humulene and Hallucinations

Cannabis use is on the rise both as medical treatment and recreational use. There is evidence that cannabis can cause hallucinations and psychosis especially with heavy and prolonged use. Parkinson's disease (PD) carries an increased risk for development of hallucinations and psychosis. It is possible that cannabis may exacerbate this risk and result in earlier and greater amounts of hallucinations and psychosis in this vulnerable population. A literature review was performed to determine the answer to that question. Two articles were found which listed the incidence of hallucinations and delusions during the use of cannabis in PD patients. 21.3% or 10 out of 47 patients reported development of hallucinations while treated with cannabis and 2.8% developed delusions. While these numbers are within the range of prevalence of hallucinations and psychosis in PD, the number of studies and patients evaluated are too small to make any definite conclusions pointing to the need for more research in this area.

Topics: Cannabis; Delusions; Hallucinations; Humans; Parkinson Disease; Psychotic Disorders

The purpose of this review is to heighten the awareness of the increased use and risks of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) and associated clinical manifestations among adolescents and young adults.. Reviewed case studies suggest that the use of SCs have unpredictable negative psychological and physiological effects. Predominant manifestations reported were anxiety, agitation, paranoia, hallucinations, tachycardia, nausea and vomiting, and diaphoresis.. Nurses provide the most direct and supportive care to patients who present for medical treatment after the use of SCs. Knowledge of clinical manifestations can facilitate supportive management of patients suspected of SCs use.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anxiety; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Male; Nausea; Paranoid Disorders; Pediatric Nursing; Psychomotor Agitation; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Tachycardia; Vomiting; Young Adult

This article is a review of the principal drug-induced psychiatric symptoms that are likely to be encountered in daily clinical practice as a result of drug abuse, overdoses or side effects of drugs prescribed for treatment. Many categories of medication have the potential to produce psychiatric symptoms, but antitubercular drugs, hypotensive agents and steroids have the highest incidence in clinical practice. Additionally, the problems of alcohol are all too frequently overlooked. The variety and frequency of secondary psychiatric symptoms which may be drug-related emphasise the importance of a careful consideration of all drugs taken by a patient with psychiatric complaints, to determine causal association with symptoms.

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Amphetamines; Analgesics; Antihypertensive Agents; Antiparkinson Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Barbiturates; Bromides; Cannabis; Cocaine; Hallucinations; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mental Disorders; Parasympatholytics; Psychotropic Drugs; Steroids; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

This paper stresses the need for an early definition and description of the "deviant" cannabis smoker in North America. Attention is called to the fact that on this continent heavy smokers have not yet been separated as "problem" users from other smokers.A comprehensive review of possible psychological adverse effects of the drug is made. The following classification is suggested: a) Severe intoxications, b) Pathological intoxications, c) Acute cannabis psychoses, d) Subacute and chronic cannabis psychoses and e) Residual conditions.

Topics: Cannabis; Depersonalization; Depression; Discrimination, Psychological; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hallucinations; Humans; Memory; Motor Skills; Paranoid Disorders; Perception; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Thinking

Topics: Cannabis; Hallucinations; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Military Medicine; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders; Vietnam

Topics: Cannabis; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mescaline; Social Medicine

Marihuana or placebo cigarettes were smoked by 12 subjects in two environments, one "favorable" and one "neutral". The object was to determine the contribution of setting to the effects reported from the drug. Two quantifiable self-report measurements, the linear euphoriant scale and the card-sort version of the Addiction Research Center Inventory (marihuana and hallucinogen scales), were the major reporting criteria. Analyses of variance consistently demonstrated strong effects for subjects and drug but not for the environmental conditions. Reports of marihuana effects may be assumed to be highly colored by psychological differences in the mental set of subjects, or biological variations in their responses to the drug. The actual environment in which the drug is taken seems to play little, if any, role.

Topics: Blood Pressure; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dronabinol; Environment; Euphoria; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Placebos; Pulse; Self-Assessment; Time Factors

Moreau de Tours's classical studies about haschisch had pointed out to a rich symptomatology: visual and auditive hallucinations preceded by the "primordial effect": "the dissociation of ideas". This delirious state was assimilated to dream. Modern studies, conducted with Delta-9-THC, in healthy voluntaries, again suggest the comparison or even the identity of the modifications caused by cannabis with sleep and dream. 10 mg of Delta-9-THC was absorbed in sesame oil by the voluntaries, and all of them presented disturbances of their vigilance, changes of their mood, now with euphoris and now with dysphoria, and slight psycho-sensorial alterations. The voluntaries EEG showed important and specific individual reactivity. Three subjects presented an arousal tendency, three other a greater towards sleep. Slight morphological changes have appeared, such as desynchronised periods, rapid shifts between I A, I B, II stages of sleep or an hypovariable I B stage of sedation with period of occular movements resembling to REM-stage.

