heroin and Mental-Disorders

Recent clinical observations and psychiatric diagnostic findings of drug-dependent individuals suggest that they are predisposed to addiction because they suffer with painful affect states and related psychiatric disorders. The drugs that addicts select are not chosen randomly. Their drug of choice is the result of an interaction between the psychopharmacologic action of the drug and the dominant painful feelings with which they struggle. Narcotic addicts prefer opiates because of their powerful muting action on the disorganizing and threatening affects of rage and aggression. Cocaine has its appeal because of its ability to relieve distress associated with depression, hypomania, and hyperactivity.

Topics: Adult; Affective Symptoms; Aggression; Bipolar Disorder; Choice Behavior; Cocaine; Depressive Disorder; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Narcotics; Opioid-Related Disorders; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychoanalytic Theory; Rage; Self Medication

The causes of heroin addiction have been studied and debated, and many theories have evolved. This article reviews the extensive literature on the subject and groups the material under the categories of Psychological, Pharmacological, Genetic, Socilogical, Social Protest, The Family, and Stepping Stone theories.

Topics: Anomie; Genetics; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Mental Disorders; Oral Stage; Personality; Psychoanalytic Theory; Social Behavior; Social Conditions; Social Environment

Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) has been found effective in treating heroin addiction. Serious consideration should be given to the modality of methadone distribution, as it influences not only treatment outcome but the attitudes of policy makers and the community, too. On one hand, the choice of take-home methadone removes the need for daily attendance at a methadone clinic, which seems to improve patients' quality of life. On the other, this method, because of its lack of supervision and the absence of strict consumption monitoring, runs the risk of methadone misuse and diversion. In this study, we compared A) supervised daily consumption, B) contingent take-home incentives and C) non-contingent take-home in methadone maintenance in three groups of heroin-addicted patients attending three different MMT programmes. Retention rates at 12 months were significantly higher in contingent take-home patients (group B) than in those with supervised daily consumption (group A) and the non-contingent take-home (group C). Retention rates were higher in group A than in group C patients. Compared to patients in groups A and B, those in group C showed fewer negative urinalyses and higher rates of self-reported diversion and episodes of crime or violence. Results indicate a more positive outcomes following take-home methadone associated with behavioural incentives and other measures that aim to facilitate treatment compliance than those following daily supervised consumption. By contrast, non-contingent take-home methadone given to non-stabilized patients is associated with a high rate of diversion, along with more crime episodes and maladaptive behaviours.

Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Comorbidity; Crime; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Interview, Psychological; Male; Mental Disorders; Methadone; Motivation; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Opioid-Related Disorders; Patient Compliance; Self Report; Substance Abuse Detection; Substance-Related Disorders; Treatment Outcome; Violence

Comorbid psychiatric disorders among opioid-dependent patients are associated with several negative outcome factors. However, outcomes of maintenance treatment have not been sufficiently established, and no evidence is available with respect to heroin-assisted treatment (HAT).. For patients in the German heroin trial outcome measures were analyzed for HAT versus methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) both for patients with and without a comorbid diagnosis according to CIDI.. 47.2% of the sample had at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, mainly neurotic, stress-related or somatoform (F4) or affective (F3) disorders. HAT had a better outcome than MMT concerning improvement of health and reduction of illicit drug use in both comorbid and non-comorbid patients, but weaker effects were found in the comorbid group.. The better outcome of HAT also in comorbid patients suggests that psychiatric comorbidity should be an inclusion criterion for HAT. The weaker advantage of HAT may be due to pharmacological or methodological reasons.

Topics: Adult; Case Management; Combined Modality Therapy; Comorbidity; Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Female; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Long-Term Care; Male; Mental Disorders; Methadone; Narcotics; Patient Education as Topic; Psychotherapy; Treatment Outcome

