. Peu d’intoxications pédiatriques étaient dues à une ingestion accidentelle de cannabis et, dans ces cas, le patient avait consommé du cannabis trouvé à la maison. La vaste majorité des intoxications pédiatriques au cannabis sont survenues à la suite d’une consommation intentionnelle. Dans ces cas, l’intoxication découlait plus souvent d’une co­ingestion de cannabis et d’alcool que d’une consommation de cannabis seul. Le cannabis était généralement consommé intentionnellement en groupe et dans une résidence privée. Les intoxications au cannabis seul et au cannabis co­ingéré avec d’autres substances étaient plus nombreuses les jours de semaine que les fins de semaine. La majorité des patients victimes d’intoxication au cannabis ont consulté un médecin d’eux­mêmes ou avec l’aide de leur famille plutôt que de demander l’aide d’un témoin.

Topics: Adolescent; Canada; Cannabis; Child Health; Child, Preschool; Emergency Service, Hospital; Family Health; Female; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Needs Assessment; Poisoning

Pediatric health care contacts due to cannabis exposure increased in Colorado and Washington State after cannabis (marijuana) policies became more liberal, but evidence from other US states is limited.. To document the incidence of pediatric cannabis exposure cases reported to the Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention (RPC) before and after medical marijuana legalization (MML) in Massachusetts.. Cross-sectional comparison of pediatric cannabis exposure cases 4 years before and after MML in Massachusetts. The exposure cases included those of 218 children and teenagers aged between 0 and 19 years, as reported to the RPC from 2009 to 2016. Census data were used to determine the incidence. Data analysis was performed from November 12, 2018, to July 20, 2019.. Cannabis products.. Incidence of RPC-reported cannabis exposure cases, both single substance and polysubstance, for the age group of 0 to 19 years, and cannabis product type, coingestants, and clinical effects.. During the 8-year study period (2009-2016), the RPC received 218 calls involving cannabis exposure (98 single substance, 120 polysubstance) in children and teenagers aged 0 to 19 years, representing 0.15% of all RPC calls in that age group for that period. Of the total exposure cases, males accounted for 132 (60.6%) and females 86 (39.4%). The incidence of single-substance cannabis calls increased from 0.4 per 100 000 population before MML to 1.1 per 100 000 population after (incidence rate ratio, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.5-3.9), a 140% increase. The age group of 15 to 19 years had the highest frequency of RPC-reported cannabis exposures (178 calls [81.7%]). The proportion of all RPC calls due to single-substance cannabis exposure increased overall for all age groups from 29 before MML to 69 afterward. Exposure to edible products increased after MML for most age groups.. Pediatric cannabis exposure cases increased in Massachusetts after medical marijuana was legalized in 2012, despite using childproof packaging and warning labels. This study provides additional evidence suggesting that MML may be associated with an increase in cannabis exposure cases among very young children, and extends prior work showing that teenagers are also experiencing increased cannabis-related health system contacts via the RPC. Additional efforts are needed to keep higher-potency edible products and concentrated extracts from children and teenagers, especially considering the MML and retail cannabis sales in an increasing number of US states.

Topics: Adolescent; Cannabis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Legislation, Drug; Male; Massachusetts; Medical Marijuana; Poisoning; Young Adult

We report a case of mild cannabinoid poisoning in a preschool child, after 3-week ingestion of hemp seed oil prescribed by his pediatrician to strengthen his immune system. The patient presented neurological symptoms that disappeared after intravenous hydration. A possible mild withdrawal syndrome was reported after discharge. The main metabolite of Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol was detected in urine, and very low concentration of Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol was detected in the ingested product. This is, as far as we know, the first report of cannabinoid poisoning after medical prescription of hemp seed oil in a preschool child.

Topics: Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Child, Preschool; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; Dronabinol; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Plant Oils; Poisoning; Seeds; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Treatment Outcome

To describe acute toxicity of recreational drugs including novel psychoactive substances.. We included all cases presenting at the emergency department (ED) of the University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland, between October 2013 and September 2014 with acute toxicity due to self-reported recreational drug use or with symptoms/signs consistent with acute toxicity. Isolated ethanol intoxications were excluded. Intoxications were confirmed with immunoassays and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which also detected novel psychoactive substances.. Among the 47,767 attendances at the ED, 216 were directly related to acute toxicity of recreational drugs. The mean patient age was 31 years and 69% were male. Analytical drug confirmation was available in 180 cases. Most presentations were related to cocaine (36%), cannabis (31%), opioids (13%), 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, 9%), other amphetamines (7%), benzodiazepines (7%), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, 5%). The substances most commonly detected analytically were cannabis (37%), cocaine (33%), opioids (29%), benzodiazepines (21%), and amphetamines including MDMA (13%). Notably, there were only two cases of novel psychoactive substances (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine [2C-B] and pentylone). The most frequent symptoms were tachycardia (31%), anxiety (27%), nausea or vomiting (23%), and agitation (22%). Severe complications included myocardial infarction (2), psychosis (10), seizures (10), and 1 fatality. Most patients were discharged home (68%), 8% were admitted to intensive care and 9% were referred to psychiatric care.. Medical problems related to illicit drugs mostly concerned cocaine and cannabis and mainly involved sympathomimetic toxicity and/or psychiatric disorders. ED presentations associated with novel psychoactive substances appeared to be relatively rare.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Cocaine; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Hospitals, Urban; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Poisoning; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Substance Abuse Detection; Substance-Related Disorders; Switzerland; Young Adult

Topics: Cannabis; Female; Humans; Infant; Poisoning; Severity of Illness Index

Topics: Cannabis; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Poisoning; Retrospective Studies

Cannabis is the most frequently consumed illicit substance in Spain. Pediatric accidental cannabis poisoning is an uncommon but life-threatening intoxication.. To describe clinical findings, diagnosis and management of children with accidental cannabis poisoning in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. We report four patients with accidental cannabis poisoning. Clinical presentation included reduced level of consciousness, drowsiness, ataxia, tremble, apnea, hypotonia, and seizures. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was detected by urine screening for cannabinoids and other toxic substances in all cases. The four patients were treated with supportive care. All cases recovered uneventfully and were discharged within 24 hours of admission.. The possibility of cannabis poisoning should be considered in cases of unexplained acute onset of neurological findings in previously healthy children.

Topics: Cannabis; Child, Preschool; Female; Health Facilities; Humans; Infant; Male; Poisoning; Spain

To assess the frequency and severity of accidental cannabis poisoning in children.. A retrospective study of cases of accidental cannabis poisoning in people aged under 18 years old, reported to the Marseille poison center from 1993 through 2007. We excluded cases where cannabis was definitively ruled out, and neonatal withdrawal syndromes in newborns from cannabis users.. We collected 93 cases, including 56 boys and 37 girls, 86% of whom were younger than 3 years. The principal form was cannabis resin (hashish), reported in 80% of the cases and belonging to one of the parents or a household member. In almost all cases, the poisoning took place at the child's home. The frequency has risen in recent years, with 2/3 of the cases occurred in the second half of the study period. Five serious cases were reported, two with convulsions.. Considering the observed increase in cases each year, mostly benign but potentially serious, prevention and information efforts have to be improved for drug users with young children and for healthcare professionals led to manage this kind of accident.

Topics: Cannabis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; France; Humans; Infant; Male; Poison Control Centers; Poisoning; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index

On April 8, 2009, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) notified officials from the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health (DPH) in California about a group of preschool teachers with nausea, dizziness, headache, and numbness and tingling of fingertips after consumption of brownies purchased 3 days before from a sidewalk vendor. To characterize the neurologic symptoms and determine whether these symptoms were associated with ingestion of the brownies, the police and health departments launched a collaborative investigation. This report summarizes the results of that investigation, which detected cannabinoids in a recovered sample of the brownies. Two patients sought medical attention, and one patient's urine and serum tested positive for 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), a marijuana metabolite. The findings in this report demonstrate the utility of a collaborative investigation by public health and law enforcement.The findings also underscore the need to consider marijuana as a potential contaminant during foodborne illness investigations and the importance of identifying drug metabolites by testing of clinical specimens soon after symptom onset.

