humulene and Alcoholic-Intoxication

This article is a review of the principal drug-induced psychiatric symptoms that are likely to be encountered in daily clinical practice as a result of drug abuse, overdoses or side effects of drugs prescribed for treatment. Many categories of medication have the potential to produce psychiatric symptoms, but antitubercular drugs, hypotensive agents and steroids have the highest incidence in clinical practice. Additionally, the problems of alcohol are all too frequently overlooked. The variety and frequency of secondary psychiatric symptoms which may be drug-related emphasise the importance of a careful consideration of all drugs taken by a patient with psychiatric complaints, to determine causal association with symptoms.

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Amphetamines; Analgesics; Antihypertensive Agents; Antiparkinson Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Barbiturates; Bromides; Cannabis; Cocaine; Hallucinations; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mental Disorders; Parasympatholytics; Psychotropic Drugs; Steroids; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

Violence is a symptom of an underlying mental state such as a psychosis, a characterological problem, or brain dysfunction. Thus drugs used to treat aggression in man exert effects by their specific pharmacological actions (e.g., antipsychotic, anticonvulsant). Most literature to date has dealt with animals and human models of aggression and lacks conceptual clarity. Aggression differs from depression, a coherent clinical entity, in its etiological diversity and its paroxysmal or impulsive basis, and this may account for the relationship seen in literature linking violence to epilepsy; yet literature on anticonvulsants is equivocal with regard to beneficial effects on aggression. Lithium has been shown to have positive effects, although its mode of action is unclear. A variety of antipsychotic agents and minor tranquilizers have been mentioned. Central nervous system stimulants have been found useful to treat hyperkinetic syndromes in both children and adults where aggression is a symptom. Hormonal agents are discussed. Drug treatment of aggression should not obscure the need for verbal therapies, and social and environmental factors should always be regarded.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aggression; Alcoholic Intoxication; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anticonvulsants; Antipsychotic Agents; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Butyrophenones; Cannabis; Chlordiazepoxide; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Hyperkinesis; Impulsive Behavior; Lithium; Male; Methadone; Paranoid Disorders; Phenothiazines; Phenytoin; Psychopharmacology; Psychosurgery; Schizophrenia; Thiothixene; Violence

A review of the pharmacology, behavior, toxicity and therapeutic actions of alcohol and marihuana shows many similarities between the two drugs and few striking differences. Both drugs have fundamental non-specific actions on the neural membrane in common with the sedative-hypnotic-anesthetic group of drugs. They differ mainly in the quantitative aspects of their action owing to variation in 1) the ratio of stimulant to depressant effects, 2) their distribution in the body because of the greater lipid solubility of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9THC), 3) the route of intake and 4) in their metabolic transformation. Despite marked contrasts in potency, toxicity and therapeutic potential as a result of these differences it is proposed that the proper pharmacologic classification of both drugs is in the sedative group based on their activity at non-toxic levels rather than regarding marihuana as a primary hallucinogen as presently done in many texts.

Topics: Aggression; Alcoholic Intoxication; Animals; Appetite; Automobile Driving; Behavior, Animal; Biogenic Amines; Brain; Cannabis; Conditioning, Operant; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Tolerance; Ethanol; Humans; Serotonin; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sleep

Cannabis is commonly used among people who drink alcohol, but evidence suggests a nuanced relationship between alcohol consumption and cannabis use. In particular, among individuals undergoing alcohol treatment the impact of cannabis on alcohol intake may depend upon cannabis use frequency. We aimed to test the effects of within-day cannabis use on total drinks consumed and likelihood of binge drinking on a given day among all participants and compare these relationships between males and females and between individuals who reported infrequent and frequent cannabis use.. This observational study is a substudy of a larger randomized controlled trial (RCT). Individuals were included from the RCT if they reported any cannabis use and were divided into groups based on cannabis use patterns. Alcohol use was compared within and between groups.. Individuals were recruited from 2016 to 2020 from community and university settings in Denver and Boulder, CO, USA.. Of the 182 individuals enrolled in the RCT, 96 cannabis-using subjects were included in these analyses.. Subjects completed a time-line follow-back (TLFB) at baseline, 4, 8 (end of treatment) and 20 weeks. Daily data on alcohol and cannabis use from the TLFB at all time-points were analyzed.. Across the sample (n = 96), individuals drank approximately 29% fewer drinks [95% confidence interval (CI) = 18-39%, P < 0.001] and were 2.06 times (95% CI =1.37-3.08, P < 0.001) less likely to have a binge-drinking episode on days that cannabis was used compared with days that cannabis was not used. These patterns were observed in males, females and the infrequent and frequent cannabis use groups. Findings were inconclusive regarding differences in the association between cannabis use and alcohol outcomes when comparing males and females and when comparing infrequent and frequent cannabis use groups.. Heavy drinkers engaged in treatment to reduce their alcohol consumption who also use cannabis appear to increase their cannabis use on days when they reduce their alcohol consumption.

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Colorado; Ethanol; Humans

In some U.S. states, laws prohibit sales of recreational marijuana to intoxicated customers to prevent associated harms. In alcohol markets, training in responsible sales practices is one intervention to help reduce such sales to intoxicated customers. Similar training may be beneficial in the recreational cannabis market.. An online responsible marijuana vendor (RMV) training was developed. Among its five modules, learning elements taught store personnel to recognize signs of alcohol impairment and intoxication, refuse sales, and understand the risks of driving under the influence of cannabis. A sample of n = 150 recreational cannabis stores in Colorado, Oregon, and Washington State, USA were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial, half of which were randomly assigned to use the RMV training. Stores were posttested using a pseudo-customer protocol in which confederate buyers feigned obvious signs of alcohol intoxication.. Deterrence of sales to intoxicated customers does not seem to exist, regardless of whether the states' laws prohibit it. Only 16 of 146 stores (11.0%; 4 Oregon stores were eliminated that were not in business) refused sales. There was no difference in refusal rates between intervention (11.6% [3.9%]) and control stores (7.6% [3.1%], F = 0.71, p = 0.401 [1-tailed]) or between stores that used the RMV training (6.3% [4.0%]) or not (12.0% [5.7%], F = 0.91, p = 0.343 [2-tailed]). In 11 visits, store personnel commented on the buyers' behavior, or expressed concern/suspicion about buyers, but sold to them anyway.. Training in responsible sales practices alone did not appear to reduce sales to apparently alcohol-intoxicated customers. Legal deterrence from making these sales may be insufficient or nonexistent for store management to support adherence to this responsible sales practice. Regulatory and policy actions may be needed to increase perceived risk with such sales (i.e., clear policy and swift, severe, and certain penalties) to achieve training's benefits.

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Colorado; Commerce; Humans; Oregon; United States; Washington

In 2 laboratory studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that intoxicated risk taking results from alcohol's effects on negative outcome expectancies. Young adults (N = 107) consumed alcohol or no alcohol and made ratings of the likelihood that negative and positive consequences would result from a variety of risky activities. Consistent with study hypotheses, participants rated negative consequences as less likely when they were intoxicated than when sober. Results were replicated in a second study (N = 88), which further showed that alcohol, rather than expectancy set, contributed to these reduced perceptions of risk. Findings provide the first experimental evidence that alcohol intoxication may contribute to risk-taking behavior be altering expectations about negative consequences.

Topics: Adult; Affect; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Male; Pilot Projects; Risk-Taking; Sex Characteristics

Twelve men performed the Sternberg memory retrieval task under three experimental conditions: after oral doses of marihuana extract calibrated to contain 0.7 mg/kg delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 1.0 ml/kg 95% ethanol, or placebo. Simultaneously, the EEG was recorded from Ca to linked ears and the EOG from leads above and below the right eye. In this task, subjects saw a set of 1 to 4 digits follwed by a warning tone that was followed 1.5 sec later by a test digit. Subjects indicated by pressing one of two buttons whether the test digit was in-set or out-of-the-set. There were no drug effects on N1 in the evoked potential to the warning tone, but P3 amplitude was smaller under THC and ethanol than under placebo. CNV amplitude in the interval between the warning tone and the test digit showed no drug effects, indicating that the subject was equally prepared for the test digit regardless of drug received. However, the latency of 50% resolution of the CNV was longer under THC than under placebo. THC also increased the reaction time for each set size by about 75 msec above the values for ethanol and placebo, the latter two not differing significantly. Set size affected N1 and P3 amplitudes and latencies and CNV amplitude, as well as 50% CNV resolution latency and reaction time, but there were no drug chi set size interactions.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Auditory Cortex; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Contingent Negative Variation; Dronabinol; Electroencephalography; Electrooculography; Ethanol; Evoked Potentials; Humans; Male; Memory; Placebos; Set, Psychology; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex

In a double-blind study using each subject as his own control, 6 normal subjects smoked 20 mg of THC within 10- and 45-minute periods ("fast" and "slow" conditions, respectively). Each subject also received placebo and doses of alcohol calculated to be as intoxicating as the THC doses. In fast conditions, THC induced greater difficulties with tracking information over time, greater disruptions of self-other interpersonal perceptions, and more persecutory ideation that did alcohol or placebo. Similar but less marked differences were found in the slow conditions. As hypothesized, changes in tracking difficulties, self-other metaperspectives, and persecutory ideation were substantially and significantly correlated.

Topics: Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Attention; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dronabinol; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Mental Disorders; Paranoid Disorders; Self-Assessment; Time Factors

The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and alcohol, and their combination, on divided attention performance were compared for cannabis users and non-users of both sexes. Performance by all subjects was significantly impaired following 2.6 and 5.2 mg delta9-THC but not at blood alcohol concentrations of 48 and 96 mg/100 ml. The combined effect of the 2 drugs depended upon prior experience with cannabis. A synergistic action occurred in non-users while an antagonistic effect occurred in the group of users. Differences in the alcohol effects between users and non-users provided evidence of cross-tolerance between cannabis and alcohol.