Topics: Adult; Affect; Attention; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cognition Disorders; Confusion; Dreams; Dronabinol; Electroencephalography; Euphoria; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Intelligence; Male; Middle Aged; Perceptual Disorders; Personality Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anxiety; Attention; Behavior; Blood Pressure; Body Temperature; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Depersonalization; Depression; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dronabinol; Euphoria; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Memory; Placebos; Pulse; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anesthetics; Cannabis; Color Perception; Consciousness; Cyclohexanes; Depersonalization; Diazepam; Dreams; Female; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Ketamine; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Middle Aged; Vomiting

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Auditory Perception; Benzopyrans; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cocaine; Depersonalization; Euphoria; Hallucinations; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Placebos; Psychopharmacology; Pulse; Smoking; Stereoisomerism; Visual Perception

Psychosis expression in the general population may reflect a behavioral manifestation of the risk for psychotic disorder. It can be conceptualized as an interconnected system of psychotic and affective experiences; a so-called 'symptom network'. Differences in demographics, as well as exposure to adversities and risk factors, may produce substantial heterogeneity in symptom networks, highlighting potential etiological divergence in psychosis risk.. To explore this idea in a data-driven way, we employed a novel recursive partitioning approach in the 2007 English National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity (. Sex was the primary source of heterogeneity in symptom networks. Additional heterogeneity was explained by interpersonal trauma (. Symptom networks of psychosis expression in the general population are highly heterogeneous. The structure of symptom networks seems to reflect distinct sex-related adversities, etiologies, and mechanisms of symptom-expression. Disentangling the complex interplay of sex, minority ethnic group status, and other risk factors may help optimize early intervention and prevention strategies in psychosis.

Topics: Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Cannabis; Child; Ethnicity; Female; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Psychotic Disorders; Sexual Behavior

Cannabis has been associated with poorer mental health, but little is known of the effect of synthetic cannabinoids or cannabidiol (often referred to as CBD).. To investigate associations of cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids and cannabidiol with mental health in adolescence.. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis with 13- to 14-year-old adolescents across England and Wales in 2019-2020. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the association of lifetime use of cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids and cannabidiol with self-reported symptoms of probable depression, anxiety, conduct disorder and auditory hallucinations.. Of the 6672 adolescents who participated, 5.2% reported using of cannabis, 1.9% reported using cannabidiol and 0.6% reported using synthetic cannabinoids. After correction for multiple testing, adolescents who had used these substances were significantly more likely to report a probable depressive, anxiety or conduct disorder, as well as auditory hallucinations, than those who had not. Adjustment for socioeconomic disadvantage had little effect on associations, but weekly tobacco use resulted in marked attenuation of associations. The association of cannabis use with probable anxiety and depressive disorders was weaker in those who reported using cannabidiol than those who did not. There was little evidence of an interaction between synthetic cannabinoids and cannabidiol.. To our knowledge, this study provides the first general population evidence that synthetic cannabinoids and cannabidiol are associated with probable mental health disorders in adolescence. These associations require replication, ideally with prospective cohorts and stronger study designs.

Topics: Adolescent; Cannabidiol; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Hallucinations; Humans; Mental Health; Prospective Studies; United Kingdom

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), social-emotional impairments (SEIs), and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are frequent in psychiatric disorders, including substance-use disorders. We aimed to determine the prevalence of ACE, SEI, or ND in individuals with cannabis-use disorder (CUD). We compared individuals with preCUD-onset ACE, SEI, or ND to those without.. We crosssectionally studied 323 inpatients or outpatients with a history of past or current CUD, aged 12-35 years (mean age 22.94 ± 4.79), 64.5% of whom were male. The sample was divided into two groups: the non-premorbid (N = 52) and the premorbid ACE/SEI/ND group (N = 271). Within the premorbid group, further subgroups were based on ACEs, SEI, and NDs. We also analyzed other substance use and psychiatric symptoms/diagnoses based on the non-premorbid-premorbid dichotomy in the CUD sample.. Pre-CUD ACE-SEI-ND had higher prevalence of bipolar, schizoaffective, borderline personality, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, and a history of agitation, hallucinations, and self-injury. The ACE group had higher rates of agitation, depression, delusions, hallucinations, eating disorders, and use of cocaine, amphetamines, and hallucinogens than the SEI or ND. Patients in the premorbid group initiated cannabis use at an earlier age, experienced the first comorbid psychiatric episode earlier, and were hospitalized earlier than those in the non- premorbid ACE-SEI-ND group.. PreCUD-onset ACE, SEI, or ND conditions in individuals with CUDare linked to earlier onset of comorbid mental illness. Furthermore, ACEs contribute to significant and potentially severe clinical symptoms, as well as the use of substances other than cannabis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Adverse Childhood Experiences; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult

