glycogen and Respiratory-Tract-Infections

We investigated the effects of a 3-week dietary periodization on immunity and sleep in triathletes.. 21 triathletes were divided into two groups with different nutritional guidelines during a 3-week endurance training program including nine twice a day sessions with lowered (SL group) or maintained (CON group) glycogen availability during the overnight recovery period. In addition to performance tests, sleep was monitored every night. Systemic and mucosal immune parameters as well as the incidence of URTI were monitored every week of the training/nutrition protocol. Two-ways ANOVA and effect sizes were used to examine differences in dependent variables between groups at each time point.. The SL group significantly improved 10 km running performance (-1 min 13 s, P < 0.01, d = 0.38), whereas no improvement was recorded in the CON group (-2 s, NS). No significant changes in white blood cells counts, plasma cortisol and IL-6 were recorded over the protocol in both groups. The vitamin D status decreased in similar proportions between groups, whereas salivary IgA decreased in the SL group only (P < 0.05, d = 0.23). The incidence of URTI was not altered in both groups. All participants in both groups went to bed earlier during the training program (SL -20 min, CON -27 min, P < 0.05, d = 0.28). In the SL group, only sleep efficiency slightly decreased by 1.1 % (P < 0.05, d = 0.25) and the fragmentation index tended to increase at the end of the protocol (P = 0.06).. Sleeping and training the next morning regularly with reduced glycogen availability has minimal effects on selected markers of immunity, the incidence of URTI and sleeping patterns in trained athletes.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Dietary Carbohydrates; Glycogen; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunologic Factors; Male; Physical Conditioning, Human; Physical Endurance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sleep; Sports; Young Adult

The host defense against respiratory tract infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae was much weaker in 60-week-old mice than in 4-week-old mice, but the resistance against systemic infection by intravenous and intraperitoneal challenge with K. pneumoniae in 60-week-old mice did not differ from that in 4-week-old mice. The number of alveolar macrophages at the resting stage in 60-week-old mice was the same as in 4-week-old mice, but the number of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the pulmonary cavity 4 h after challenge with formalinized K. pneumoniae in aerosol doubled in parallel with body weight. Phagocytosis and killing activities and superoxide anion production as measured by the Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction test of alveolar macrophages in 60-week-old mice were significantly weaker than in 4-week-old mice. The surfaces of the alveolar macrophages of the 60-week-old mice shrunk and a few adhered weekly to the glass plate, but the alveolar macrophages of the 4-week-old mice stretched to their full length and adhered firmly to the glass plate. These functions of alveolar macrophages clearly differed from those of peritoneal macrophages in 60-week-old mice, but those of the peritoneal phagocytes did not differ between 60-week-old and 4-week-old mice. The results suggest that the susceptibility to respiratory tract infection in 60-week-old mice is affected by a decline in the functions of alveolar macrophages rather than by the number of alveolar macrophages and exudated polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the lungs.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Exudates and Transudates; Glycogen; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lung; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Neutrophils; Phagocytes; Pulmonary Alveoli; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Superoxides

Myocardium of the children dying suddenly of respiratory infection complicated by pneumonia was studied histologically and histochemically. The observed morphological changes consisted in hemodynamic disorders and degenerative lesions of various intensities associated mostly with the disturbed protein metabolism in the cytoplasm of myocardial cells, especially in microfibrillae.

Topics: Cell Nucleus; Child, Preschool; Death, Sudden; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Myocardium; Myofibrils; Necrosis; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Down Syndrome; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Lymphoid Tissue; Male; Palatine Tonsil; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections