glycogen and Trichinellosis

The metabolism of Trichinella spp. is primarily anoxybiotic in nature. Their main energy source is glycogen, which is stored in the stichocites at the muscular stage of the larval development. When subject to tow temperatures the Trichinella larvae consume glycogen and neutral fats to provide for basal metabolism until the energy supplies reach the critical level. The present study establishes the glycogen concentration as well the invasive activity of T. nativа when affected by low temperatures in natural conditions. The carcasses of infected laboratory rats were placed in containers beneath the snow cover, in the natural conditions of a game husbandry in Central Russia. The viability, invasive capacity and the glycogen level were monitored in the Trichinella larvae monthly. The invasive capacity of Trichinella larvae was established based on the presence of the larvae in the muscular tissue of laboratory mice after the peroral administration of the helminth larvae. On the 45 day of the experiment, the mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and if the Trichinella larvae could be discovered in the muscular tissue with the help of the trichinelloscopic compression method, the invasive capacity of the Trichinella larvae was viewed as positive. To establish the quantitative value of glycogen content in Trichinella larvae a modified method was used. In order to measure the glycogen level in the T. nativa larvae isolated by fermentation larvae were counted in one drop of the suspended sedimentation in the Migacheva-Kotelnikov chamber. To establish the quantitative value of glycogen content in Trichinella larvae a method based on the treatment of glycogen with iodine, optical density measurement with a refractometer MКMФ-02 was used. For the purpose of measuring the concentration of glycogen in Trichinella larvae in the suspended sedimentation a calibration curve was used. The studies showed that the viability indicator of the Trichinella larvae which had been preserved in natural conditions in the four months of the winter-spring period, in the muscular tissue of laboratory rats remained high (over 90 %). The glycogen concentration in one helminth larva was 0.041 μg in January, 0.033 μg in February, 0.015 μg in April. The invasive capability of the preserved Trichinella larvae was considerably reduced to 33.3 %. In the winter period, under temperatures below 0 °C, a decrease in the glycogen concentration in the Trichinella larvae was observed.

Topics: Animals; Cold Temperature; Glycogen; Larva; Mice; Rats; Rodent Diseases; Seasons; Trichinella; Trichinellosis

The metabolism of Trichinella spp. is primarily anoxybiotic in nature. Their main energy source is glycogen, which is stored in the stichocites at the muscular stage of the larval development. When subject to tow temperatures the Trichinella larvae consume glycogen and neutral fats to provide for basal metabolism until the energy supplies reach the critical level. The present study establishes the glycogen concentration as well the invasive activity of T. nativа when affected by low temperatures in natural conditions. The carcasses of infected laboratory rats were placed in containers beneath the snow cover, in the natural conditions of a game husbandry in Central Russia. The viability, invasive capacity and the glycogen level were monitored in the Trichinella larvae monthly. The invasive capacity of Trichinella larvae was established based on the presence of the larvae in the muscular tissue of laboratory mice after the peroral administration of the helminth larvae. On the 45 day of the experiment, the mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and if the Trichinella larvae could be discovered in the muscular tissue with the help of the trichinelloscopic compression method, the invasive capacity of the Trichinella larvae was viewed as positive. To establish the quantitative value of glycogen content in Trichinella larvae a modified method was used. In order to measure the glycogen level in the T. nativa larvae isolated by fermentation larvae were counted in one drop of the suspended sedimentation in the Migacheva-Kotelnikov chamber. To establish the quantitative value of glycogen content in Trichinella larvae a method based on the treatment of glycogen with iodine, optical density measurement with a refractometer MКMФ-02 was used. For the purpose of measuring the concentration of glycogen in Trichinella larvae in the suspended sedimentation a calibration curve was used. The studies showed that the viability indicator of the Trichinella larvae which had been preserved in natural conditions in the four months of the winter-spring period, in the muscular tissue of laboratory rats remained high (over 90 %). The glycogen concentration in one helminth larva was 0.041 μg in January, 0.033 μg in February, 0.015 μg in April. The invasive capability of the preserved Trichinella larvae was considerably reduced to 33.3 %. In the winter period, under temperatures below 0 °C, a decrease in the glycogen concentration in the Trichinella larvae was observed.

Topics: Animals; Cadaver; Cold Temperature; Glycogen; Larva; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscles; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rodent Diseases; Russia; Seasons; Trichinella; Trichinellosis

The present study investigates how Trichinella infection induces host hypoglycaemia and explores a potential relationship between infection and the insulin signalling pathway. The results showed that mice infected with Trichinella spiralis or Trichinella pseudospiralis exhibited a temporary decrease in blood glucose level between 8 and 28 days p.i. and the kinetics of the glucose levels corresponded to the process of muscle larval growth and development. Histochemical results showed that glycogen accumulation increased in infected muscle cells during the period of hypoglycaemia. Analysis of gene expression profiles with quantitative PCR demonstrated that insulin signalling pathway-related genes, such as insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substance 1 (IRS-1), IRS-2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 2 (Akt2) were up-regulated in infected muscle cells during infection and these expression changes correlated with the kinetics of blood glucose level, glycogen accumulation and the process of larval growth and development in infected muscle cells. Western blot analysis clarified that the expression of IR and Akt2 proteins increased in muscle tissues infected with both species of Trichinella. This study suggests that hypoglycaemia induced by Trichinella infection is the result of an increase in glucose uptake by infected muscle cells via up-regulation of insulin signalling pathway factors.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Blotting, Western; Gene Expression Profiling; Glycogen; Hypoglycemia; Insulin; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; Mice; Mice, Nude; Muscle Cells; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Proteins; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Trichinella; Trichinella spiralis; Trichinellosis