Topics: Cannabis; Delusions; Hallucinations; Humans; Students

Cannabis use characteristics, such as earlier initiation and frequent use, have been associated with an increased risk for developing psychotic experiences and psychotic disorders. However, little is known how these characteristics relate to specific aspects of sub-clinical psychopathology in the general population. Here, we explore the relationships between cannabis use characteristics and psychopathology in a large general population sample (N = 2,544, mean age 29.2 years, 47% women) by employing a network approach. This allows for the identification of unique associations between two cannabis use characteristics (lifetime cumulative frequency of cannabis use, age of cannabis use initiation), and specific psychotic experiences and affective symptoms, while controlling for early risk factors (childhood trauma, urban upbringing). We found particularly pronounced unique positive associations between frequency of cannabis use and specific delusional experiences (persecutory delusions and thought broadcasting). Age of cannabis use initiation was negatively related to visual hallucinatory experiences and irritability, implying that these experiences become more likely the earlier use is initiated. Earlier initiation, but not lifetime frequency of cannabis use, was related to early risk factors. These findings suggest that cannabis use characteristics may contribute differentially to risk for specific psychotic experiences and affective symptoms in the general population.

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Delusions; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Psychopathology; Psychotic Disorders

Cannabis products that contain the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabinoid are emerging as promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of medical conditions such as chronic pain. THC elicits psychoactive effects through modulation of dopaminergic neurons, thereby altering levels of dopamine in the brain. This case report highlights the complexity associated with medicinal cannabis and the health risks associated with its use. A 57-year-old male with Parkinson's disease was experiencing worsening tremors and vivid hallucinations despite therapy optimization attempts. It was discovered that the patient took cannabis for chronic back pain, and a pharmacogenomics (PGx) test indicated the presence of variants for the

Topics: Cannabis; Dopamine Agents; Dronabinol; Hallucinations; Humans; Middle Aged; Parkinson Disease

Adolescents have access to a wide range of cannabis products with patterns of use becoming increasingly diverse. This study aimed to identify subgroups of adolescents in the general population who use similar types of cannabis and their association with psychotic experiences. Data on cannabis use were obtained from 467 adolescents aged between 16 and 17 years. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified groups of adolescents based on the type of cannabis used in the past 12 months. Univariate analysis explored differences in socio-demographics, substance use and mental health symptoms between groups. Multivariate analysis examined associations between class membership and psychotic experiences controlling for frequency and amount of cannabis. Finally, we explored the association between motives for cannabis and class membership using multi-nominal logistic regression. LCA identified 3 classes of adolescents: (i) herbal only (47.9%); (ii) skunk only (20.8%) and (3) mixed use (31.3%). Relative to non-users, skunk only use was associated with a 2-fold increase in paranoia (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.29-4.63), along with, sleep disturbance and anxiety. Monthly cannabis use and consuming 2 or more joints on one occasion was associated with a 2-fold increase in hallucinations (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.0-4.8 and OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.2-3.2), but did not reach the Bonferroni corrected p-value. Expansion and conformity motives differentiated the mixed cannabis class from the herbal only class. The findings suggest that different subgroups of cannabis users exist in adolescence as defined by the type of cannabis consumed and are differentially related to psychotic experiences and motives for use.

Topics: Adolescent; Cannabis; Cognition; Hallucinations; Humans; Latent Class Analysis; Paranoid Disorders

Cannabis is known to produce acute, transient psychotic-like experiences. However, it is unclear whether cannabis disproportionately increases the risk of specific types of psychotic experiences and whether genetic predisposition influences the relationship between cannabis use and psychotic experiences. In this cross-sectional study of 109,308 UK Biobank participants, we examined how schizophrenia polygenic risk modulates the association between self-reported cannabis use and four types of self-reported psychotic experiences (auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, persecutory delusions, and delusions of reference). Cohort-wide, we found a strong, dose-dependent relationship between cannabis use and all four types of psychotic experiences, especially persecutory delusions. Cannabis users' psychotic experiences tended to be earlier-onset and cause greater distress than non-users', but were not more likely to lead to help-seeking. Participants with high schizophrenia polygenic risk scores showed stronger associations between cannabis use and auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, and delusions of reference, as well as psychotic experiences overall. For instance, cannabis ever-use was associated with 67% greater adjusted odds of delusions of reference among individuals in the top fifth of polygenic risk, but only 7% greater adjusted odds among the bottom fifth. Our results suggest that cannabis use is a predictive risk factor for psychotic experiences, including early-onset and distressing experiences. Individuals genetically predisposed to schizophrenia may be especially vulnerable to psychotic experiences as a result of using cannabis, supporting a long-postulated hypothesis. This study exemplifies the utility of population-scale biobanks for elucidating gene-by-environment interactions relating substance use to neuropsychiatric outcomes and points to the translational potential of using polygenic risk scores to inform personalized harm reduction interventions.

