humulene and Neurodevelopmental-Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Brain; Cannabis; Child; Child, Preschool; Dronabinol; Endocannabinoids; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Humans; Infant; Lactation; Lipase; Male; Marijuana Smoking; Maternal Exposure; Mice; Milk, Human; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurotransmitter Agents; Paternal Exposure; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Species Specificity; Young Adult

Neurodevelopmental exposure to psychoactive compounds in cannabis, specifically THC, is associated with a variety of long-term psychopathological outcomes. This increased risk includes a higher prevalence of schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, and cognitive impairments. Clinical and pre-clinical research continues to identify a wide array of underlying neuropathophysiological sequelae and mechanisms that may underlie THC-related psychiatric risk vulnerability, particularly following adolescent cannabis exposure. A common theme among these studies is the ability of developmental THC exposure to induce long-term adaptations in the mesocorticolimbic system which resemble pathological endophenotypes associated with these disorders. This narrative review will summarize recent clinical and pre-clinical evidence that has elucidated these THC-induced developmental risk factors and examine how specific pharmacotherapeutic interventions may serve to reverse or perhaps prevent these cannabis-related risk outcomes.

Topics: Animals; Cannabis; Dronabinol; GABA Agents; Humans; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Psychology, Adolescent

To help obstetric care providers, including family physicians, nurse practitioners, midwives, and obstetricians, educate patients on the risks of cannabis use in pregnancy and postpartum and its relationship to nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.. The Ovid MEDLINE database was searched using the MeSH terms. In utero exposure to cannabis has been associated with long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes that persist into young adulthood. Cannabis should not be used to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and its chronic use might lead to the development of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.. There is no known safe level of cannabis use during pregnancy or lactation. Pregnant women should be counseled regarding the risks of in utero exposure and encouraged to abstain from use in pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

Topics: Cannabis; Child; Child, Preschool; Dronabinol; Female; Humans; Hyperemesis Gravidarum; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Marijuana Use; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult

Cannabis exposure during critical windows of development may have intergenerational physiological consequences disrupting epigenetic programming and marks. This review examines the literature relating to pre-gestational and prenatal cannabinoid exposure and its effect on genes and molecular pathways related to the development of psychiatric disease.. Developmental cannabis exposure alters epigenetic processes with functional gene consequences. These include potentially heritable alterations in genes and molecular pathways critical for brain development and associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, addiction, and other psychiatric diseases. Cannabis consumption and mental health illness in adolescents and young adults are increasing in the United States (U.S.), and recent studies suggest that cannabis consumption during critical periods of brain development could contribute to mental health illness through epigenetic mechanisms. These findings warrant future studies and consideration by regulators and health communicators.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Child; Epigenesis, Genetic; Epigenomics; Female; Humans; Male; Maternal Exposure; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Young Adult

The effect of prenatal marijuana exposure (PME) on child neurodevelopment remains poorly understood. Prior studies have demonstrated inconsistent results.. This study evaluated the association between PME and neuropsychological test scores in late childhood and early adulthood, accounting for a wide range of parental characteristics.. This study evaluated participants from the Raine Study, a cohort of 2868 children born between 1989 and 1992. Children whose mothers provided information on marijuana use during pregnancy were included. The primary outcome was the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF) at age 10. Secondary outcomes included the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development (MAND), Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM), Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT) and Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) scores. Exposed and unexposed children were matched by propensity score using optimal full matching. Missing covariate data were imputed using multiple imputation. Inverse probability of censoring weighting (IPCW) was used to adjust for missing outcome data. Linear regression within matched sets, adjusted by IPCW, evaluated score differences between exposed and unexposed children. As a secondary analysis, modified Poisson regression, adjusted by match weights and IPCW, evaluated the risk of clinical deficit in each outcome following PME.. Of the 2804 children in this cohort, 285 (10.2%) had PME. After optimal full matching and IPCW, exposed children scored similarly on CELF Total (-0.33 points, 95% confidence interval [CI] -4.71, 4.05), Receptive (+0.65 points, 95% CI -4.08, 5.38) or Expressive (-0.53 points, 95% CI -5.07, 4.02). PME was not associated with secondary outcomes or risks of clinical deficit in any neuropsychological assessments.. After adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical covariates, PME was not associated with worse neuropsychological test scores at age 10 or autistic traits at 19-20.

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Child; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Mothers; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Neuropsychological Tests; Pregnancy; Propensity Score

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), social-emotional impairments (SEIs), and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are frequent in psychiatric disorders, including substance-use disorders. We aimed to determine the prevalence of ACE, SEI, or ND in individuals with cannabis-use disorder (CUD). We compared individuals with preCUD-onset ACE, SEI, or ND to those without.. We crosssectionally studied 323 inpatients or outpatients with a history of past or current CUD, aged 12-35 years (mean age 22.94 ± 4.79), 64.5% of whom were male. The sample was divided into two groups: the non-premorbid (N = 52) and the premorbid ACE/SEI/ND group (N = 271). Within the premorbid group, further subgroups were based on ACEs, SEI, and NDs. We also analyzed other substance use and psychiatric symptoms/diagnoses based on the non-premorbid-premorbid dichotomy in the CUD sample.. Pre-CUD ACE-SEI-ND had higher prevalence of bipolar, schizoaffective, borderline personality, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, and a history of agitation, hallucinations, and self-injury. The ACE group had higher rates of agitation, depression, delusions, hallucinations, eating disorders, and use of cocaine, amphetamines, and hallucinogens than the SEI or ND. Patients in the premorbid group initiated cannabis use at an earlier age, experienced the first comorbid psychiatric episode earlier, and were hospitalized earlier than those in the non- premorbid ACE-SEI-ND group.. PreCUD-onset ACE, SEI, or ND conditions in individuals with CUDare linked to earlier onset of comorbid mental illness. Furthermore, ACEs contribute to significant and potentially severe clinical symptoms, as well as the use of substances other than cannabis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Adverse Childhood Experiences; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult

Cannabis use in pregnancy has increased

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Canada; Cannabis; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Young Adult

Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in pregnancy, and the prevalence of use during pregnancy is increasing in the United States. Although much of the existing research investigating marijuana use in pregnancy is limited by study design and confounding factors, a growing accumulation of data suggests adverse outcomes. Studies have identified associations with decreased birth weight, increased spontaneous preterm birth, and impaired neurodevelopment among children and adults with in utero exposure. Moderate concentrations of marijuana have also been identified in breast milk. Due to these findings, multiple professional societies have issued clear statements against marijuana use during pregnancy and lactation.

Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Breast Feeding; Cannabis; Child; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Lactation; Marijuana Smoking; Marijuana Use; Maternal Exposure; Milk, Human; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnant Women; Premature Birth; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; United States