humulene and Fetal-Death

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Chlormadinone Acetate; Female; Fertility; Fetal Death; Herbicides; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Pregnancy; Species Specificity; Thalidomide; Toxicology; United Kingdom; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration

To compare illicit drug and smoking use in pregnancies with and without stillbirth.. The Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network conducted a case-control study from March 2006 to September 2008, covering more than 90% of deliveries to residents of five a priori-defined geographically diverse regions. The study attempted to include all stillbirths and representative liveborn controls. Umbilical cord samples from cases and controls were collected and frozen for subsequent batch analysis. Maternal serum was collected at delivery and batch analyzed for cotinine.. For 663 stillbirth deliveries, 418 (63%) had cord homogenate and 579 (87%) had maternal cotinine assays performed. For 1,932 live birth deliveries, 1,050 (54%) had cord homogenate toxicology and 1,545 (80%) had maternal cotinine assays performed. A positive cord homogenate test for any illicit drug was associated with stillbirth (odds ratio [OR] 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-3.27). The most common individual drug was cannabis (OR 2.34 95% CI 1.13-4.81), although the effect was partially confounded by smoking. Both maternal self-reported smoking history and maternal serum cotinine levels were associated in a dose-response relationship with stillbirth. Positive serum cotinine less than 3 ng/mL and no reported history of smoking (proxy for passive smoke exposure) also were associated with stillbirth (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.24-3.41).. Cannabis use, smoking, illicit drug use, and apparent exposure to second-hand smoke, separately or in combination, during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of stillbirth. Because cannabis use may be increasing with increased legalization, the relevance of these findings may increase as well.. II.

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Case-Control Studies; Cotinine; Female; Fetal Blood; Fetal Death; Humans; Narcotics; Pregnancy; Smoking; Stillbirth; Substance Abuse Detection; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult

Few teratogenic studies in animals have been performed simulating marihuana smoking in man. An inhalation marihuana teratology study was conducted in albino rabbits utilizing a modified automatic smoking machine originally developed for rats and mice. Appropriate numbers of dams were exposed to 4 puffs (0.14 mg/kg), 8 puffs (0.72 mg/kg), or 16 puffs (1.44 mg/kg) once daily during gestation Days 6 to 18, and sacrificed on Day 28. Control dams were exposed to 12 puffs of placebo cigarettes or sham-treated for a similar duration in the absence of any smoke. Consistency of smoke was monitored by cigarette weights, total particulate matter, concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), and tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) in smoke, carboxyhemoglobin levels, and plasma THC levels. Except for a transient decrease in dam respiration rates, other gross toxic signs were absent. Reproductive parameters of mothers were generally normal except for a dose-related embryotoxicity predominantly associated with early resorptions. Despite twice the number of embryo/fetal deaths, there were no marihuana soft tissue or skeletal defects. A correlation between dam demises and CO levels among placebo-exposed animals was related to greater quantities of CO being generated during placebo combustion. It has been shown in the rabbit that marihuana is embryotoxic and not a teratogen at plasma THC levels found in human females.

Topics: Animals; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Resorption; Male; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Teratogens

Topics: Acrolein; Administration, Topical; Air Pollutants; Aldehydes; Animal Feed; Animals; Beverages; Cannabis; Carcinogens; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chick Embryo; Cricetinae; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Environmental Exposure; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Food Contamination; Humans; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mice; Mutagenicity Tests; Nicotiana; Oils; Plants, Toxic; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rats, Inbred Strains; Reproduction; Time Factors; Tissue Distribution; Trees

In two separate studies marihuana and alcohol were administered, either separately or in combination, to pregnant mice or rats. Control animals were given vehicle only or were nontreated. Marihuana-, alcohol-, and vehicle-treated animals were pair-fed and pair watered with animals given marihuana plus alcohol, to control for drug-related undernutrition. The combination of marihuana and alcohol caused a 100% fetomortality in mice and a 73% fetomortality in rats, whereas neither marihuana nor alcohol alone had any effects on fetomortality that differed significantly from vehicle treatment. These studies suggest a potential danger to pregnancy resulting from the combined use of two commonly used drugs that is far greater than that associated with use of either drug alone.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cannabis; Drug Interactions; Ethanol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Resorption; Mice; Pregnancy

Pregnant CD1 mice received 5, 15, 50, 150 mg/kg/day of delta9-THC in sesame oil on days 6-15 of gestation orally by gavage and were killed about one day before expected delivery. Treatment had no effect on the maternal weight gain, prenatal mortality rate, fetal weight, and the frequency of gross external, internal, and skeletal abnormalities.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Body Weight; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Gestational Age; Growth; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Pregnancy

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Body Weight; Cannabis; Cleft Palate; Dronabinol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Resorption; Fetus; Gestational Age; Growth; Male; Mice; Pregnancy; Teratogens

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Amniotic Fluid; Animals; Body Weight; Brain Chemistry; Cannabis; Carbon Isotopes; Dronabinol; Feces; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Kidney; Liver; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Muscles; Pregnancy; Time Factors

Topics: Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Humans; Neoplasms; Pregnancy; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Central Nervous System; Cricetinae; Edema; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Gestational Age; Leg; Liver; Plant Extracts; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Resins, Plant