Topics: Biological Specimen Banks; Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Delusions; Hallucinations; Humans; Psychotic Disorders; Risk Factors; Schizophrenia; United Kingdom

Emerging data suggest cannabis use is a component cause of psychotic disorders; however, the sequence of processes accounting for this association is poorly understood. Some clues have come from studies in laboratory settings showing that acute cannabis intoxication is associated with subclinical hallucinations and delusional thinking, i.e., "psychotic experiences". Although psychotic experiences are relatively common, those that are severe and distressing are linked to an increased risk of developing a psychotic disorder. This study aimed to investigate the association between the frequency of cannabis use and psychotic experiences in young adults.. 1034 U.S. college students completed questionnaires to assess: cannabis use in the past week, delusional ideation (Peters Delusions Inventory), hallucinations (Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale-Extended), and depression (Beck Depression Inventory).. Participants reporting higher rates of weekly cannabis use were more likely to report hallucinatory experiences and delusional ideation. The relationship between cannabis use and hallucinatory experiences, but not the relationship between cannabis use and delusional ideation, remained significant after controlling for levels of depression. Moreover, those who reported greater amounts of cannabis use had more distressing delusional ideas, that were held with more conviction.. Cannabis use is linked to the presence of subclinical hallucinations and delusional ideation in U.S. college students.

Topics: Cannabis; Delusions; Hallucinations; Humans; Psychotic Disorders; Students; Young Adult

Cannabis, the most widely used illicit drug, can induce hallucinations. Our understanding of the biology of cannabis-induced hallucinations (Ca-HL) is limited. We used the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA) to identify cannabis-induced hallucinations (Ca-HL) among long-term cannabis users (used cannabis ≥1 year and ≥100 times). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted by analyzing European Americans (EAs) and African Americans (AAs) in Yale-Penn 1 and 2 cohorts individually, then meta-analyzing the two cohorts within population. In the meta-analysis of Yale-Penn EAs (n = 1917), one genome-wide significant (GWS) signal emerged at the CHRM3 locus, represented by rs115455482 (P = 1.66 × 10

Topics: Alleles; Animals; Black or African American; Cannabis; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genome-Wide Association Study; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Mice; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Receptor, Muscarinic M3; White People

Currently, an unprecedented number of individuals can legally access cannabis. Vaporization is increasingly popular as a method to self-administer cannabis, partly due to perception of reduced harm compared with smoking. Few controlled laboratory studies of cannabis have used vaporization as a delivery method or evaluated the acute effects of cannabis among infrequent cannabis users. This study compared the concentrations of cannabinoids in whole blood and oral fluid after administration of smoked and vaporized cannabis in healthy adults who were infrequent users of cannabis. Seventeen healthy adults, with no past-month cannabis use, self-administered smoked or vaporized cannabis containing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) doses of 0, 10 and 25 mg in six double-blind outpatient sessions. Whole blood and oral fluid specimens were obtained at baseline and for 8 h after cannabis administration. Cannabinoid concentrations were assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) methods. Sensitivity, specificity and agreement between ELISA and LC-MS-MS results were assessed. Subjective, cognitive performance and cardiovascular effects were assessed. The highest concentrations of cannabinoids in both whole blood and oral fluid were typically observed at the first time point (+10 min) after drug administration. In blood, THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH and THCCOOH-glucuronide concentrations were dose-dependent for both methods of administration, but higher following vaporization compared with smoking. THC was detected longer in oral fluid compared to blood and THCCOOH detection in oral fluid was rare and highly erratic. For whole blood, greater detection sensitivity for ELISA testing was observed in vaporized conditions. Conversely, for oral fluid, greater sensitivity was observed in smoked sessions. Blood and/or oral fluid cannabinoid concentrations were weakly to moderately correlated with pharmacodynamic outcomes. Cannabis pharmacokinetics vary by method of inhalation and biological matrix being tested. Vaporization appears to be a more efficient method of delivery compared with smoking.

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Chromatography, Liquid; Double-Blind Method; Dronabinol; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Marijuana Smoking; Osmolar Concentration; Psychotropic Drugs; Saliva; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Factors; Substance Abuse Detection; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Volatilization; Vomiting; Young Adult

Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Butanes; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Female; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Psychoses, Substance-Induced

Unintentional tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure in pediatric patients can present as altered mental status. Altered mental status in a pediatric patient often leads to invasive diagnostic testing.. The following cases describe 3 pediatric patients in Washington state who presented to a tertiary care children's hospital emergency department (ED) with altered mental status, later found to have urine toxicology screening positive for inactive THC metabolite (positive THC toxicology screen). Case 1 is a 6-year-old boy who presented with vomiting, lethargy, and hallucinations. Case 2 is a 5-year-old girl who presented with nausea, slurred speech, ataxia, and lethargy in the setting of a minor head injury. Case 3 is a 7-month-old boy who presented with vomiting and lethargy in the setting of a minor fall the day prior to ED evaluation. All children had extensive work-ups before the diagnosis was made; 2 were discharged home and 1 was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: As access to marijuana increases with growing legalization, it is important to be familiar with state marijuana legislation, to consider and ask families about access to marijuana products as a potential contributor to altered mental status, and to be aware of potential caretaker reluctance regarding disclosure of marijuana use secondary to perceived stigma. Maintaining awareness of the clinical effects of THC exposure in children may limit invasive testing in a hemodynamically stable child with altered mental status.