A chronology of class-specific antibody response against the Trichinella spiralis infection in Fischer rats was investigated. G-class antibodies against the cuticle inner layer(s), hypodermis, hemolymph, glycogen aggregates, discrete areas in genital primordial cells, intestinal gland cell granules, and cytoplasmic granules in the cords were detectable 2 wk after infection (the rapid-responding group), whereas G-class antibodies against the cuticle surface, stichocyte granules, and the esophagus-occupying substance were detected 6 wk after infection (the slow-responding group). M-class antibodies recognized a narrower spectrum of antigens than did G-class antibodies; M-class antibodies against hemolymph, cord granules, and intestinal gland cell granules were not detectable. M-class antibodies tended to decrease in titer with time after infection. This tendency was more striking with antibodies against the rapid-responding group than with those against the slow-responding group. This information sheds light upon antibody response against many antigenic components of T. spiralis muscle larvae.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Antigens, Helminth; Cytoplasmic Granules; Glycogen; Hemolymph; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Immunohistochemistry; Rats; Time Factors; Trichinella; Trichinellosis

Trichinous mice were killed and their carcasses maintained at room temperature or subzero temperatures for varying lengths of time. Some worm parameters were measured after direct isolation from carcasses while others were measured following passage through a second round of hosts. Glycogen and trehalose levels in infective 1st-stage larvae (L1) isolated directly from carcasses maintained at room temperature were significantly less than controls (day 0) after day 4 post-kill (p.k.). By day 21 p.k. among L1 isolated directly from mouse carcasses those observed coiled or moving had decreased by around 20% compared to day 0 p.k. The percentage of L1 isolated from carcasses on several days p.k., used to infect mice and recovered as pre-adult worms declined significantly after they had remained in carcasses for 14 days. Only 2.6% of muscle larvae isolated from carcasses on day 21 p.k. and used to infect mice were recoverable as pre-adults. Pre-adult worms raised in mice infected with larvae from day 7 carcasses had about 50% less glycogen than worms raised in mice infected with larvae isolated from fresh carcasses (day 0 p.k.). The fecundity in vitro of adult worms isolated from mice on day 7 following infection with infective L1 larvae maintained in carcasses held at room temperature for 0-16 days declined only when adult worms developed from larvae recovered from carcasses at 3 days following host death. Following 24 h at temperatures below freezing, infectivity of L1 larvae isolated from frozen carcasses was reduced by 97%. Carbohydrate levels remained high in larvae from carcasses frozen for up to 4 days.

Topics: Animals; Cadaver; Carbohydrates; Female; Glycogen; Larva; Mice; Temperature; Time Factors; Trehalose; Trichinella; Trichinellosis

In an attempt to find possible targets for benzimidazole action in muscle-stage larvae of Trichinella spiralis, the effects of mebendazole and thiabendazole were tested in vivo by oral treatment of infested mice and in vitro by including these anthelmintics in an adequate maintenance medium containing decapsulated larvae. The effects of the anthelmintics on succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase activities, measured in the mitochondrial fraction obtained from the in vivo- or in vitro-treated larvae showed that only thiabendazole causes significant inhibition of fumarate reductase activity. On the other hand, measurements of free glucose, glycogen reserves and soluble protein in the treated larvae indicate that in vivo, mebendazole and thiabendazole clearly diminish free glucose levels, although in vitro only mebendazole produces the same diminution. Both the glycogen and protein contents of the larvae remained unchanged after treatment in vivo or in vitro. The importance of these findings with regard to a possible site of action for mebendazole and thiabendazole is discussed.

Topics: Animals; Colchicine; Glucose; Glycogen; Mebendazole; Mice; Proteins; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Thiabendazole; Trichinella; Trichinellosis

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anthelmintics; Benzimidazoles; Benzoates; Blood Glucose; Carbamates; Carbon Radioisotopes; Diaphragm; Glucose; Glycogen; Larva; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Trichinella; Trichinellosis

Topics: Alloxan; Animals; Diaphragm; Glycogen; Hyperglycemia; Larva; Male; Muscles; Rats; Trichinella; Trichinellosis

Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Basophils; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Muscles; Muscular Diseases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Trichinellosis

Topics: Animals; Cell Nucleus; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Lysosomes; Myofibrils; Rats; Trichinellosis

Topics: Animals; Glucosyltransferases; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Mice; Muscles; Polysaccharides; Trichinellosis

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Anthelmintics; DNA; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Male; Mice; Muscles; Organophosphonates; Phosphotransferases; RNA; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Thiabendazole; Trichinella; Trichinellosis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Acyltransferases; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Lipid Metabolism; Mice; Nucleic Acids; Staining and Labeling; Trichinellosis

Topics: Animals; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Glycogen; Guinea Pigs; Metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscles; Phosphates; Research; Trichinella spiralis; Trichinellosis