homovanillic acid has been researched along with Nerve Degeneration in 43 studies
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.
homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.
homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.
Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Current research on Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis requires relevant animal models that mimic the gradual and progressive development of neuronal dysfunction and degeneration that characterizes the disease." | 1.42 | Progressive nigrostriatal terminal dysfunction and degeneration in the engrailed1 heterozygous mouse model of Parkinson's disease. ( Beauvais, G; Brundin, P; Escobar Galvis, ML; Feinstein, TN; Fuchs, J; Ghosh, A; Joshi, RL; Lipton, JW; Lundblad, M; Medicetty, S; Nordströma, U; Prochiantz, A; Pulikkaparambil Sasidharan, BC; Roholt, A; Steiner, JA, 2015) |
| "3% of the administered dose was taken up by the brain and was slowly eliminated, with a half-life of approximately 3 weeks." | 1.39 | Pharmacokinetic, neurochemical, stereological and neuropathological studies on the potential effects of paraquat in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum of male C57BL/6J mice. ( Beck, M; Botham, PA; Breckenridge, CB; Butt, M; Cook, AR; Mathews, JM; Minnema, D; Smith, LL; Sturgess, NC; Tisdel, MO; Travis, KZ; Wolf, JC; Zadory, D, 2013) |
| " Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine whether the long-term administration of a commonly used herbicide, paraquat, which has already been found to induce a slowly progressing degeneration of the nigrostriatal neurons, influences mesocortical dopaminergic neurons in rats." | 1.33 | Degeneration of dopaminergic mesocortical neurons and activation of compensatory processes induced by a long-term paraquat administration in rats: implications for Parkinson's disease. ( Biedka, I; Bortel, A; Dabrowska, J; Kuter, K; Nowak, P; Ossowska, K; Rommelspacher, H; Schulze, G; Smiałowska, M; Wardas, J; Wierońska, J; Zieba, B, 2006) |
| "Behaviour was evaluated by catalepsy tests and activity box." | 1.32 | Potentiation of parkinsonian symptoms by depletion of locus coeruleus noradrenaline in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced partial degeneration of substantia nigra in rats. ( Schmidt, WJ; Srinivasan, J, 2003) |
| "Kainic acid (KA) was employed to induce neuronal lesions in the more dorsal striatum, the caudate-putamen (CP)." | 1.31 | Lesion of caudate-putamen interneurons with kainic acid alters dopamine and serotonin metabolism in the olfactory tubercle of the rat. ( Cubeddu, LX; Guevara, BH; Hoffmann, IS; Torrico, F, 2002) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 6 (13.95) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 14 (32.56) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 16 (37.21) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 7 (16.28) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Breckenridge, CB | 1 |
| Sturgess, NC | 1 |
| Butt, M | 1 |
| Wolf, JC | 1 |
| Zadory, D | 1 |
| Beck, M | 1 |
| Mathews, JM | 1 |
| Tisdel, MO | 1 |
| Minnema, D | 1 |
| Travis, KZ | 1 |
| Cook, AR | 1 |
| Botham, PA | 1 |
| Smith, LL | 1 |
| Nordströma, U | 1 |
| Beauvais, G | 1 |
| Ghosh, A | 1 |
| Pulikkaparambil Sasidharan, BC | 1 |
| Lundblad, M | 1 |
| Fuchs, J | 1 |
| Joshi, RL | 1 |
| Lipton, JW | 1 |
| Roholt, A | 1 |
| Medicetty, S | 1 |
| Feinstein, TN | 1 |
| Steiner, JA | 1 |
| Escobar Galvis, ML | 1 |
| Prochiantz, A | 1 |
| Brundin, P | 1 |
| Saal, KA | 1 |
| Koch, JC | 1 |
| Tatenhorst, L | 1 |