Topics: Accidents; Cannabis; Child; Child, Preschool; Consciousness Disorders; Diagnosis, Differential; Emergency Service, Hospital; Environmental Exposure; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Infant; Lethargy; Male; Nausea; Pediatrics

Cannabis users are more likely to have psychotic experiences (PEs). The degree to which these associations are driven by genetic or environmental influences in adolescence is unknown. This study estimated the genetic and environmental contributions to the relationship between cannabis use and PEs. Specific PEs were measured in a community-based twin sample (4830 16-year-old pairs) using self-reports and parent-reports. Adolescents reported on ever using cannabis. Multivariate liability threshold structural equation model-fitting was conducted. Cannabis use was significantly correlated with PEs. Modest heritability (37%), common environmental influences (55%) and unique environment (8%) were found for cannabis use. For PEs, modest heritability (27-54%), unique environmental influences (E=12-50%) and little common environmental influences (11-20%), with the exception of parent-rated Negative Symptoms (42%), were reported. Environmental influences explained all of the covariation between cannabis use and paranoia, cognitive disorganization and parent-rated negative symptoms (bivariate common environment=69-100%, bivariate unique environment=28-31%), whilst the relationship between cannabis use and hallucinations indicated familial influences. Cannabis use explains 2-5% of variance in positive, cognitive, and negative PEs. Cannabis use and psychotic experience co-occur due to environmental factors. Focus on specific environments may reveal why adolescent cannabis use and psychotic experiences tend to 'travel together'.

Topics: Adolescent; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Marijuana Smoking; Parents; Risk Factors; Self Report; Social Environment; Twins

The mechanism underneath the relationship between cannabis and psychosis remains controversial, for which several hypotheses have been proposed, including cannabis as self-medication and cannabis as a risk for the development of psychosis. The aim of this work was to study the relationship between cannabis and psychosis in first-episode psychosis cannabis users and non-users, and non-psychotic cannabis users. The age at the first psychotic episode, duration of untreated psychosis, psychopathology and reasons for cannabis use were assessed. First-episode psychosis cannabis users showed an earlier age at psychosis onset than non-user patients. No significant differences in symptomatology were found. The distinguishing reasons to use cannabis for patients with first-episode psychosis with respect to non-psychotic users were to arrange their thoughts and deal with hallucinations and suspiciousness. These findings are in agreement with both hypotheses: self-medication and secondary psychosis hypothesis. However, longitudinal prospective cohort studies assessing reasons for cannabis use are needed to investigate both hypotheses and their complementarity.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Prospective Studies; Psychopathology; Psychotic Disorders; Risk Factors; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Self Medication; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult

In the eastern Iran including Birjand and Greater Khorasan areas, a special traditional solid pie, locally called Majoon Birjandi (MB), is frequently abused by youngsters to induce a feel of high, special, euphoria, and energy. Cannabioid ingredients of this illicit solid lozenge are confirmed by clinical findings as well as positive urinary delta-q-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) test. Because of its solid nature, it is easily smuggled and stored for a long time. Due to its localized usage in the eastern Iran, diagnosis of MB abuse is not known to toxicologists even from other parts of this country. We would like to bring to the attention of the readers the effects and cannabioid composition of this concoction and present the potential recreational ingestion root of processed cannabis for the first time.

Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cannabis; Cognition Disorders; Drug Overdose; Eating; Hallucinations; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Iran; Panic Disorder

Epidemiological evidence suggests a link between cannabis use and psychosis. A variety of factors have been proposed to mediate an individual's vulnerability to the harmful effects of the drug, one of which is their psychosis proneness. We hypothesized that highly psychosis-prone individuals would report more marked psychotic experiences under the acute influence of cannabis.. A group of cannabis users (n=140) completed the Psychotomimetic States Inventory (PSI) once while acutely intoxicated and again when free of cannabis. A control group (n=144) completed the PSI on two parallel test days. All participants also completed a drug history and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Highly psychosis-prone individuals from both groups were then compared with individuals scoring low on psychosis proneness by taking those in each group scoring above and below the upper and lower quartiles using norms for the SPQ.. Smoking cannabis in a naturalistic setting reliably induced marked increases in psychotomimetic symptoms. Consistent with predictions, highly psychosis-prone individuals experienced enhanced psychotomimetic states following acute cannabis use.. These findings suggest that an individual's response to acute cannabis and their psychosis-proneness scores are related and both may be markers of vulnerability to the harmful effects of this drug.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Cannabis; Case-Control Studies; Female; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Middle Aged; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychotic Disorders; United Kingdom; Young Adult

Schizophrenia, intoxication with tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-THC), and cannabis psychosis induce characteristic time and space distortions suggesting a common psychotic dysfunction. Since genetic research into schizophrenia has led into disappointing dead ends, the present study is focusing on this phenotype. It is shown that information theory can account for the dynamical basis of higher sensorimotor information processing and consciousness under physiologic as well as pathologic conditions. If Kolmogorov entropy (inherent in the processing of action and time) breaks down in acute psychosis, it is predicted that Shannon entropy (inherent in the processing of higher dimensional perception) will increase, provoking positive symptoms and altered states of consciousness. In the search for candidate genes and the protection of vulnerable individuals from cannabis abuse, non-linear EEG analysis of Kolmogorov information could thus present us with a novel diagnostic tool to directly assess the breakdown of information processing in schizophrenia.

Topics: Cannabis; Consciousness Disorders; Dronabinol; Entropy; Hallucinations; Humans; Information Theory; Mental Processes; Models, Psychological; Phenotype; Psychotic Disorders; Quantum Theory; Schizophrenic Psychology; Self Concept; Space Perception; Time Perception; Volition

Topics: Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Paranoid Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Violence

Topics: Adult; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Drug Overdose; Female; Food Contamination; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Middle Aged; Panic Disorder; Poisoning

Topics: Adult; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Middle Aged; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology

One hundred regular marijuana users volunteered to be extensively interviewed in 1968-1970, and 97 were located and reinterviewed 6 to 8 years later. As part of each interview the subjects filled out a checklist review of 105 effects of marijuana. This report focuses on the differential patterns of effects found at the two time intervals. Scores on groupings of items were examined for changes over time. Reports of sensory and hallucinatory items dropped substantially. Reports of appetite effects, sex effects, and intoxication effects on sleep remained stable. Reports of cognitive effects, mood effects, and aftereffects on sleep appeared to be shifting from desirable to undesirable, with the frequency of desirable effects dropping while frequency of undesirable effects remained the same.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Cannabis; Cognition; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Nervous System Diseases; Psychomotor Performance; Sensation; Sexual Behavior; Sleep

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Brain Diseases; Cannabis; Cognition Disorders; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Paranoid Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Phencyclidine; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Substance-Related Disorders

66 juvenile drug-consumers--development-crises (32%), neurotic developments (30%), abnormal juvenile personalities (38%) - with a predominantly polytoxicomanic drug-anamnesis of several years are examined as to their suicidal development. The quantitative and qualitative progression of drug-abuse, the duration of drug-anamnesis, frequent broken-home-situations, grave educational deficiencies together with lacking possibilities of identification, a distinct social decline and chronic conflict-situations indicate the serious degree of the suicidal development. Different suicidal syndromes are worked out which in the form of death-phantasies or suicidal thoughts and horror trips directly derive from drug-abuse or are accompanied and reinforced by a continuous and frequently increasing drug-consumption, and which extend from an increase in depressive irritations, further psychological disturbances and personality changes, doubts about one's personal value and a sense of guilt to the "sickness of death".

Topics: Adjustment Disorders; Adult; Alcoholism; Attitude to Death; Bipolar Disorder; Cannabis; Conflict, Psychological; Divorce; Fantasy; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Identity Crisis; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Personality Disorders; Sexual Behavior; Social Behavior Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicide, Attempted; Time Factors

During the period 1971-1973, it was found that 53 out of 91 young drug abusers in a psychiatric hospital had experienced flashbacks. This applied to as many as 50 out of the 65 patients who had used LSD, but also to abusers of organic solvents and cannabis. As many as 38% of the patients were found to be severely incapacitated by their flashbacks. On a personal follow-up 1 1/2-4 years after the first therapeutic contact, 35 patients were still troubled by flashbacks. On the whole reactions were less intense than at the time of the first contact. No relation between the flashbacks and protracted psychotic development could be established. The overall clinical and social course was worse for patients with flashbacks than for the rest of the population. Patients still bothered by flashbacks used drugs and alcohol as sedatives to a greater extent than the rest.

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Employment; Ethanol; Follow-Up Studies; Hallucinations; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Substance-Related Disorders

A subsample was drawn from an earlier collection of data in order to answer a number of questions related to "acid" (LSD, STP) flashbacks. Acid users who reported flashbacks also reported significantly more marijuana use than those who did not; the two groups did not differ on use of other drugs, including acid. Simple correlations and multiple regression analyses both showed extent of marijuana use to be the only drug variable significantly related to acid flashbacks. No optimal combination of marijuana and acid improved flashback prediction. Among acid users, correlations between amounts of use for various drugs were high and significant, excepting only the marijuana-acid correlation.