Topics: Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Attention; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dronabinol; Drug Interactions; Drug Tolerance; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Male; Placebos

Static visual acuity was measured at two contrast levels (12 and 49%) in ten subjects in a double blind experiment involving five drug conditions of alcohol and marijuana (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml/kg body weight of 95% ethanol, 8 and 15 mg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and a placebo). We found no statistically significant change in static visual acuity for any of the dose levels at any of the measurement time up to six hours following drug ingestion; this is sharply contrasted with the marked decrements in acuity which were found in the same subjects under the same drug conditions when the targets were in motion and required corrdinated eye movements for their resolution.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dronabinol; Ethanol; Humans; Phytotherapy; Placebos; Pulse; Time Factors; Vision Tests; Visual Acuity

Topics: Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Consciousness; Delusions; Depersonalization; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dronabinol; Emotions; Ethanol; Humans; Male; Placebos; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Self Concept; Semantic Differential; Thinking

Topics: Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Analysis of Variance; Biological Clocks; Blood Pressure; Cannabis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dronabinol; Ethanol; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Memory; Placebos; Task Performance and Analysis; Time Perception

Co-use of alcohol and cannabis has been associated with more total negative consequences than single-substance use, but results have been mixed depending on whether the single substance was alcohol or cannabis. The present study used within-person analyses to examine whether co-use increased the risk for experiencing specific acute negative consequences.. College students who were co-users of alcohol and cannabis (. Relative to both alcohol-only and co-use days, cannabis-only days were associated with decreased likelihood of experiencing hangover, blackout, nausea/vomiting, injury, rude/aggressive behavior, and unwanted sex. Relative to alcohol-only days, cannabis-only and co-use days were associated with an increased likelihood of driving high/drunk. Finally, there was an increased likelihood of hangovers on alcohol-only days compared with co-use days.. Days with different types of substance use differed in specific consequences. Most of the negative co-use consequences investigated here appear to be driven by alcohol consumption rather than cannabis use. The results also indicated that these young adults were more likely to endorse driving under the influence of cannabis than alcohol. Interventions for co-use should target alcohol consumption to reduce negative consequences such as blackout, injury, rude/aggressive behavior, and unwanted sex and highlight the dangers of driving under the influence of cannabis.

Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Ethanol; Female; Hallucinogens; Humans; Male; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nicotiana; Survival Analysis; Young Adult

This study tested how individuals anticipate they will respond to opportunities to engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use.. Two studies utilizing a within-subjects design were conducted. Study 1 was conducted in Spring 2021 and a replication (Study 2) was conducted in Fall 2021. Participants were presented with pairs of scenarios. One scenario pair compared how willing participants expected to be to get drunk if they were sober. In Study 1 participants reported greater willingness to get drunk when sober than when high. This was qualified by a statistically significant interaction whereby differences were greater among those who had more experience with past 30-day heavy drinking. Similar findings emerged for willingness to use marijuana. Participants anticipated greater willingness to use marijuana when sober than when drunk. This was also qualified by a statistically significant interaction whereby differences were greater among experimental or established users of marijuana than among abstainers. Study 2 findings replicated those from Study 1.. College attending young adults state greater willingness to remain under the influence of one substance than to engage in SAM use when opportunities arise. Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana among college students is likely an exception, not the rule. Implications for prevention are discussed.

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Cannabis; Ethanol; Female; Hallucinogens; Humans; Marijuana Smoking; Marijuana Use; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with steeper delay discounting rates; however, it is unknown whether substance co-use, particularly cannabis use, has an additive effect on discounting rates among heavy drinkers. Furthermore, it is unclear whether substance co-use and delay discounting are independently associated with AUD severity.. The purpose of this study was to determine whether alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis co-use impacts delay discounting rates. We also sought to determine whether substance co-use and delay discounting were associated with AUD symptom counts.. The study sample was culled from several human laboratory studies and consisted of 483 heavy drinking individuals who completed a baseline visit (prior to experimental procedures). Participants were divided into groups based on self-reported alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use during the past 30 days: alcohol only (n = 184), alcohol + cigarettes (n = 89), alcohol + cannabis (n = 82), and tri-use (n = 128). We examined discounting rates across the 4 groups and used multiple linear regression to test whether co-use and delay discounting were associated with AUD symptoms.. After adjusting for covariates, individuals in the alcohol + cannabis group and the tri-use group had steeper discounting rates relative to the alcohol-only group. In addition, tri-use and delay discounting rates were independently correlated with a greater number of AUD symptoms.. Delay discounting rates were significantly greater among subgroups reporting cannabis use providing partial support for an additive effect, while also highlighting the importance of co-use substance type. Both tri-use and delay discounting were associated with greater AUD severity, which may provide relevant intervention targets.

