guanosine-diphosphate and Retroviridae-Infections

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) are two prevalent transmittable diseases for domestic cats. This paper reports the frequency of these two diseases compared globally across Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at purchasing power parity per capita (PPP). Information around FeLV and FIV rates of infection in specific locations around the world was analyzed from 47 published articles. Results show that based on the data available, the statistical model indicates that the highest percentage of FeLV or FIV infected cats live in areas of lower PPP (p ≤.001) with a decreasing rate of infection of FeLV and FIV with increasing income. Two theories for this could be that the lower PPP locations in this study were also in areas of greater feral cat and cat colony populations, as well as were areas with less emphasis on animal welfare and animal control programs. Additional research should be conducted to strengthen the study size in South America and Africa before further conclusions can be drawn.

Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Guanosine Diphosphate; Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline; Incidence; Lentivirus Infections; Leukemia Virus, Feline; Prevalence; Retroviridae Infections; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Tumor Virus Infections

Ras proteins play a major role in human cancers but have not yielded to therapeutic attack. Ras-driven cancers are among the most difficult to treat and often excluded from therapies. The Ras proteins have been termed "undruggable," based on failures from an era in which understanding of signaling transduction, feedback loops, redundancy, tumor heterogeneity, and Ras' oncogenic role was poor. Structures of Ras oncoproteins bound to their effectors or regulators are unsolved, and it is unknown precisely how Ras proteins activate their downstream targets. These knowledge gaps have impaired development of therapeutic strategies. A better understanding of Ras biology and biochemistry, coupled with new ways of targeting undruggable proteins, is likely to lead to new ways of defeating Ras-driven cancers.

Topics: Animals; Guanosine Diphosphate; Guanosine Triphosphate; Humans; Mice; Neoplasms; Oncogene Protein p21(ras); Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Retroviridae Infections; Signal Transduction; Tumor Virus Infections