Topics: Amphetamines; Cannabis; DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine; Hallucinations; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Substance-Related Disorders

By introducing the definition "hallucinosis" (Wernicke) it has become possible to confine the psychoses of organic origin more closely. Therefore, this term should also be used in pediatry and pedopsychiatry in order to designate cases with corresponding clinical aspects. Thus, accordance to the phenomenological characteristics of such syndromes as described in this paper, it is justified to emphasize that the acute hallucinosis in children is a special type of disease as compared to other psychoses caused by exogenic influences in this age group. The 10 case reports deal with visual hallucinoses which turned out to be characteristically different compared to those in adults. Hallucinating children at the age of 3 to 9 years predominantly visualized animals and legendary beings. Contrary to findings in adults, scenic and systematized visions were scarcely noticed, which psychodevelopmentally may be attributed to the fact that creative power in children is still little pronounced. Etiologically intoxications and infectious diseases were the cause for the visual hallucinations of the 10 children described. In the development of visual hallucinations somatic and psychic factors are significant. They have been discussed on the basis of today's knowledge. As today, however, there exists no satisfactory theory concerning the conditions favoring the development of hallucinations. To explain the somatogenesis of visual hallucinations three theories have been outlined, based on the present neurophysiological findings. It has been worked out that especially in children emotion plays an essential role in the origin of hallucinations. In infancy and early school age, while rational control of reality is still suppressed to a great extent, domination of emotional life goes along with lack of differentiation. At the same time the difference between imagination and perception is still little precise; therefore, phenomena, impressing as hallucinations in the adult, occur with greater facility in children.

Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Atropine; Benzydamine; Biperiden; Cannabis; Child; Child Psychiatry; Child, Preschool; Encephalitis; Female; Fenfluramine; Fever; Hallucinations; Humans; Infant; Male; Measles; Mumps; Poisoning

There is an increasing occurrence of drug-intoxications in infancy, thus psychopathological changes due to intoxication also occur more frequently in children. 6 children were described with cases of acute and reversible toxic psychoses whose--mainly visual--hallucinations together with conditions of excitation and hyperactivity were the most striking features of the psychopathological picture; in contrast to the more frequent delirious confusion (delirium) disturbances of consciousness and orientation were missing. The phenomenological characteristics of halucinosis in children-a condition so far not specified in the case of infants and children-have been elaborated with regard to other psychotic phenomena during infancy and adult age. Relevant neurophysiological and psychodevelopmental findings lead to the following four theorems: 1. Drugs with hallucinotic effects facilitate the occurrence of "internal" pictures independent of external perceptions which are described phenomenologically as hallucinations. This theory is based on the fact that hallucinogenic drugs intensify the electrical potentials which are evoked by optic stimulation in the visual area, while an intracortical impulse propagation is inhibited. 2. A change in emotion either caused by situation or by exogenous or endogenous factors facilitates the development of hallucinations, especially if emotions dominate to such a degree that rational control of reality is being suppressed. Since hallucinogenic drugs exert their effects not only on the sensory system but also on brain structures which influence directly or indirectly emotional functions, hallucinations might also be evoked via this mechanism. 3. Brain stem has-apart from its importance in emotional processes-a filter effect and a controlling function of sensoric stimuli originating in the periphery. Hallucinogenic drugs can influence this screening function and have a disinhibitory effect which cause an inundation of the brain cortex by sensoric stimuli which again facilitate hallucinations. 4. The neurophysiological actions discussed above which are caused by intoxications have a synergistic effect together with the psycho-developmental facts relevant to infancy. This synergism can explain the frequent occurrence of fever hallucinoses as well as the fact that agents primarily not hallucinogenic as e.g. benzydamine can also cause hallucinations in infancy.

Topics: Affective Symptoms; Atropine; Benzydamine; Cannabis; Child; Child, Preschool; Delusions; Female; Fenfluramine; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Infant; Limbic System; Male; Metoclopramide; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Pyrazoles; Visual Cortex

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Autistic Disorder; Cannabis; Delusions; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Psychotropic Drugs; Recurrence; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Language; Schizophrenic Psychology; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Consciousness; Dronabinol; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Placebos; Sensory Deprivation; Surveys and Questionnaires

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Anxiety; Cannabis; Child; Child Development; Child Psychiatry; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Female; Hallucinations; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Meprobamate; Neurocognitive Disorders; Phenols; Prognosis; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Norway; Psychotic Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors

Topics: Brain; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Drug Evaluation; Hallucinations; Humans; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Brain; Cannabis; Cocaine; Emotions; Female; Hallucinations; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Libido; Male; Memory Disorders; Perceptual Disorders; Phytotherapy; Psychophysiology; Religion; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adult; Aggression; Blood Pressure; Cannabis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electromyography; Eyelids; Hallucinations; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Phytotherapy; Pupil; Reflex, Stretch; Time Factors

Topics: Blood Pressure; Cannabis; Datura stramonium; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Plant Poisoning; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Pulse; Pupil; Seeds; Singapore

Topics: Cannabis; Cognition; Depersonalization; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dronabinol; Emotions; Hallucinations; Humans; Motivation; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Self Concept; Sensation; Sleep; Stimulation, Chemical; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcoholism; Cannabis; Cocaine; Female; Hallucinations; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Memory Disorders; Opium; Sex Factors; Smoking; Substance-Related Disorders; Switzerland

Topics: Aggression; Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Compulsive Behavior; Drug Tolerance; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Paranoid Disorders; Perception; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Speech; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; United Kingdom; United States

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Chlorpromazine; Consciousness; Drug Tolerance; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Memory; Perceptual Disorders; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Social Behavior Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Thinking

Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Australia; Blood Pressure; Cannabis; Consciousness; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dronabinol; Drug and Narcotic Control; Drug Tolerance; Greece; Hallucinations; Heart Rate; Humans; Jamaica; Mental Processes; Motivation; Placebos; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders; Syndrome; United States

Topics: Cannabis; Depersonalization; Dronabinol; Hallucinations; Humans; Social Perception; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcoholism; Barbiturates; Black or African American; Cannabis; Cocaine; Hallucinations; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Medical History Taking; Morphine Dependence; Pennsylvania; Seizures; Substance-Related Disorders; Therapeutic Community; White People

Topics: Abortion, Therapeutic; Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety, Castration; Bible; Cannabis; Delusions; Depression; Eye Injuries; Female; Guilt; Hallucinations; Homosexuality; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Pregnancy; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Rape; Schizoid Personality Disorder; Self Mutilation; Substance-Related Disorders; Symbolism

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Caffeine; Cannabis; Diphenhydramine; Drug Interactions; Drug Prescriptions; Female; Hallucinations; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Illusions; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Motion Sickness; Norway; Social Class; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Barbiturates; Canada; Cannabis; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Delusions; Education; Family Characteristics; Female; Hallucinations; Heroin; Humans; Injections; Male; Mental Disorders; Methamphetamine; MMPI; Psychology, Social; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Cannabis; Hallucinations; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicide

Topics: Adult; Amphetamine; Birth Order; Cannabis; Hallucinations; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Military Psychiatry; Opium; Recurrence; Stress, Psychological; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Vietnam; Warfare

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphetamine; Auditory Perception; Cannabis; Ethanol; Female; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Interview, Psychological; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Mescaline; Middle Aged; Morphine; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Substance-Related Disorders; Touch; Visual Perception

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Switzerland

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Cannabis; Color; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Male; Mescaline; Perception; Sensation; Surveys and Questionnaires; Thinking

Topics: Adolescent; Affect; Cannabis; Family Characteristics; Follow-Up Studies; Hallucinations; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency; Memory, Short-Term; Motor Skills; Perception; Personality; Reaction Time; Schizophrenia; Social Adjustment; Socialization; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Sweden; Therapeutic Community; Thinking

Topics: Cannabis; Hallucinations; Humans

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Depression; Female; Hallucinations; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Paranoid Disorders; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Male; Social Problems; Substance-Related Disorders; United Kingdom

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Cannabis; Hallucinations; Humans; Time Factors

Topics: Cannabis; Hallucinations; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Time Factors; Vision Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Hallucinations; Humans; Intelligence Tests; Male; Personality Assessment; Phenothiazines; Psychological Tests; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders

Both dl-Delta(8)- and dl-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol produced marked alterations of behavior in rhesus and squirrel monkeys. Squirrel monkeys appeared to have visual hallucinations. Continuous avoidance behavior of squirrel monkeys was stimulated by both drugs, but high doses of dl-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol also caused depression after the stimulant phase. Complex behavior involving memory and visual discrimination in rhesus monkeys was markedly disrupted by both drugs.

Topics: Animals; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Benzopyrans; Cannabis; Depression, Chemical; Hallucinations; Haplorhini; Humans; Memory; Psychopharmacology; Stereoisomerism; Stimulation, Chemical; Visual Perception

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Phytotherapy

Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Cannabis; Hallucinations; Humans; Male; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Basidiomycota; Cannabis; Culture; Ethanol; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mescaline; Mexico; Nicotiana; Ointments; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Psilocybin; Psychopathology; South America

Topics: Body Image; Cannabis; Chlorpromazine; Depersonalization; Depression; Drug Tolerance; Euphoria; Hallucinations; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Perception; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Suicide

Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Egypt; Epidemics; Hallucinations; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders