humulene and Abnormalities--Drug-Induced

Completion of the Human Genome Project has led to the identification of a large number of transcription start sites that are not paired with protein-coding genes, supporting the growing recognition of the abundance of encoded nonprotein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their importance for speciation and species-specific development. Present in both plants and animals, ncRNAs vary in size, function, primary sequence, and secondary structure. While microRNAs (miRNAs) are the best known, there are a number of other ncRNAs (long[er] nonprotein-coding RNA, pseudogenes, circular RNAs, and so on) that have been shown to play an important role in the development either directly or via networks of proteins and other ncRNAs, including modulating the impact of miRNAs. Furthermore, these ncRNAs and their developmental regulatory networks are sensitive to teratogens such as ethanol, cannabis, cocaine, and nicotine. A better understanding of the developmental role of ncRNAs and their capacity to mediate teratogenesis is a necessary step in efforts to minimize the long-term consequences of developmental exposures to drugs-of-abuse. Moreover, with increasing awareness of the prevalence of polydrug use, experimental models will need to incorporate more complex drug exposure paradigms into meaningful assessments of developmental ncRNA function.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Cocaine; Congenital Abnormalities; Ethanol; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Nicotine; RNA, Untranslated; Teratology

The illicit use of the three main forms of cannabis-marijuana, hash, hash oil-pose certain obstacles and challenges to the dental professional. There are a number of systemic, as well as oral/head and neck manifestations, associated with cannabis use. Dentists need to be aware of these manifestations in order to take whatever precautions and/or modifications to the proposed treatment that might be necessary.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Bronchitis; Cannabis; Dental Care for Chronically Ill; Gingival Diseases; Humans; Immune System; Leukoplakia, Oral; Marijuana Abuse; Marijuana Smoking; Mental Disorders; Mouth Neoplasms; Tachycardia; Xerostomia

Interest in fetal origins of adverse offspring outcomes has grown extensively in the last decade. This has resulted in many published studies focusing on exposure in utero to substances and human offspring outcomes. Exposure to maternal substance use in pregnancy is believed to be a preventable hazard, and is therefore a main issue for public health concern and policy. However, an important question in human studies remains whether prenatal substance use exposure has an aetiological role in pathways to adverse developmental and behavioural outcomes via teratological effects. Recent insights and developments in research methodology will aid the adequate and more refined testing of associations between prenatal substance use and offspring outcomes. In particular, novel approaches could assist in disentangling the exposure to substance effects from correlated risk factors. The purpose of this manuscript is therefore to provide an overview of methodological issues involved in studies that focus on the association between maternal substance use during pregnancy and offspring's outcomes, to describe novel approaches to test these associations, and present some examples of new and well-designed studies and discuss their findings.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Male; Maternal Exposure; Paternal Exposure; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Research Design; Risk Factors; Smoking; Young Adult

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Cannabis; Cocaine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders; Fetal Diseases; Fetus; Heroin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Radiation, Ionizing; Risk Factors; Smoking

Despite an intensive national campaign of information, the drugs most frequently consumed by young adults undoubtedly continue to be alcohol, tobacco and cannabis. If the impact of these drugs on the health of the consumers can be evaluated in conjunction with the clinical and epidemiologic data, the consequences on the embryo due to their consumption by the pregnant women can be appreciated thanks to the abundant literature describing their effects in the gravid animal. Taking into account the abundant literature available in multiple animal species, the zero drug recommendation should be widely diffused to pregnant women.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Nicotiana; Pregnancy

The literature is sparse on the adverse effects of moderate alcohol consumption and marijuana use during pregnancy. Recent studies have evaluated the association of these drugs of abuse with pregnancy outcome, each using interview and medical record data of over 12 000 women. Children of marijuana users were more likely to have one or more major malformations, lower birthweight, and shorter gestation than children of nonusers. However, when logistic regression was used to control for other variables, these relationships were not statistically significant. The odds ratio for major malformations does, however, remain suggestive for marijuana. The use of similar logistic regression techniques revealed that the only statistical association between alcohol intake of 14 or more drinks per week was placenta abruptio. With the exception of placenta abruptio, alcohol intake of fewer than 14 drinks weekly was not associated with an increased risk of any adverse outcome. There was no association between alcohol use at any level and the rate of congenital malformations. Recommendations based on these data are presented.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abruptio Placentae; Birth Weight; Cannabis; Ethanol; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Risk

Pregnancy outcomes can be improved by following modern recommendations for personal health maintenance. Adequate caloric intake, reflected by a weight gain of about 10 to 12.3 kg (22 to 27 lb) for women of average build, is associated with the lowest rate of perinatal mortality. Maternal dietary protein supplementation should generally be avoided because it may be associated with low-birth-weight pregnancies. Abstinence from social drugs offers the greatest positive opportunity to modify the health of a fetus. Serious perinatal infection can be prevented by preconception immunization (rubella), food hygiene (toxoplasmosis) and attention to the expression of virus in the mother (herpes simplex). Available data do not correlate exercise programs begun before pregnancy and continued during pregnancy with adverse fetal effects. Athletic capacity need not diminish postpartum. Most employment may safely continue until delivery. Routine recommendations for prolonged maternal disability leaves are not medically warranted.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Body Weight; Cannabis; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Energy Intake; Female; Fetal Diseases; Health Promotion; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Minerals; Nutritional Requirements; Physical Exertion; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Smoking; Vitamins; Work

The effects of cannabis on health are not easy to summarize. What little is known for certain and what can be inferred from an enormous but incomplete and imperfect literature is that cannabis under certain conditions is harmful to health. Given the breadth and complexity of the issues, this very selective review only considers health-related consequences where there was consensus by two independent scientific review groups.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Behavior; Cannabis; Carcinogens; Cardiovascular System; Dronabinol; Drug Interactions; Humans; Immunity; Mental Disorders; Motivation; Mutagens; Reproduction; Respiratory System; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

The difficulties in assessing the teratogenic potential of drugs used during pregnancy have been made evident by experiences with thalidomide and diethylstilbestrol (DES). In the case of thalidomide, the drug's ability to cause phocomelia tended to be species specific, and thus animal studies were unreliable indicators of teratogenicity in humans. With DES, the delayed appearance of injury, almost a generation after birth, indicates that short-term studies may fail to reveal serious effects. In both cases only the otherwise rare occurrence of the condition led to the suspicion of a cause-and-effect relationship. Although wide-spread use of drugs such as LSD, heroin, and marijuana has necessitated assessment of their teratogenic potential, a controlled investigation of their effects has so far been impossible to conduct. Both tobacco and alcohol have been associated with adverse effects on the fetus and neonate, but the precise mechanisms by which these effects occur are as yet unclear. There is also reason for concern about the teratogenic potential of environmental pollutants such as organic mercury compounds, lead, and radiation. Furthermore, the fetus may potentially be harmed if a particular drug is not administered (eg, insulin for diabetes during pregnancy). In the final analysis, any potential benefits of therapy for the mother must be weighed against known and unknown risks to the infant. Rational management requires an understanding of the physiologic and pharmacologic principles involved in each case and careful and judicious selection of drug therapy.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Cannabis; Diethylstilbestrol; Disease Models, Animal; Ectromelia; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Nicotiana; Plants, Toxic; Pregnancy; Smoking; Thalidomide

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abortion, Threatened; Amphetamines; Cannabis; Female; Fetus; Genital Diseases, Female; Hallucinogens; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Infant; Menstruation Disturbances; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Puerperal Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders; Vaginitis

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Alcoholism; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Cannabis; Environmental Exposure; Enzyme Activation; Female; Genetic Code; Gestational Age; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Organ Specificity; Pregnancy; Teratogens; Thalidomide

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Cytogenetics; Heroin; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mutagens; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Ascomycota; Cannabis; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Cricetinae; Drosophila; Edible Grain; Female; Haplorhini; Hematopoietic System; Humans; Leukocytes; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Macaca; Mice; Mutation; Plants; Psilocybin; Radiation Genetics; Radioactive Fallout; Rats

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Behavior; Blood Pressure; Body Temperature; Cannabis; Cerebral Ventricles; Dronabinol; Drug Tolerance; Electroencephalography; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Memory; Microsomes, Liver; Phytotherapy; Pregnancy; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Solubility; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Alkaloids; Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Arsenic Poisoning; Cadmium Poisoning; Cannabis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Food Contamination; Foodborne Diseases; Fusarium; Gossypol; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Manganese Poisoning; Mercury Poisoning; Metals; Mice; Mycotoxins; Neoplasms; Penicillium; Plant Poisoning; Pregnancy; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; Rats; Selenium

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abortion, Spontaneous; Adolescent; Anxiety; Cannabis; Carcinogens; Chromosome Aberrations; Depression; Female; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Pregnancy; Psychoses, Substance-Induced

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Crime; Drug Hypersensitivity; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Female; Humans; Male; Memory; Mental Disorders; Pregnancy; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Social Behavior Disorders

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Central Nervous System; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Mental Disorders; Phytotherapy; Psychological Tests; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Diazepam; Drug and Narcotic Control; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Phenytoin; Pregnancy; Toxicology

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Chlormadinone Acetate; Female; Fertility; Fetal Death; Herbicides; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Pregnancy; Species Specificity; Thalidomide; Toxicology; United Kingdom; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration

The effects are unclear. Marijuana use during pregnancy is associated with clinically unimportant lower birth weights (growth differences of approximately 100 g), but no differences in preterm births or congenital anomalies.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Cannabis; Female; Fetal Development; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Marijuana Smoking; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Drug Synergism; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Rats; Risk; Species Specificity; Teratogens

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Breast Feeding; Cannabis; Child Behavior; Child Development; Female; Fetus; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Chick Embryo; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Heart Defects, Congenital; Nervous System Malformations; Plant Extracts

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cannabis; Female; Plant Extracts; Pregnancy; Rats

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Drug Tolerance; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Female; Fetus; Male; Plant Extracts; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Rats; Reproduction; Teratogens

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Central Nervous System; Chickens; Congenital Abnormalities; Ethnicity; Female; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Hypoglycins; Jamaica; Male; Maternal Age; Mice; Plants, Toxic; Pregnancy; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; Rabbits; Rats; Riboflavin; Sex Factors

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Female; Gestational Age; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Subcutaneous; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Lethal Dose 50; Mice; Mice, Inbred DBA; Pregnancy; Teratogens

Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was dissolved in propylene glycol and 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg administereed dialy sc to pregnant Charles River Sprague-Dawley rats on days 6-15 of gestation (presence of sperm considered day 1). Maternal weight gain was depressed, but a significant decrease in fetal weight occurred only in the 50 mg/kg group. No malformations were noted, only some abnormalities consisting of several instances of rudimentary 14th rib and soft or spongy spinal cords.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Body Weight; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Female; Gestational Age; Pregnancy; Rats; Ribs; Spinal Cord; Teratogens

Pregnant CD1 mice received 5, 15, 50, 150 mg/kg/day of delta9-THC in sesame oil on days 6-15 of gestation orally by gavage and were killed about one day before expected delivery. Treatment had no effect on the maternal weight gain, prenatal mortality rate, fetal weight, and the frequency of gross external, internal, and skeletal abnormalities.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Body Weight; Cannabis; Dronabinol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Gestational Age; Growth; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Pregnancy

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Body Weight; Cannabis; Cleft Palate; Dronabinol; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Resorption; Fetus; Gestational Age; Growth; Male; Mice; Pregnancy; Teratogens

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Accidents, Traffic; Animals; Brain Damage, Chronic; Cannabis; Carcinogens; Central Nervous System; Crime; Dronabinol; Drug and Narcotic Control; Drug Evaluation; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Mutagens; Personality Disorders; Phytotherapy; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Rabbits; Rats; Substance-Related Disorders; United Kingdom

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Administration, Oral; Animals; Atrophy; Brain; Cannabis; Cardiovascular System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dronabinol; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Subcutaneous; Liver; Lung; Male; Pregnancy; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Rabbits; Rats; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Amnion; Amputation, Traumatic; Arm; Cannabis; Extraembryonic Membranes; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Leg; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Pregnancy; Rupture, Spontaneous; Syndrome

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude; Cannabis; Crisis Intervention; Fear; Female; Health Education; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Parents; Perceptual Disorders; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Amphetamine; Brain; Cannabis; Eye Abnormalities; Female; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Infant, Newborn; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Meprobamate; Pregnancy; Substance-Related Disorders; Vitamins

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Adolescent; Cannabis; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Ectromelia; Female; Foot Deformities, Congenital; Hand Deformities, Congenital; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Karyotyping; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Pregnancy; Syndactyly

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Cannabis; Chromatography, Gas; Dronabinol; Female; Fetus; Heart; Lactation; Liver; Organ Size; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thyroid Gland; Time Factors

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Automobile Driving; Cannabis; Electroencephalography; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Memory, Short-Term; Motor Skills; Perception; Personality; Pregnancy; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Respiration; Social Behavior; Substance-Related Disorders; Thinking; United States

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Female; Heroin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Drug and Narcotic Control; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Male; Mice; Military Medicine; Personality; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Rats; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Bladder Exstrophy; Cannabis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Mephentermine; Pregnancy

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Cannabis; Female; Fingers; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Pregnancy; Syndactyly

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosomes; Culture Techniques; Female; Fibroblasts; Leukocytes; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Mitosis; Pregnancy; Rats

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Brain; Cannabis; Cricetinae; Female; Geography; Head; Liver; Plant Extracts; Pregnancy; Seasons; Spinal Cord

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Central Nervous System; Cricetinae; Edema; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Gestational Age; Leg; Liver; Plant Extracts; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Resins, Plant

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Rats

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Benzopyrans; Cannabis; Cricetinae; Female; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Tritium

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Female; Pregnancy; Rats; Resins, Plant

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Arm; Cannabis; Chromosomes; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cannabis; Female; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Rats