humulene and Periodontal-Diseases

In recent years, the practice of dentistry and periodontology has become complicated by several risk factors, including the treatment of an increasing number of patients with substance use disorder. This review presents an update in the current literature of the impact of illegal drug use on periodontal conditions and their possible effect as risk factors or indicators. The main illegal drugs that may have an impact on periodontal health and conditions are described, including their effect, medical manifestations, risks, and the overall effect on oral health and on the periodontium. Where available, data from epidemiologic studies are analyzed and summarized. The clinical management of periodontal patients using illegal drugs is reported in a comprehensive approach inclusive of the detection of illicit drug users, screening, interviewing and counseling, the referral to treatment, and the dental and periodontal management. With regard to the impact of illegal substance use on periodontal conditions, there is moderate evidence that regular long-term use of cannabis is a risk factor for periodontal disease, manifesting as a loss of periodontal attachment, deep pockets, recessions, and gingival enlargements. Limited evidence also shows that the use of cocaine can cause a series of gingival conditions that mostly presents as chemical induced-traumatic lesions (application of cocaine on the gingiva) or necrotizing ulcerative lesions. There is a scarcity of data regarding the impact of other drug use on periodontal health. There is evidence to suggest that regular long-term use of cannabis is a risk factor for periodontal disease and that the use of cocaine can cause a series of periodontal conditions. The dental treatment of subjects that use illegal substances is becoming more common in the daily clinical practice of periodontists and other dental clinicians. When the clinicians encounter such patients, it is essential to manage their addiction properly taking into consideration the impact of it on comprehensive dental treatment. Further studies and clinical observations are required to obtain sound and definitive information.

Topics: Cannabis; Cocaine; Gingiva; Hallucinogens; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontium

To assess the periodontal status in cannabis smokers in comparison with non-cannabis smokers.. Electronic databases were searched as well as hand searches performed. Eligible studies followed the Population Exposure Comparison Outcome Study (PECOS) structure: P: dentate humans, E: cannabis smoking, C: non-cannabis smoking, O: Primary outcomes: periodontitis case definition, clinical attachment loss, probing depth; Secondary outcomes: bleeding on probing/ gingival inflammation, plaque index and calculus; S: observational studies. Qualitative analyses of the studies were done. The quality of cohort studies was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and cross-sectional studies were assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale.. 2661 records were screened, of which 14 articles were included. Data from a cohort study showed that highly exposed participants were at higher risk of clinical attachment loss progression. Six cross-sectional studies reported worse gingival or periodontal conditions in cannabis smokers. Nevertheless, one did not find such association, neither did three case series. Three studies were of high, two of moderate and six were of low quality.. Based on the available data, frequent cannabis smoking could be detrimental for periodontal tissues and this could be dose-dependent. Studies including long-term cannabis smokers, and stratified for periodontal disease etiologic factors and risk factors/indicators are needed.

Topics: Cannabis; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Smokers

Recent studies have shown that there is also biological plausibility for a possible relationship between periodontal disease and Cannabis use, thus the aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of Cannabis is associated with periodontitis. Electronic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, ISI-Web of Science, BVS-Virtual health library and Scielo without restrictions. Search strategy was performed using relevant keywords considering the structure of each database. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies that investigated the association between the use of Cannabis and periodontal disease were included. Meta-analyses and sensitivity analysis were conducted. A total of 143 records were found in the initial searches and five articles were included in the systematic review, being four studies included in the meta-analysis. Overall, 13 491 individuals were included, of which 49.5% were males. Three of included studies investigated the relationship between cannabis and periodontal disease in adults and the other two studies were performed in adolescents. A positive association was observed between the use of cannabis and periodontitis (PR 1.12 CI 95% [1.06-1.19]) with 19.0% of heterogeneity. The analysis of sensibility showed that none study influenced the results enough to change the pooled estimate. Regarding to the quality assessment, all studies presented high quality. The results of systematic review and meta-analyses demonstrate that the use of Cannabis is associated with a higher prevalence of periodontitis.

Topics: Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Marijuana Smoking; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis

Drug use for both therapeutic and recreational purposes is very widespread in most societies. The range of drugs used, the variations in response to these drugs and other health and behavioral confounders mean that drug use may be an important contributor to individualized periodontal diagnoses. In this narrative review, we review the main reported effects of drugs on the periodontal tissues and periodontal disease processes. Although some of the more common adverse drug reactions on periodontal tissues are well described, in many other cases the evidence for these drug effects is quite limited and based on small case series or isolated reports. Prescription drugs are responsible for a range of effects, including drug-induced gingival overgrowth and increased gingival bleeding, and influence periodontal inflammation and periodontal breakdown. The effects of recreational drugs on the periodontal tissues is less well researched, perhaps for the obvious reason that assembling large cohorts of recreational drug users presents particular challenges. Use of nearly all of these substances is associated with poorer periodontal and dental health, although there is almost certainly a large degree of behavioral confounding in these findings. Overall, further studies of adverse drug reactions on the periodontal tissues are required as this continues to be an important and increasing factor in periodontal health determination.

Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antineoplastic Agents; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cannabis; Contraceptives, Oral; Cyclosporine; Diphosphonates; Gingiva; Gingival Overgrowth; Hallucinogens; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Illicit Drugs; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammation; Methadone; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Periodontium; Phenytoin; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Tropanes

Topics: Cannabis; Humans; Periodontal Diseases

Topics: Analgesics; Cannabis; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Prevalence