| Szegő, EM | 1 |
| Ribas, VT | 1 |
| Michel, U | 1 |
| Bähr, M | 1 |
| Tönges, L | 1 |
| Lingor, P | 1 |
| Sharma, N | 1 |
| Nehru, B | 1 |
| Ip, CW | 1 |
| Klaus, LC | 1 |
| Karikari, AA | 1 |
| Visanji, NP | 1 |
| Brotchie, JM | 1 |
| Lang, AE | 1 |
| Volkmann, J | 1 |
| Koprich, JB | 1 |
| Wang, S | 1 |
| Yan, JY | 1 |
| Lo, YK | 1 |
| Carvey, PM | 1 |
| Ling, Z | 1 |
| Cheng, B | 1 |
| Yang, X | 1 |
| An, L | 1 |
| Gao, B | 1 |
| Liu, X | 1 |
| Liu, S | 1 |
| Lin, JW | 1 |
| Shih, CM | 1 |
| Chen, YC | 1 |
| Lin, CM | 1 |
| Tsai, JT | 1 |
| Chiang, YH | 1 |
| Shih, R | 1 |
| Chiu, PL | 1 |
| Hung, KS | 1 |
| Yeh, YS | 1 |
| Wei, L | 1 |
| Chiu, WT | 1 |
| Yang, LY | 1 |
| Hunter, RL | 1 |
| Liu, M | 2 |
| Choi, DY | 1 |
| Cass, WA | 1 |
| Bing, G | 3 |
| Marcellino, D | 1 |
| Suárez-Boomgaard, D | 1 |
| Sánchez-Reina, MD | 1 |
| Aguirre, JA | 1 |
| Yoshitake, T | 1 |
| Yoshitake, S | 1 |
| Hagman, B | 1 |
| Kehr, J | 1 |
| Agnati, LF | 2 |
| Fuxe, K | 2 |
| Rivera, A | 1 |
| van Bregt, DR | 1 |
| Thomas, TC | 1 |
| Hinzman, JM | 1 |
| Cao, T | 1 |
| Gerhardt, GA | 2 |
| Pauly, JR | 1 |
| Lifshitz, J | 1 |
| McCormack, AL | 1 |
| Thiruchelvam, M | 1 |
| Manning-Bog, AB | 1 |
| Thiffault, C | 1 |
| Langston, JW | 2 |
| Cory-Slechta, DA | 1 |
| Di Monte, DA | 1 |
| Guevara, BH | 1 |
| Torrico, F | 1 |
| Hoffmann, IS | 1 |
| Cubeddu, LX | 1 |
| Srinivasan, J | 1 |
| Schmidt, WJ | 1 |
| Klivenyi, P | 1 |
| Calingasan, NY | 1 |
| Starkov, A | 1 |
| Stavrovskaya, IG | 1 |
| Kristal, BS | 1 |
| Yang, L | 1 |
| Wieringa, B | 1 |
| Beal, MF | 1 |
| Zaman, V | 1 |
| Nelson, ME | 1 |
| Rohrer, B | 1 |
| Götz, ME | 1 |
| Malz, CR | 1 |
| Dirr, A | 1 |
| Blum, D | 1 |
| Gsell, W | 1 |
| Schmidt, S | 1 |
| Burger, R | 1 |
| Pohli, S | 1 |
| Riederer, P | 1 |
| Ossowska, K | 1 |
| Smiałowska, M | 1 |
| Kuter, K | 1 |
| Wierońska, J | 1 |
| Zieba, B | 1 |
| Wardas, J | 1 |
| Nowak, P | 1 |
| Dabrowska, J | 1 |
| Bortel, A | 1 |
| Biedka, I | 1 |
| Schulze, G | 1 |
| Rommelspacher, H | 1 |
| Kadoguchi, N | 1 |
| Kimoto, H | 1 |
| Yano, R | 1 |
| Kato, H | 1 |
| Araki, T | 1 |
| Oishi, T | 1 |
| Hasegawa, E | 1 |
| Murai, Y | 1 |
| Przedborski, S | 1 |
| Jackson-Lewis, V | 1 |
| Yokoyama, R | 1 |
| Shibata, T | 1 |
| Dawson, VL | 1 |
| Dawson, TM | 1 |
| Dethy, S | 1 |
| Manto, M | 1 |
| Bastianelli, E | 1 |
| Gangji, V | 1 |
| Laute, MA | 1 |
| Goldman, S | 1 |
| Hildebrand, J | 1 |
| Takeda, A | 1 |
| Sawashita, J | 1 |
| Takefuta, S | 1 |
| Okada, S | 1 |
| Kanemaru, K | 1 |
| Mitani, K | 1 |
| Yamanouchi, H | 1 |
| Muenter, MD | 1 |
| Forno, LS | 1 |
| Hornykiewicz, O | 2 |
| Kish, SJ | 1 |
| Maraganore, DM | 1 |
| Caselli, RJ | 1 |
| Okazaki, H | 1 |
| Howard, FM | 1 |
| Snow, BJ | 1 |
| Calne, DB | 1 |
| Teicher, MH | 1 |
| Andersen, SL | 1 |
| Campbell, A | 1 |
| Gelbard, HA | 1 |
| Baldessarini, RJ | 1 |
| Kim, H | 1 |
| Jhoo, W | 1 |
| Shin, E | 1 |
| Bezard, E | 1 |
| Jaber, M | 1 |
| Gonon, F | 1 |
| Boireau, A | 1 |
| Bloch, B | 1 |
| Gross, CE | 1 |
| Quik, M | 1 |
| Polonskaya, Y | 1 |
| Gillespie, A | 1 |
| K Lloyd, G | 1 |
| Halladay, AK | 1 |
| Yue, Y | 1 |
| Michna, L | 1 |
| Widmer, DA | 1 |
| Wagner, GC | 1 |
| Zhou, R | 1 |
| Klawans, H | 1 |
| Janson, AM | 2 |
| Rosén, L | 1 |
| Finnman, UB | 1 |
| Tanganelli, S | 1 |
| Morari, M | 1 |
| Goldstein, M | 1 |
| Pehek, EA | 1 |
| Crock, R | 1 |
| Yamamoto, BK | 1 |
| Sengstock, GJ | 1 |
| Olanow, CW | 1 |
| Dunn, AJ | 1 |
| Arendash, GW | 1 |
| Ben-Shachar, D | 2 |
| Pinhassi, B | 1 |
| Youdim, MB | 2 |
| Pasinetti, GM | 1 |
| Kohama, S | 1 |
| Reinhard, JF | 1 |
| Cheng, HW | 1 |
| McNeill, TH | 1 |
| Finch, CE | 1 |
| Meana, JJ | 1 |
| Goiny, M | 1 |
| Herrera-Marschitz, M | 1 |
| Eshel, G | 1 |
| Finberg, JP | 1 |
| Scatton, B | 2 |
| Dennis, T | 1 |
| L'Heureux, R | 1 |
| Monfort, JC | 1 |
| Duyckaerts, C | 2 |
| Javoy-Agid, F | 2 |
| Ichikawa, N | 1 |
| Ruberg, M | 1 |
| Hirsch, E | 1 |
| LHeureux, R | 1 |
| Hauw, JJ | 1 |
| Gray, F | 1 |
| Morel-Maroger, A | 1 |
| Rascol, A | 1 |
| Sharpe, JA | 1 |
| Rewcastle, NB | 1 |
| Lloyd, KG | 1 |
| Hill, M | 1 |
| Tasker, RR | 1 |
| Bedard, P | 1 |
| Larochelle, L | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Starving for Energy - A Pilot Study to Test Ketone Derived Energy in Eating Disorders[NCT05507008] | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-10-13 | Recruiting | |||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
1 review available for homovanillic acid and Nerve Degeneration
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Amine precursors in neurologic disorders and the psychoses.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Homovanillic Acid; Humans; Huntington Disease; Hydroxyindo | 1975 |
42 other studies available for homovanillic acid and Nerve Degeneration
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Pharmacokinetic, neurochemical, stereological and neuropathological studies on the potential effects of paraquat in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum of male C57BL/6J mice.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Astrocytes; B | 2013 |
Progressive nigrostriatal terminal dysfunction and degeneration in the engrailed1 heterozygous mouse model of Parkinson's disease.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Autophagy; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Disease | 2015 |
AAV.shRNA-mediated downregulation of ROCK2 attenuates degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in toxin-induced models of Parkinson's disease in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Adrenergic Agents; Animals; Dependovirus; Disease Models, Animal; Do | 2015 |
Apocyanin, a Microglial NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor Prevents Dopaminergic Neuronal Degeneration in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Parkinson's Disease Model.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Acetophenones; Animals; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminer | 2016 |
AAV1/2-induced overexpression of A53T-α-synuclein in the substantia nigra results in degeneration of the nigrostriatal system with Lewy-like pathology and motor impairment: a new mouse model for Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Dependovirus; Dopamine; Dopamine | 2017 |
Dopaminergic and serotoninergic deficiencies in young adult rats prenatally exposed to the bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Brain; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Female; Frontal Lobe; Hippocampus; Homovanillic | 2009 |
Ketogenic diet protects dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA neurotoxicity via up-regulating glutathione in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Adrenergic Agents; Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Chromatography, | 2009 |
Biochemical alteration in cerebrospinal fluid precedes behavioral deficits in Parkinsonian rats induced by 6-hydroxydopamine.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Count; Cell Death; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Homovanillic Acid; Hy | 2009 |
Inflammation and age-related iron accumulation in F344 rats.
Topics: Age Factors; Aging; Animals; Dopamine; Endotoxins; Ferritins; Homovanillic Acid; Inflammation; Iron; | 2008 |
On the role of P2X(7) receptors in dopamine nerve cell degeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: studies with the P2X(7) receptor antagonist A-438079.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Adrenergic Agents; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Brain; Cell Count; | 2010 |
Substantia nigra vulnerability after a single moderate diffuse brain injury in the rat.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Atrophy; Brain Injuries; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Carrier | 2012 |
Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Biomarkers; Dopamine; Environm | 2002 |
Lesion of caudate-putamen interneurons with kainic acid alters dopamine and serotonin metabolism in the olfactory tubercle of the rat.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Death; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relat | 2002 |
Potentiation of parkinsonian symptoms by depletion of locus coeruleus noradrenaline in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced partial degeneration of substantia nigra in rats.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Adrenergic Agents; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Benzylamines; Cataleps | 2003 |
Neuroprotective mechanisms of creatine occur in the absence of mitochondrial creatine kinase.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Adenosine Monophosphate; Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Chromatogr | 2004 |
Neurodegenerative alterations in the nigrostriatal system of trkB hypomorphic mice.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Chromatography, High Pre | 2004 |
Brain aging phenomena in migrating sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka nerka.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Aging; Animal Migration; Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Brain; Ca | 2005 |
Degeneration of dopaminergic mesocortical neurons and activation of compensatory processes induced by a long-term paraquat administration in rats: implications for Parkinson's disease.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cerebral Cortex; Chromatography, High Pre | 2006 |
Failure of acute administration with proteasome inhibitor to provide a model of Parkinson's disease in mice.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Corpus Striat | 2008 |
Sulfhydryl drugs reduce neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in the mouse.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Corpus Striat | 1993 |
Role of neuronal nitric oxide in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Cerebellum; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Dopamine Agents; Enz | 1996 |
Cerebellar spongiform degeneration induced by acute lithium intoxication in the rat.
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Cerebellar Diseases; Cerebellum; Dopamine; Homovanillic Acid; Hydroxyindolea | 1997 |
Distribution of zinc in the substantia nigra of rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Adrenergic Agents; Animals; Autoradiography; Blood-Brain Barrier; Ch | 1998 |
Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels are not reduced in early corticobasal degeneration.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Basal Ganglia; Cerebral Cortex; Homovanillic Acid; Humans; Nerve Degenerati | 1998 |
Hereditary form of parkinsonism--dementia.
Topics: Adult; Antiparkinson Agents; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Dementia; Dopamine; Family Health; Female; | 1998 |
Progressive accumbens degeneration after neonatal striatal 6-hydroxydopamine in rats.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Caudate Nucleus; Chromatography, High Pre | 1998 |
Selenium deficiency potentiates methamphetamine-induced nigral neuronal loss; comparison with MPTP model.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Antioxidants; | 2000 |
Adaptive changes in the nigrostriatal pathway in response to increased 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurodegeneration in the mouse.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Cell Count; Corpus Striatum; Disease Mode | 2000 |
Differential alterations in nicotinic receptor alpha6 and beta3 subunit messenger RNAs in monkey substantia nigra after nigrostriatal degeneration.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; Animals; Basal Ganglia; Behavior, Animal; Bridged Bicy | 2000 |
Regulation of EphB1 expression by dopamine signaling.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cerebral Cortex; Cocaine; Cocaine-Related | 2000 |
Evidence for a protective action of the vigilance promoting drug modafinil on the MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the black mouse: an immunocytochemical and biochemical analysis.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Benzhydryl Compounds; Central Nervous | 1992 |
Selective subregional dopamine depletions in the rat caudate-putamen following nigrostriatal lesions.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Caudate Nucleus; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Homovanillic Ac | 1992 |
Iron induces degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Homovanillic Acid; Iron; Male; Nerve Degen | 1992 |
Prevention of neuroleptic-induced dopamine D2 receptor supersensitivity by chronic iron salt treatment.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Apomorphine; Brain Chemistry; Chlorpr | 1991 |
Striatal responses to decortication. I. Dopaminergic and astrocytic activities.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Astrocytes; Biomarkers; Blotting, Western; Cerebral Cortex; | 1991 |
Chronic nicotine treatment counteracts the decrease in extracellular neostriatal dopamine induced by a unilateral transection at the mesodiencephalic junction in rats: a microdialysis study.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Acetylcholine; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Denervation; Depression, Ch | 1991 |
The iron chelator desferrioxamine (Desferal) retards 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Deferoxamine; Dopamine; Homovanillic Acid; Hydroxydopamines | 1991 |
Degeneration of noradrenergic and serotonergic but not dopaminergic neurones in the lumbar spinal cord of parkinsonian patients.
Topics: Aged; Dopamine; Female; Homovanillic Acid; Humans; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; Male; Nerve Degeneratio | 1986 |
Study on monoamine metabolite contents of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Glycols; Homovanillic Acid; Humans; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; Male; Methoxyhydr | 1986 |
Dopaminergic and cholinergic lesions in progressive supranuclear palsy.
Topics: Aged; Brain; Bulbar Palsy, Progressive; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Fema | 1985 |
Striatonigral degeneration. Response to levodopa therapy with pathological and neurochemical correlation.
Topics: Basal Ganglia; Carboxy-Lyases; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Diencephalon; Dihydroxy | 1973 |
Effect of section of the strionigral fibers on dopamine turnover in the forebrain of the rat.
Topics: Animals; Arecoline; Brain; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Feedback; Haloperidol; Homovanillic Acid; Male | 1973 |