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Cannabis; Delay Discounting; Ethanol; Hallucinogens; Humans; Nicotiana; Substance-Related Disorders; Tobacco Products

Simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis (i.e., using both on same occasion) is a risk factor for heavier drinking and negative alcohol consequences; however, little research has investigated risk conferred for specific negative consequences. One theoretically relevant negative consequence may be alcohol hangovers; however, no studies have tested cross-sectional or prospective relations between simultaneous use and experiencing alcohol hangovers.. The current study (N = 2,964) used public-access data from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to test whether simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use conferred risk for hangover frequency directly or indirectly through heavier drinking. The current study also tested moderated mediation by depressive symptoms, considering simultaneous users have higher levels of depressive symptoms, and depressive symptoms largely mirror those of a hangover.. In a cross-sectional model, simultaneous use was associated with more frequent hangovers both directly and indirectly through heavier drinking. In a prospective model, simultaneous use indirectly predicted more frequent hangovers through heavier drinking; however, the direct path was not significant. None of the paths from simultaneous use to drinking or hangovers were moderated by depressive symptoms in either model.. The current study suggests that, both concurrently and prospectively, heavier drinking explained significant variance in the relation between simultaneous use and hangover frequency. The significant direct effect of simultaneous use in the cross-sectional model suggests that simultaneous users may have individual characteristics, outside of depressive symptoms, that confer risk for more frequent hangovers above and beyond heavier drinking.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethanol; Hallucinogens; Humans; Longitudinal Studies

Cannabis and alcohol co-use is highly prevalent and confers a host of risk factors that outweigh those related to the use of either substance alone. However, few studies have examined associations between varying levels of co-use intensity (i.e., frequency) and clinical variables. The present study characterizes the effects of co-use across varying levels of cannabis use frequency in a large sample of heavy drinkers.. Comparisons among co-use groups (i.e., no, light-to-moderate, and moderate-to-heavy cannabis use; N = 863; 33.95 % female) on demographic and clinical variables consisted of one-way analyses of variance for continuous outcomes or Chi-Square tests for dichotomous outcomes. Multinomial logistic regression modeling was used to examine the relationship between demographic and clinical variables and co-use group membership. Multiple linear regression was used to explore associations among variables of interest and cannabis use days.. Despite relatively low levels of cannabis use overall in the present sample, younger age, identification with male gender, treatment seeking for AUD, and concurrent tobacco use were robust predictors of co-use. Individuals reporting more frequent cannabis use also reported increased levels of alcohol craving and more heavy drinking days, as compared to those who reported fewer or no cannabis use days. Drinking days and treatment seeking for AUD significantly predicted increases in cannabis use days.. In clinical practice, younger age, male gender, and comorbid tobacco use represent identifiable risk factors for cannabis and alcohol co-use. While in treatment for AUD, reducing drinking days may be an intervention target to mitigate co-use.

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Craving; Female; Humans; Male; Tobacco Use

Studies on the effect of marijuana on domestic violence often suffer from endogeneity issues. To examine the effect of marijuana decriminalization and medical marijuana legalization on serious domestic assaults, we conducted a difference-in-differences analysis on a panel dataset on NIBRS-reported assaults in 24 states over the 12 years between 2005 and 2016. Assaults disaggregated according to situation and extent of injury were employed as dependent variables. We found that while the total number of assaults did not change, decriminalization reduced domestic assaults involving serious injuries by 18%. From a harm reduction perspective, these results suggest that while the extensive margin of violence did not change, the intensive margin measured by the seriousness of assaults were substantially affected by decriminalization. This result may be partially explained by reductions in offender alcohol intoxication and weapon-involved assault.

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Crime Victims; Domestic Violence; Harm Reduction; Humans

Alcohol use among college students during 21st birthday celebrations constitutes a well-known example of event-specific drinking when alcohol use is both pervasive and heavy. Less is known about how 21st birthday alcohol use compares to other birthday celebrations during young adulthood, whether similar increases occur for cannabis use on 21st birthdays, and whether the "21st birthday effect" is similar for noncollege young adults. Alcohol and cannabis use during 19th to 25th birthday celebrations were explored among college and noncollege students.. Participants were 720 young adults of ages 18 to 23 (M = 21.1, SD = 1.7) at enrollment who completed 24 monthly surveys, and 204 reported on a 21st birthday. Participants resided in a state where cannabis was legal and were asked the month following their birthday whether they engaged in alcohol and cannabis use as part of their birthday celebration.. Multilevel models found a 21st birthday effect for alcohol use as individuals consumed over twice as many drinks on their 21st birthday than would have been expected given age trends in birthday drinking, and this effect held for college and noncollege students. A 21st birthday effect for cannabis was not found.. 21st birthday celebrations represent a high-risk drinking event for young adults in general, and the current findings suggest event-specific prevention programs targeting all young adults turning 21 are warranted. Unlike alcohol where turning 21 is associated with socially and culturally normative use, a similar 21st birthday effect was not found for cannabis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Ethanol; Humans; Students; Universities; Young Adult

Alcohol and cannabis couse is highly prevalent and associated with various negative consequences. The likelihood of same day couse is high, especially among men, however, underlying mechanisms to their couse and its sex-dependent nature remain poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the effects of controlled alcohol administration on the urge to use cannabis and considers sex-dependent effects. A community sample of non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers (

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Craving; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Male

Adolescent drinking and cannabis use in Norway declined in the 2000s, and we tested the assumption that psychosocial problems were more strongly related to substance use when the prevalence was quite low (2012/2013) than when it was considerably higher (2002).. Data stemmed from school surveys of almost 20 000 students aged 14-17 years in 2002 and 2012/2013 in the four largest cities in Norway. We assessed how various deviant behaviours and depressive mood were related to past-year measures on any alcohol intoxication, frequent intoxication (6+ times) and any cannabis use, and tested whether the associations varied significantly by survey year.. The prevalence of any intoxication episodes dropped markedly from 2002 (50%) to 2012/2013 (28%), as did the prevalence of frequent intoxication (29% vs. 10%) and any cannabis use (15% vs. 7%). Deviant behaviours and depressive mood were either more closely related to the drinking outcomes in 2012/2013 than in 2002, or the associations showed no temporal change. None of the associations with cannabis use varied significantly by survey year.. The assumption that psychosocial problems correlated more strongly with alcohol and cannabis use in a low-prevalence period (2012/2013) as compared to a high-prevalence period (2002) was partly supported, but only with respect to drinking. The strength of the associations with cannabis use was stable, which may reflect that the proportion reporting any use of the drug was low even in the relatively 'high-prevalence' period.

Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Humans; Marijuana Use; Norway; Prevalence; Underage Drinking

Prescription drug misuse (PDM) is a growing issue within the American Indian (AI) population, especially in younger populations.. This study estimates relationships between PDM and early initiation (prior to 14 yrs) of cannabis use and alcohol intoxication for a national sample of AI and non-AI adolescents attending schools on or near reservations.. Participants were 2580 students (50.2% female; 58.1% AI), ages 15-18, attending schools located on or near an AI reservation. Four models of PDM were estimated: 1) demographic variables; 2) demographics plus cannabis use initiation status; 3) demographics plus alcohol intoxication initiation status; and 4) all variables. All analyses were conducted using multilevel modeling.. Results indicated that early onset of cannabis use and alcohol intoxication were individually significant predictors of PDM for AI and non-AI adolescents, with odds ratios (OR) of 47.00 for cannabis (p <.01) and 35.73 (p <.01) for intoxication and with no significant differences by race (AI vs. non-AI). Results also indicated a greater likelihood of PDM when a student was an early initiator of both cannabis use and intoxication than when they were one or the other. Finally, there was a significantly greater association between cannabis use and PDM (ORearlycannabis = 24.95, p <.01) than between intoxication and PDM (ORearlyintoxication = 3.98, p <.01) when both predictors were in the model.. These findings suggest that for AI and non-AI youth who have some shared living experience, early initiation of cannabis use and alcohol intoxication are risk factors that are similarly related to PDM and that targeting early initiation for both groups of adolescents is critical in prevention of PDM.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; American Indian or Alaska Native; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Smoking; Prescription Drug Misuse; Risk Factors; Schools; Students; United States

We investigated contexts of simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana and the impact of simultaneous use on problems among adolescents. Ecological momentary assessment data were obtained over two weekends from 150 adolescents in California (47% female, M age=16.36years), using smartphone surveys administered early and late in the evening and again the following morning. We assessed whether, in what context, and with whom adolescents drank alcohol and used other substances over 3 evening hours. We assessed problems they experienced each evening on the following morning. Results showed that greater adult supervision in every context was associated with a 55% lower risk of simultaneous use (RRR=0.45, p≤.05). Contexts with no other underage drinkers were associated with 99% lower risk of simultaneous use (RRR=0.01, p≤.005). Each occasion of simultaneous use was related to 110% increase in the number of problems (IRR=2.10, p≤.005), with 83%, 221% and 311% greater odds of violence (OR=1.83, p≤.05), driving under the influence or riding with a drunk driver (OR=3.21, p≤.05), or being drunk (OR=4.11, p≤.005). Additional analyses showed that these problems may be attributed largely to the alcohol consumed in each context. Results demonstrate that it is essential to consider situational and social characteristics of substance use contexts to better understand adolescent simultaneous use of alcohol and drugs and problems.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Automobile Driving; California; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Violence

Drugs of abuse stimulate striatal dopamine release and activate reward pathways. This study examined the impact of alcohol and cannabis marketing on the reward circuit in alcohol and cannabis users while sober and intoxicated. It was predicted that alcohol and cannabis marketing would increase striatal activation when sober and that reward sensitivity would be less during alcohol and cannabis intoxication. Heavy alcohol (n = 20) and regular cannabis users (n = 21) participated in a mixed factorial study involving administration of alcohol and placebo in the alcohol group and cannabis and placebo in the cannabis group. Non-drug users (n = 20) served as between group reference. Brain activation after exposure to alcohol and cannabis marketing movies was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging and compared between groups while sober and compared with placebo while intoxicated. Implicit alcohol and cannabis cognitions were assessed by means of a single-category implicit association test. Alcohol and cannabis marketing significantly increased striatal BOLD activation across all groups while sober. Striatal activation however decreased during intoxication with alcohol and cannabis. Implicit associations with cannabis marketing cues were significantly more positive in alcohol and cannabis users as compared with non-drug using controls. Public advertising of alcohol or cannabis use elicits striatal activation in the brain's reward circuit. Reduction of marketing would reduce brain exposure to reward cues that motivate substance use. Conversely, elevated dopamine levels protect against the reinforcing potential of marketing.

Topics: Adult; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Brain; Cannabis; Cues; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Marketing; Reward; Young Adult

Alcohol and cannabis use have been implicated in aggression. Alcohol consumption is known to facilitate aggression, whereas a causal link between cannabis and aggression has not been clearly demonstrated.. This study investigated the acute effects of alcohol and cannabis on subjective aggression in alcohol and cannabis users, respectively, following aggression exposure. Drug-free controls served as a reference. It was hypothesized that aggression exposure would increase subjective aggression in alcohol users during alcohol intoxication, whereas it was expected to decrease subjective aggression in cannabis users during cannabis intoxication.. Heavy alcohol (n = 20) and regular cannabis users (n = 21), and controls (n = 20) were included in a mixed factorial study. Alcohol and cannabis users received single doses of alcohol and placebo or cannabis and placebo, respectively. Subjective aggression was assessed before and after aggression exposure consisting of administrations of the point-subtraction aggression paradigm (PSAP) and the single category implicit association test (SC-IAT). Testosterone and cortisol levels in response to alcohol/cannabis treatment and aggression exposure were recorded as secondary outcome measures.. Subjective aggression significantly increased following aggression exposure in all groups while being sober. Alcohol intoxication increased subjective aggression whereas cannabis decreased the subjective aggression following aggression exposure. Aggressive responses during the PSAP increased following alcohol and decreased following cannabis relative to placebo. Changes in aggressive feeling or response were not correlated to the neuroendocrine response to treatments.. It is concluded that alcohol facilitates feelings of aggression whereas cannabis diminishes aggressive feelings in heavy alcohol and regular cannabis users, respectively.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aggression; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Case-Control Studies; Central Nervous System Depressants; Environmental Exposure; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Smoking; Young Adult

In most Western countries, alcohol consumption continues to increase, specifically among women and older adults. Insight into these trends may aid intervention strategies. Here we present data on alcohol consumption by age and sex as well as associations between alcohol use and demographic lifestyle/traits. The data are from a large (N>16,000) population-based Dutch sample, ascertained based on the presence of twins in the family.. A set of 16 indicators of normative and problematic alcohol use was assessed in participants of the Netherlands Twin Register between 2009-2012 (ages 18-97; 6,052 men; 10,535 women). Alcohol consumption and demographic/lifestyle traits, including educational attainment, work-related/financial stress, urbanization, religiousness, smoking/cannabis initiation, and BMI were described by age and sex. Associations were examined by regressing aspects of alcohol use on age, sex, their interaction, and demographic/lifestyle variables.. Age, sex, and initiation of cigarette and cannabis use were the most important predictors of alcohol use. Frequency of alcohol use was lowest between 18-25 years, with 3.2% of men and .6% of women drinking 6-7 times/week, and highest above age 65 years, with 30.6-32.7% of men and 20.2-22.0% of women drinking 6-7 times/week. Women consumed the lowest quantities of alcohol between 25-45 years, with a 5.7-5.9% prevalence of excessive drinking (>14 glasses/week), and the largest quantities between 55-65 years (15.5% excessive drinkers). Age at alcohol initiation, onset of regular drinking, and first alcohol intoxication were lowest between ages 18-25 years and highest above age 65 years. Among older participants, men initiated alcohol use and regular drinking earlier, and had lower age at first intoxication than women, but among young adults, no sex differences were observed.. Alcohol consumption was high in the elderly Dutch population, especially among women. Alcohol initiation, onset of regular drinking, and first alcohol intoxication occur at increasingly younger ages, and the previous gap between men and women in age at alcohol initiation, onset of regular drinking, and first alcohol intoxication has closed almost entirely. Heavy alcohol use was most strongly predicted by older age, sex (male), and initiation of smoking and cannabis use.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Life Style; Male; Middle Aged; Netherlands; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Smoking; Tobacco Products; Twins; Young Adult

Segmentation of populations may facilitate development of targeted substance abuse prevention programs. The authors aimed to partition a national sample of university students according to profiles based on substance use.. The authors used 2008-2009 data from the National College Health Assessment from the American College Health Association. The sample consisted of 111,245 individuals from 158 institutions.. The sample was partitioned using cluster analysis according to current substance use behaviors. The association of cluster membership with individual and institutional characteristics was examined.. Cluster analysis yielded 6 distinct clusters. Three individual factors--gender, year in school, and fraternity/sorority membership--were the most strongly associated with cluster membership.. In a large sample of university students, the authors were able to identify 6 distinct patterns of substance abuse. It may be valuable to target specific populations of college-aged substance users based on individual factors. However, comprehensive intervention will require a multifaceted approach.

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Algorithms; Cannabis; Cluster Analysis; Confidence Intervals; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Risk-Taking; Smoking; Students; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Universities; Young Adult

The disparities between the quasi-induced exposure (QIE) method and a standard case-control approach with crash responsibility as disease of interest are studied. The 10,748 drivers who had been given compulsory cannabis and alcohol tests subsequent to involvement in a fatal crash in France between 2001 and 2003 were used to compare the two approaches. Odds ratios were assessed using conditional and unconditional logistic regressions. While both approaches found that drivers under the influence of alcohol or cannabis increased the risk of causing a fatal crash, the two approaches are not equivalent. They differ mainly with regards to the driver sample selected. The QIE method results in splitting the overall road safety issue into two sub-studies: a matched case-control study dealing with two-vehicle crashes and a case-control study dealing with single-vehicle crashes but with a specific control group. Using a specific generic term such as "QIE method" should not hide the real underlying epidemiological design. On the contrary, the standard case-control approach studies drivers involved in all type of crashes whatever the distribution of the responsibility in each crash. This method also known as "responsibility analysis" is the most relevant for assessing the overall road safety implications of a driver characteristic.

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Case-Control Studies; Epidemiologic Studies; France; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Odds Ratio; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Child; Cocaine; Drug Therapy; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Psychotropic Drugs; Sex Factors; Smoking; Substance-Related Disorders

Drug abuse is a prevalent problem in society and often occurs as abuse of multiple substances. The authors present a model for understanding the clinical symptomatology and course of substance-induced organic mental disorders and present a hypothesis that explains how various factors might interact to produce the disorder. A clinical case is used to illustrate the use of this approach and suggestions are made for the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.

Topics: Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Cocaine; Drug Interactions; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Methaqualone; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders

Drug use and psychiatric symptoms were independently assessed in a random sample of 177 adolescents from a junior high school population. Pupils who used cigarettes, alcohol, cannabis, solutions (sniffing), and tranquilizers, all had higher frequencies of psychiatric symptoms than non-users. The use of alcohol was shown the lowest connection with psychiatric symptoms, especially among the males. Smoking was more frequent among the females, and the connection with psychiatric symptoms was stronger than in the males. The importance of both a clinical and a public health approach to drug use in this age group is stressed.

Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Affective Symptoms; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Sex Factors; Smoking; Substance-Related Disorders; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Anesthesia, General; Cannabis; Drug Interactions; Humans; Patient Care Planning; Preanesthetic Medication; Premedication; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Amphetamines; Bipolar Disorder; Cannabis; Cognition; Dronabinol; Emotions; Euphoria; Eye Movements; Free Association; Humans; Memory; Mental Recall; Substance-Related Disorders

This study examined the attitudes and practices of sample of White (N=667) and American Indian (N=280) adolescents in regard to the use of alcohol and other drugs. The findings lend general support to the hypothesis of Whitehead et al. that users of any one drug will show increased probability to use another drug when compared to those not using that drug. Additionally, it was found that rural Indian youth are somewhat more likely than rural White youth to be involved with alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs.

Topics: Adolescent; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Attitude; Cannabis; Child; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Rural Population; Students; Substance-Related Disorders; Wyoming

In a study of junior and senior high-school students in two Massachusetts communities, few consistent sex differences were found in patterns of alcohol and drug use.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Beer; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Male; Massachusetts; Psychotropic Drugs; Self Disclosure; Sex Factors; Social Class; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Wine

A survey of 1715 junior and senior high-school students found that students who reported being intoxicated during the school year were more likely to report using marihuana, amphetamines, lysergide and other drugs than those who did not report being intoxicated.

Topics: Adolescent; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Amphetamines; Beer; Cannabis; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Massachusetts; Substance-Related Disorders; Wine

The author describes a model of intoxicant use based on altered states of consciousness and reviews his own and others' research on marijuana to illustrate the utility of this model, which is derived from both introspective reports and observed data. The relationship of social behavior and cognitive functioning to the "intoxication state of consciousness" is discussed. This state of consciousness may have an adaptive value in engendering and stabilizing social cohesion. Possible treatment implications include cognitive labeling of cues that precipitate episodes of abuse, training for moderated drug use while patients are intoxicated, and providing abusers with altered consciousness through other means, such as meditation.