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Female; Food Contamination; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Nervous System Diseases; Poisoning; Young Adult

A 19 years old male presented with a syncopeal episode after heavy marihuana use. A 12 lead ECG demonstrated Brugada-like ST segment elevation in leads V1 and V2. Urine and blood toxicological studies upon admission demonstrated markedly elevated levels of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). A 2D echocardiogram demonstrated normal left ventricular function without the presence of any structural or valvular abnormalities. The ST segments normalized once the acute intoxication resolved. A Procainamide induction test was performed without recurrence of the Brugada-like ST segment abnormalities. Our case exemplifies an otherwise healthy male with a negative work-up for a vasovagal mediated syncope and isolated ST segment changes due to THC. The arrhythmic properties of THC have been related to its effect on action potential shortening and vagal tone hyper-stimulation. The ST segment abnormalities are believed to be related to partial sodium channel agonist activity.

Topics: Adult; Brugada Syndrome; Cannabis; Diagnosis, Differential; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Humans; Male; Poisoning

Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is a commonly used recreational drug among humans; animals may be exposed following ingestion or accidental inhalation of smoke. From January 1998 to January 2002, 213 incidences were recorded of dogs that developed clinical signs following oral exposure to marijuana, with 99% having neurologic signs, and 30% exhibiting gastrointestional signs. The marijuana ingested ranged from 1/2 to 90 g. The lowest dose at which signs occurred was 84.7 mg/kg and the highest reported dose was 26.8 g/kg. Onset of signs ranged from 5 min to 96 h, with most signs occurring within 1 to 3 h after ingestion. The signs lasted from 30 min to 96 h. Management consisted of decontamination, sedation (with diazepam as drug of choice), fluid therapy, thermoregulation and general supportive care. All followed animals made full recoveries.

Topics: Animals; Cannabis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Male; Medical Records; Poisoning; Poland; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Administration, Oral; Age Factors; Cannabis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hypothermia; Infant; Male; Poisoning; Reflex, Abnormal; Seizures

Topics: Cannabis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant; Poisoning; Sleep Wake Disorders

Substances of abuse have been known in many cultures and geographic zones, and they were used for different reasons, from religions up to hedonistic ones. Central Europe, a region of Poland has never been an area of religious use of narcotics, but lately a number of drug abusers is still growing up. The extent of the drug abuse problem in Poland is difficult to assess, because there is no monitoring system, which registers drug abusers. In this study, authors retrospectively analyzed the files of all drug abuse poisoned patients treated in 10 Polish Poison Centres; as well as the files of patients treated in other hospitals, but who were consulted by toxicologists from these units. During the last 10 years the number of patients treated for drug abuse intoxication has grown 10 times. The structure of used substance of abuse has also changed. In the early 90's opiates dominated. In 1997 all groups of drug abuses were noted, from natural or synthetic opiates, cocaine, LSD, amphetamine, up to Cannabis sativa derivatives (THC). We also revealed intoxications with hallucinogenic mushrooms and plant--Datura stramonium. The most common drugs used were opiates and amphetamine. THC were the third. Amphetamine and THC derivatives were the most often sources of intoxication in young people 15-25 years of age. The opiate poisonings were the commonest in young males, 20-40 years old.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Cannabis; Comorbidity; Female; Hallucinogens; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Narcotics; Poison Control Centers; Poisoning; Poland; Retrospective Studies; Sex Distribution; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Age Factors; Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Amphetamines; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Cannabis; Cocaine; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Flunitrazepam; Hallucinogens; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Italy; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; Poisoning; Solvents; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adult; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Drug Overdose; Female; Food Contamination; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Middle Aged; Panic Disorder; Poisoning

Illnesses related to both the pharmacologic properties of abused substances and their methods of administration often bring the teenager to medical attention and may provide sufficient motivation for the adolescent to seek help beyond the acute problem. Successful treatment of an overdose reaction, an abstinence syndrome, or any other medical complication of drug abuse may give the physician a unique opportunity to begine further evalution for future care.

Topics: Adolescent; Aerosols; Alcohol Drinking; Amphetamines; Bacterial Infections; Cannabis; Embolism; Female; Hallucinogens; Hepatitis A; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Malaria; Male; Opium; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Poisoning; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Male; Neurologic Manifestations; Oculomotor Muscles; Paralysis; Poisoning; Substance-Related Disorders; Trochlear Nerve

Two patients who injected marihuana intravenously developed a syndrome of hypotension, renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia, and rhabdomyolysis. These clinical abnormalities appear to be reversible without residua.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Cannabis; Humans; Hypotension; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Myoglobinuria; Poisoning; Syndrome; Thrombocytopenia

By introducing the definition "hallucinosis" (Wernicke) it has become possible to confine the psychoses of organic origin more closely. Therefore, this term should also be used in pediatry and pedopsychiatry in order to designate cases with corresponding clinical aspects. Thus, accordance to the phenomenological characteristics of such syndromes as described in this paper, it is justified to emphasize that the acute hallucinosis in children is a special type of disease as compared to other psychoses caused by exogenic influences in this age group. The 10 case reports deal with visual hallucinoses which turned out to be characteristically different compared to those in adults. Hallucinating children at the age of 3 to 9 years predominantly visualized animals and legendary beings. Contrary to findings in adults, scenic and systematized visions were scarcely noticed, which psychodevelopmentally may be attributed to the fact that creative power in children is still little pronounced. Etiologically intoxications and infectious diseases were the cause for the visual hallucinations of the 10 children described. In the development of visual hallucinations somatic and psychic factors are significant. They have been discussed on the basis of today's knowledge. As today, however, there exists no satisfactory theory concerning the conditions favoring the development of hallucinations. To explain the somatogenesis of visual hallucinations three theories have been outlined, based on the present neurophysiological findings. It has been worked out that especially in children emotion plays an essential role in the origin of hallucinations. In infancy and early school age, while rational control of reality is still suppressed to a great extent, domination of emotional life goes along with lack of differentiation. At the same time the difference between imagination and perception is still little precise; therefore, phenomena, impressing as hallucinations in the adult, occur with greater facility in children.

Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Atropine; Benzydamine; Biperiden; Cannabis; Child; Child Psychiatry; Child, Preschool; Encephalitis; Female; Fenfluramine; Fever; Hallucinations; Humans; Infant; Male; Measles; Mumps; Poisoning

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Cannabis; Child; Child, Preschool; Emergencies; Humans; Ipecac; Poisoning

Topics: Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning; Chromatography; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Paper; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Drug Stability; Ethanol; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Insecticides; Methods; Organophosphorus Compounds; Poisoning; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Spectrum Analysis; Substance-Related Disorders; Toxicology; United Kingdom

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Cannabis; Dogs; Dronabinol; Female; Haplorhini; Macaca; Male; Mydriatics; Phytotherapy; Poisoning; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiration; Salivation; Species Specificity; Time Factors

Topics: Amphetamine; Atropa belladonna; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Cocaine; Emergency Service, Hospital; Hallucinogens; Heroin; Hospitalization; Humans; Narcotic Antagonists; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Poisoning; Psychoses, Alcoholic; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders; Unconsciousness

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Administration, Oral; Aggression; Animals; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Cannabis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drinking Behavior; Dronabinol; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Motor Activity; Organ Size; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Poisoning; Rats; Respiration; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Botulism; Cannabis; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Contamination; Humans; Male; Phenytoin; Poisoning; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antidotes; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinogens; Heroin; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Mescaline; Morphine; Morphine Dependence; Poisoning; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: California; Cannabis; Ethanol; Health Education; Humans; Nicotiana; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pilot Projects; Plants, Toxic; Poisoning; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Alcoholism; Caffeine; Cannabis; Central Nervous System; Cocaine; Drug Hypersensitivity; Hallucinogens; History, 16th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Lithium; Mercury Poisoning; Morphine Dependence; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Poisoning; Smoking; Substance-Related Disorders; Syphilis; Technology; Thalidomide; Triparanol