humulene and Eye-Diseases

There is a myriad of changes that can be produced in the eye by toxic drugs ranging from mild/no symptoms to severe loss of vision from endophthalmitis. The routes of administration include oral ingestion, smoking, nasal inhalation, intravenous injection, topical application or application to other mucosal surfaces. It is important to recognize certain clinical signs and symptoms in the eye produced by these toxins. This article describes in brief some of the ocular effects of commonly abused drugs. For identification of a particular poisoning, in addition to the clinical presentation, pulse, blood pressure, respiration and body temperature, pupillary size, pupillary reaction to light, ocular convergence and nystagmus can be useful indicators of the type of drug the patient is exposed to. Unmasking these features help the clinician in an early and accurate diagnosis of the offending drug as well as timely management.

Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Central Nervous System Depressants; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Endophthalmitis; Ethanol; Eye; Eye Diseases; Hallucinogens; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Nicotine; Opiate Alkaloids; Pupil; Smoking; Vision Disorders

The ocular findings in physically abused children and children born to mothers who abuse drugs are discussed. Some of the ocular and systemic findings and long-term effects of drug abuse on the infant are unknown, and only time will characterize them. This article summarizes current information and provides information to assist detection of child abuse.

Topics: Battered Child Syndrome; Cannabis; Child, Preschool; Cocaine; Eye Diseases; Eye Injuries; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Substance-Related Disorders

Marijuana seems firmly established as another social drug in Western countries, regardless of its current legal status. Patterns of use vary widely. As with other social drugs, the pattern of use is critical in determining adverse effects on health. Perhaps the major area of concern about marijuana use is among the very young. Using any drug on a regular basis that alters reality may be detrimental to the psychosocial maturation of young persons. Chronic use of marijuana may stunt the emotional growth of youngsters. Evidence for an amotivational syndrome is largely based on clinical reports; whether marijuana use is a cause or effect is uncertain. A marijuana psychosis, long rumored, has been difficult to prove. No one doubts that marijuana use may aggravate existing psychoses or other severe emotional disorders. Brain damage has not been proved. Physical dependence is rarely encountered in the usual patterns of social use, despite some degree of tolerance that may develop. The endocrine effects of the drug might be expected to delay puberty in prepubertal boys, but actual instances have been rare. As with any material that is smoked, chronic smoking of marijuana will produce bronchitis; emphysema or lung cancer have not yet been documented. Cardiovascular effects of the drug are harmful to those with preexisting heart disease; fortunately the number of users with such conditions is minimal. Fears that the drug might accumulate in the body to the point of toxicity have been groundless. The potential deleterious effects of marijuana use on driving ability seem to be self-evident; proof of such impairment has been more difficult. The drug is probably harmful when taken during pregnancy, but the risk is uncertain. One would be prudent to avoid marijuana during pregnancy, just as one would do with most other drugs not essential to life or well-being. No clinical consequences have been noted from the effects of the drug on immune response, chromosomes, or cell metabolites. Contamination of marijuana by spraying with defoliants has created the clearest danger to health; such attempts to control production should be abandoned. Therapeutic uses for marijuana, THC, or cannabinoid homologs are being actively explored. Only the synthetic homolog, nabilone, has been approved for use to control nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antiemetics; Asthma; Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chromosome Aberrations; Drug Contamination; Drug Tolerance; Endocrine Glands; Eye Diseases; Female; Fetus; Glaucoma; Humans; Immunity; Lung Diseases; Mental Disorders; Pregnancy; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

Topics: Animals; Cannabis; Carbachol; Cytochalasin B; Epinephrine; Eye; Eye Diseases; Glaucoma; Humans; Idoxuridine; Interferons; Intraocular Pressure; Keratitis; Membranes, Artificial; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Timolol; Trifluridine; Vidarabine; Virus Diseases

Prenatal substance exposure is associated with abnormal visual evoked potentials in offspring, but whether ocular abnormalities are present past infancy is unclear. We determined the association between prenatal substance exposure and hospitalizations for eye disorders in childhood.. We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 794,099 infants born between 2006 and 2016 in all hospital centers in Quebec, Canada. We identified infants prenatally exposed to opioids, cocaine, cannabis, and other illicit substances and followed them over time to assess eye disorders that required in-hospital treatment, including retinal detachment and breaks, strabismus, and other ocular pathologies. We calculated incidence rates and hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of prenatal substance exposure with risk of eye disorders, adjusted for patient characteristics.. Infants exposed to substances prenatally had a higher incidence of hospitalizations for eye disorders compared with unexposed infants (47.0 vs 32.0 per 10,000 person-years). Prenatal substance exposure was associated with 1.23 times the risk of hospital admission for any eye disorder during childhood compared with no exposure (95% CI 1.04-1.45). Risks were greatest for strabismus (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.16-2.07) and binocular movement disorders (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.00-3.83). Opioid use was strongly associated with the risk of ocular muscle disorders (HR 3.15, 95% CI 1.98-5.01).. Prenatal substance exposure is significantly associated with future hospitalizations for eye disorders in childhood. Efforts to minimize substance use in women of reproductive age are needed in light of the current opioid epidemic.

Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Canada; Cannabis; Child; Cocaine; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Quebec; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Cannabis; Cocaine; Eye Diseases; Heroin; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Methamphetamine; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine

Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Cannabis; Complementary Therapies; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Electric Stimulation; Eye Diseases; Humans; Mercury; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal

Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Cannabis; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; Contraceptives, Oral; Echothiophate Iodide; Eye Diseases; Humans; Phenylephrine; Practolol; Quinine; Registries; Steroids; United States

Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Adolescent; Adult; Anger; Cannabis; Conjunctivitis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dronabinol; Drug Synergism; Epinephrine; Eye Diseases; Eye Manifestations; Fear; Female; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Iritis; Male; Optic Nerve; Reflex, Pupillary; Substance-Related Disorders; Vision Disorders

Topics: Adult; Amphetamine; Aspergillosis; Cannabis; Eye Diseases; Heroin; Humans; Inflammation; Injections, Intravenous; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Methylphenidate; Morphine Dependence; Mycoses; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Cannabis; Conjunctiva; Emotions; Eye Diseases; Humans