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Cannabis; Consciousness; Contingent Negative Variation; Humans; Models, Neurological; Models, Psychological; Social Behavior; Substance-Related Disorders

Data collected from detailed autobiographies of 77 convicted rapists revealed that 50 percent of them were drinking at the time of the rape and that 35 percent were alcoholics. This strong association between alcoholism and forcible rape highlights the importance of follow-up treatment programs for the alcoholic sex offender; such programs should focus on adequate control of his drinking behavior as well as on his sexual adjustment.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; California; Cannabis; Educational Status; Ethnicity; Family Characteristics; Humans; Male; Rape; Religion; Social Class; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Australia; Cannabis; Drug and Narcotic Control; Europe; Hallucinogens; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Italy; Legislation, Drug; Narcotics; Nicotine; North America; Substance-Related Disorders; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Brain; Cannabis; Cocaine; Emotions; Female; Hallucinations; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Libido; Male; Memory Disorders; Perceptual Disorders; Phytotherapy; Psychophysiology; Religion; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Mental Processes; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Aggression; Alcoholic Intoxication; Amphetamine; Barbiturates; California; Cannabis; Cocaine; Criminal Psychology; Ethanol; Ethnicity; Forensic Psychiatry; Hallucinogens; Humans; Jurisprudence; Juvenile Delinquency; Male; Prisoners; Secobarbital; Substance-Related Disorders; Violence

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Attitude; Cannabis; Educational Status; Father-Child Relations; Female; Humans; Male; Mother-Child Relations; North Carolina; Parent-Child Relations; Sex Factors; Stress, Psychological; Students; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires

Topics: Achievement; Adolescent; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Conflict, Psychological; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Education; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Parents; Peer Group; Smoking; Students; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tranquilizing Agents

Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity, a useful biochemical index of peripheral sympathetic nervous activity, was measured in rats treated with Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol or ethanol or both substances. After 7 days of treatment with either substance, serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity decreased significantly. Combined treatment with both agents enhanced the effects of each given alone. In rats subjected to immobilization stress, treatment with Delta(9)- tetrahydrocannabinol appeared to potentiate the stress-induced increase in serum enzyme activity. Treatment with ethanol, with or without Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, effectively blocked this increase in enzyme activity. These results show that both substances have significant effects on the sympathetic nervous system which are critically influenced by environmental setting.

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Animals; Cannabis; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; Dronabinol; Drug Synergism; Glycols; Humans; Immobilization; Polyethylenes; Rats; Stress, Physiological; Sympathetic Nervous System; Synaptic Transmission

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Amphetamine; Atropa belladonna; Atropine; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Diagnosis, Differential; Ethanol; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mescaline; Methadone; Morphine Dependence; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Scopolamine; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Amphetamine; Cannabis; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Defense Mechanisms; Family; Female; Germany, West; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Military Medicine; Military Personnel; Sex Factors; Smoking; Stress, Psychological; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Vietnam

Topics: Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Child Behavior Disorders; Family; Female; Humans; Morphine Dependence; Projective Techniques; Schizophrenia; Social Adjustment; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicide

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcoholic Intoxication; Amphetamine; Attitude to Health; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Disease Outbreaks; Ethanol; Health Education; Humans; Psychopharmacology; Public Opinion; Social Behavior; Social Problems; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Acute Disease; Alcoholic Intoxication; Amphetamine; Cannabis; Emergency Service, Hospital; Ethanol; Female; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Mental Disorders; Netherlands; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Behavior; Cannabis; Demography; Humans

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Ethanol; Humans; Nicotine; Smoking

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Bronchitis; Canada; Cannabis; Child; Conjunctivitis; France; Humans; Hypnosis; Mydriatics; Phytotherapy; Psychology, Educational; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Social Problems; Substance-Related Disorders; United States

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Attitude; Black or African American; Black People; Cannabis; Culture; Drug and Narcotic Control; Eating; Europe; Female; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Male; Morals; North America; Public Opinion; Smoking; Social Values; South Africa; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Alcoholic Intoxication; Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Drug and Narcotic Control; Fees, Medical; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Legislation, Drug; London; Practice Management, Medical; Public Health Administration; Referral and Consultation; Specialization; State Medicine; United Kingdom

Topics: Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Male; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Chromatography; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Smoking; Spectrophotometry; Substance-Related Disorders

The effects of marihuana, alcohol, and no treatment on simulated driving performance were determined for experienced marihuana smokers. Subjects experiencing a "social marihuana high" accumulated significantly more speedometer errors than when under control conditions, whereas there were no significant differences in accelerator, brake, signal, steering, and total errors. The same subjects intoxicated from alcohol accumulated significantly more accelerator, brake, signal, speedometer, and total errors than under normal conditions, whereas there was no significant difference in steering errors. Impairment in simulated driving performance does not seem to be a function of increased marihuana dosage or inexperience with the drug.

Topics: Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Analysis of Variance; Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Male

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Conditioning, Psychological; Euphoria; Humans; Male; Phytotherapy; Smoking; Substance-Related Disorders; United States

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcoholism; Cannabis; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Cannabis; Consciousness; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Psychology, Social; Social Change; Substance-Related Disorders; United States

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; American Medical Association; Cannabis; Humans; Legislation, Medical; United States