Women comprise around 15% of admissions to provincial correctional institutions in Canada. Women in custody are known to have a high prevalence of mental health concerns, but little is known about how those referred to mental health services compare with referred men at a similar stage of imprisonment.. Our aim was to describe and compare clinical, social and demographic characteristics of a complete cohort of custodially remanded men and women who were referred to mental health services while under custodial remand in two correctional institutions.. We carried out retrospective analysis of data obtained from 4040 men and 1734 provincially detained women referred to mental health services in two correctional centres holding mainly pre-trial prisoners and serving a large mixed urban-rural catchment area in Toronto, Canada over a nearly five-year period. Men and women were first screened using the Brief Jail Mental Health Screen. Those who screened positive were assessed using the Jail Screening Assessment Tool the Brief Psychopathology Rating Scale-Expanded (BPRS-E) and the Clinical Global Impression-Corrections (CGI-C).. There were many similarities between men and women, but also some important differences. Women were more socioeconomically disadvantaged than men. More women than men reported having children, yet fewer reported having any form of employment or social supports, although men were more likely to report unstable housing. In addition, women were significantly more likely to have mood and anxiety problems and to be self-harming, but did not differ from men in current psychotic symptoms. We also found differences in patterns of substance use, with a higher proportion of women using heroin and methamphetamines but fewer women having accessed addiction services.. Our findings have implications for clinicians and service planners. They underscore the value of systematic screening for identifying need. More specifically, they suggest need for increased availability of addiction services for women as well as ensuring support for those women who have dependent-age children. Improvement in supports for entry into employment is particularly needed for women, while men are particularly likely to need access to stable housing.

Topics: Child; Female; Heroin; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Ontario; Prisoners; Prisons; Retrospective Studies; Substance-Related Disorders

The study examined associations between medication assisted treatment (MAT) and psychiatric symptom severity, measured by Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), among individuals with serious mental illness and a history of heroin use. Of 271 participants, 32% (n=87) reported a history of heroin use and, of those, 14.9% (n=13) reported MAT. Higher scores in PANSS Total, Negative, and Disordered subscales were associated with lower odds, while being on an antipsychotic with higher odds, of receiving MAT. This supports the greater need for clinician attention to different symptom clusters and targeted multidimensional interventions as a way to increase MAT participation.

Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Female; Heroin; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Opioid-Related Disorders

Psychiatric comorbidities are frequent among people who inject drugs, they are associated with a poorer prognosis and need to be addressed. Their interaction with daily heroin injection requires clarification.. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among PWID recruited in the city of Haiphong, Vietnam, by respondent-driven sampling. The inclusion criteria were age 18 or older and current injection drug use, verified by skin marks and positive urine tests for heroin or methamphetamine. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, drug use, sexual behaviour and access to treatment were collected using face-to-face questionnaires by trained interviewers. PWID were screened by trained psychiatrists for depression, psychotic disorder and suicidality, using the MINI questionnaire.. 418 participants were included in the analyses. All were injected heroin users, 21 % were diagnosed with a current major depressive disorder, 15 % with a current psychotic disorder and 12 % presented a suicide risk. In the bivariate analyses, regular meth use, cannabis use and ketamine use were positively associated with presenting at least one psychiatric condition while daily heroin injection and being currently treated with methadone were negatively associated. In the multivariate model, poly-substance use was positively associated with depression (methamphetamine and drinking in addition to heroin) and psychotic disorder (methamphetamine and/or hazardous drinking in addition to heroin) while daily heroin injection and current methadone treatment were negatively and independently associated with depression and psychotic syndrome.. Our survey confirms the burden of methamphetamine use and the protective effect of methadone but also a possible protective effect of daily heroin injection.

Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vietnam

The objective of this study was to explore the characteristics of comorbid psychiatric symptoms and the relationship between different routes of drug administration and psychiatric symptoms. Five hundred and nine heroin addicts were studied in Drug Detoxification and Rehabilitation Centers in Yunnan and Heilongjiang provinces of China. The measure instrument, including demographic characteristics, history of drug abuse, and the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) scale (Chinese version), was administered to eligible heroin addicts. Among the subjects, comorbid psychopathology conditions were more severe on all dimensions of SCL-90 comparing with normal adults and the average score of Depression was highest among the 9 dimensions in heroin addicts; psychiatric symptoms were more severe in heroin injecting group than in "chasing the dragon" group and only the difference in Obsessive-Compulsive was significant, but more significant differences were found between snorting heroin addicts and chasing or injecting heroin addicts, and the average score of each dimension of SCL-90 was higher in the snorting group than in the other 2 groups. The reasons of the results and meaning for the present study are discussed. In summary, comorbid psychiatric symptoms in the heroin addicts were very common and severe and their severity varied with different routes of drug administration, suggesting that routes of drug administration should be considered as an important risk factor to mental health of heroin addicts.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; China; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder; Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Female; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Substance Abuse, Intravenous

Illicit drug users, entering a detention center and two psychiatric hospitals in Northern Taiwan, were interviewed for lifetime drug-use-related psychiatric disorders and suicide attempts. Among 197 participants, 17.3%, 16.8%, and 14.2% had a drug-induced psychotic disorder (DIP), a drug-induced mood disorder (DIM), and a history of suicide attempts, respectively. Continuous use of methamphetamine and joblessness were associated with DIP and DIM, accordingly. Polysubstance use was collectively correlated with DIP and DIM. Female gender and history of having any mood disorder were predictors of suicide. These results provide useful clues for detecting drug-related psychiatric disorders and suicide among illicit drug users. The study's limitations are noted.

Topics: Adult; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Heroin; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Interview, Psychological; Male; Mental Disorders; Methamphetamine; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicide, Attempted; Surveys and Questionnaires; Taiwan; Young Adult

While psychiatric comorbidity has been shown to produce a negative impact on the outcome of opioid use disorders, longitudinal studies carried out in the context of methadone maintenance treatment programs (MMTP) to evaluate outcomes strictly linked to methadone efficacy have not demonstrated a similar negative influence. To verify whether results obtained considering psychopathology in terms of formal psychiatric diagnoses were replicated when assessing psychopathology in terms of global psychiatric severity, a retrospective cohort study was designed. 259 patients commencing methadone maintenance treatment were divided into two groups on the basis of SCL-90 severity score and compared for retention in treatment, toxicological urine test results and psychological/psychiatric status throughout a one year period of observation. The results of the study suggest that patients in MMTP with high psychiatric severity are not characterized by a lower retention in treatment or higher substance use than those with low psychiatric severity. Moreover, during treatment high severe psychiatric patient status appears to improve significantly for all psychological/psychiatric dimensions explored by SCL-90. These results are consistent with those obtained in previous studies on the efficacy of MMTP, comprehensive of psychiatric care, irrespective of the severity of psychopathology exhibited by patients at the beginning of treatment.

Topics: Adult; Cocaine; Cohort Studies; Female; Heroin; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Methadone; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Opioid-Related Disorders; Patient Compliance; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome

To examine the self-reported personal wellbeing of a sample of Australian injecting drug users (IDU) using a standardized instrument and determine the key correlates of variations in self-reported personal wellbeing.. Cross-sectional survey of 881 Australian IDU.. Self-reported personal wellbeing collected using the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI).. IDU scored significantly lower than the general Australian population on the PWI and all subscales. Lower PWI scores were associated with a range of socio-demographic, drug use and other health and social characteristics. Across all PWI subscales, lower personal wellbeing scores were associated with unemployment, past 6-month mental health problems and more frequent injecting (all P < 0.05).. The PWI is sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between IDU and the general population, and to identify key correlates of PWI among IDU. Some domains canvassed within the scale, such as health, standard of living and life achievements, are well within the scope of current intervention strategies, such as pharmacotherapy maintenance treatment and housing and employment support services. This suggests that the PWI could be useful in clinical settings by allowing structured identification of the areas of a person's life to be addressed as a part of a treatment regimen. In order to inform targeted prevention and intervention efforts, longitudinal studies of PWI and its correlates among IDU are required.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Australia; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Overdose; Female; Health Status Disparities; Heroin; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Quality of Life; Self Report; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance Abuse, Intravenous

The United Kingdom is unusual internationally in that it is one of few countries able to prescribe diamorphine for the treatment of opiate dependence. Prescribing diamorphine has been part of the UK response to drug problems since the 1920s. Despite this, little is known about who receives diamorphine and how treatment is delivered. This study aims to describe the characteristics and treatment regimes of opiate-dependent drug users receiving a prescription for diamorphine in the United Kingdom in 2000, and report on their status in 2002. A retrospective case-note review was conducted in England and Wales. Two hundred and ten (72%; 210/292) patients' sets of case-notes were reviewed at 27 of the 42 (64%) drug clinics where diamorphine was prescribed by the doctor. Patients had been receiving a prescription for diamorphine for a median length of six years. The majority were unemployed white males, with a median age of 44 years. Illicit drug use and criminal activity, while low, had not been eliminated totally. The majority were prescribed ampoules and few had significant health problems. In some cases patients had been transferred to injectable diamorphine from injectable methadone to reduce injection related problems. There were wide variations in dose. The majority of patients had no serious drug, health or social problems. Diamorphine prescribing was a long-term commitment. The experience from the United Kingdom has been one of long-term prescribing with the aim of retaining patients in treatment and reducing the harms caused by illicit drug use. Prospective studies are needed to determine the long-term consequences of receiving a diamorphine prescription.

Topics: Ambulatory Care Facilities; Crime; England; Health Status; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Mental Disorders; Narcotics; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Retrospective Studies; Wales

To identify patterns of mental health, prescription drug use and personal circumstances associated with heroin overdose in young people.. Linkage of data on use of Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) prescription drugs with data from a self-report questionnaire.. Inner metropolitan Melbourne, Australia.. 163 young people, 15-30 years, using heroin.. Personal circumstances, mental health (as measured by various scales), and PBS-listed prescription drug use.. Young people using heroin reported high rates of feelings of hopelessness, depression, antisocial behaviour, self-harm and diagnosed mental illness. A prior history of overdose was associated with previous mental illness, which in turn was associated with being female, having poor social support, being dissatisfied with relationships, and living alone or in temporary accommodation. While feelings of hopelessness and antisocial behaviour were strongly associated with overdose history, the number of PBS prescription drugs used had a very strong relationship with overdose, particularly benzodiazepines, other opioids, tricyclic antidepressants and tranquillisers.. Further research to explore causal relationships between prescription drugs and heroin overdose is warranted. Improved data linkage to PBS records for general practitioners may facilitate safer prescribing practices.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Drug Overdose; Drug Prescriptions; Female; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Life Style; Logistic Models; Male; Mental Disorders; Probability; Registries; Risk Assessment; Sex Distribution; Socioeconomic Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survival Rate; Urban Population; Victoria

Topics: Adolescent; Comorbidity; Drug Tolerance; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Mental Disorders; Narcotics; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Treatment Outcome; United States

The present paper describes the type and prevalence of co-morbid psychiatric disorders in a group of opioid dependent addicts.. In 17 Swiss centres for heroin-assisted treatment 85 opiate addicts were assessed at entry using the SKID interview.. Lifetime prevalence of co-morbid Axis I or Axis II disorders was 86 %. Most frequently patients were diagnosed with a personality disorder (58 %). Second frequently were mood disorders with a prevalence of 55 %, followed by anxiety disorders with a prevalence of 26 %.. The high prevalence of co-morbid psychiatric disorders indicate the urgent necessity to further develop and adapt health services for opioid addicts.

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Female; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Opioid-Related Disorders; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Rehabilitation Centers; Substance-Related Disorders; Switzerland

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the indicators of psychiatric disorders of individuals and their choice of either cocaine or heroin, drugs that differ markedly in their pharmacological effects. Cocaine acts as an intense stimulant, and heroin has profound sedative effects. This investigation examined the relationship between preference for heroin or cocaine and indicators of psychiatric impairment. Data from 282 subjects were grouped according to drug of choice and analyzed. Ninety-three percent of these subjects were African-American, 32% were female, and the average age was 34. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, such as discriminant analyses, were used to determine group differences. The results are evaluated and interpreted in relation to both the current empirical findings and to the hypotheses and theories postulated as a result of earlier clinical observations on drug of choice and psychopathology. Discriminant analysis yielded an overall correct classification rate of 75%. The discriminant function suggests that members in the cocaine drug of choice group as contrasted with members in the heroin preference group can be characterized as more socially inhibited and more self-defeating after adjusting for differences in age, duration of use of illicit substances, and marital status. Those who favored cocaine as contrasted with those who favored heroin were more likely to have never married, be younger, and have used illicit substances for a shorter period of time.

Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Cocaine; Female; Heroin; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Mental Disorders; Personality Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders

Prisoners deserve to be taken seriously and treated with respect by the physician, as does any person seeking medical care. Treatment should include an adequate history and physical examination as well as indicated laboratory tests. Anxiety is a ubiquitous problem in prison life and can adversely affect any medical condition. The diagnosis of malingering is and should be one of exclusion, and the physician should keep in mind that a seemingly healthy prisoner might have several other reasons for seeking medical help. The physician needs to be confident of the diagnosis before returning the person to the cell block, as prisoners do not have freedom of access to medical care. New standards, programs, literature, journals, and conferences have drawn attention to the jail as a place where the physician can intervene in a positive way to decrease the recycling of crime and illness. It is not enough to be able to practice good medicine in a jail. Such practice must recognize the special needs of prisoners and the special problems inherent in the jail environment.

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Cannabis; Diazepam; Ethics, Medical; Female; Health Services; Heroin; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Physician-Patient Relations; Prisoners; Prisons; Seizures; Substance-Related Disorders; Tuberculosis; United States

Topics: Amphetamines; Behavior; Cannabis; Drug Therapy; Epilepsy; Heroin; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mental Disorders; Nausea; Obesity; Pain; Vomiting

Topics: Ataxia; Coma; Depression; Electroencephalography; Female; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Muscular Diseases; Myelitis, Transverse; Nervous System Diseases; Neuritis; Neurocognitive Disorders; Nystagmus, Pathologic; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Sleep Wake Disorders; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tremor

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Depression; Hallucinogens; Heroin; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenia, Paranoid; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Female; Heroin; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Mental Disorders; Military Psychiatry; MMPI; Personality; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Vietnam; Warfare

Topics: Age Factors; Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Cocaine; Drug Combinations; Heroin; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mental Disorders; Psychiatric Department, Hospital; Substance-Related Disorders

In a prospective study of 349 patients with acute poisoning treated at The Montreal General Hospital in 1972 benzodiazepines and non-barbiturate hypnotics were found to be the most frequent putative drugs. Of the 108 patients admitted to hospital 37% had taken an overdose of a drug prescribed for them by their psychiatrist or other physician; 48% had formerly taken an overdose of drugs and 44% had had previous psychiatric treatment. Unconsciousness, respiratory depression, metabolic acidosis and acidemia, and hypokalemia were the most frequent clinical abnormalities observed. Treatment was supportive. There were six deaths. The average duration of coma was short; only five surviving patients remained unconscious for more than 24 hours. Respiratory complications were frequent.It is recommended that more attention be paid to recognizing patients whose behaviour pattern might include such an impulsive gesture, and that alternatives be found for barbiturate and non-barbiturate hypnotics.

Topics: Adult; Amphetamine; Antidepressive Agents; Cocaine; Diazepam; Diphenhydramine; Diuresis; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Gastric Lavage; Heroin; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Mental Disorders; Methaqualone; Poisoning; Prospective Studies; Quebec; Resuscitation; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicide; Unconsciousness; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adult; Heroin; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; MMPI; Morphine Dependence; Personality; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Female; Hallucinogens; Heroin; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Mental Disorders; MMPI; Personality; Self Concept; Social Desirability; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Barbiturates; Canada; Cannabis; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Delusions; Education; Family Characteristics; Female; Hallucinations; Heroin; Humans; Injections; Male; Mental Disorders; Methamphetamine; MMPI; Psychology, Social; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Ego; Hallucinogens; Heroin; Humans; Interview, Psychological; Male; Mental Disorders; Methamphetamine; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Amphetamine; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Family; Female; Heroin; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Mental Disorders; Morphine Dependence; Personality Disorders; Probability; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Social Class; Student Dropouts; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphetamine; Cannabis; Costs and Cost Analysis; Drug and Narcotic Control; Heroin; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mental Disorders; Morphine Dependence; Narcotics; Substance-Related Disorders; United States

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Codeine; Female; Hallucinogens; Heroin; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Mental Disorders; Substance-Related Disorders

A follow-up study of girls in a London remand home during the years 1966-8 showed that 20.6% of those taking non-narcotic drugs on admission, but only 1% of non-drug-taking control admissions, had used narcotics by June 1970. Narcotic use on admission and progression to narcotic use were associated with frequent drug taking, marked involvement in a drug milieu, and a high incidence of personal morbidity. Adolescents who use illicit drugs and have a history of court appearances for any reason are particularly vulnerable to subsequent narcotic usage and other forms of serious drug abuse.

Topics: Adolescent; Amphetamine; Cannabis; Cocaine; Educational Status; Family; Female; Heroin; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency; London; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mental Disorders; Methadone; Morphine Dependence; Parent-Child Relations; Personality Disorders; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Work

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Crime; Education; Female; Heroin; Humans; London; Mental Disorders; Prisons; Social Class; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Ethnicity; Family Characteristics; Female; Heroin; Humans; Intelligence Tests; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Mental Disorders; New York; Personality Disorders; Psychological Tests; Schizophrenia; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Social Class; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Black People; Cannabis; Child; Crime; Education; Employment; Family; Female; Heroin; Hospitals, Special; Humans; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Narcotics; Patient Readmission; Prisons; Residence Characteristics; Sex Work; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; United States Public Health Service; White People

Topics: Amphetamine; Barbiturates; Condiments; Drug Synergism; Hallucinations; Hallucinogens; Hepatitis A; Heroin; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Mental Disorders; Petroleum; Psychomotor Disorders; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders