glycogen and Paralysis

Functionally useful reanimation of paralyzed limbs generally requires reliable, finely graded control of muscle recruitment and force with minimal fatigue. We used force and electromyographic (EMG) recordings in combination with myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity and glycogen depletion analysis to investigate the recruitment properties of intramuscular (IM) and nerve cuff (NC) stimulating electrodes implanted acutely or chronically in cat hindlimbs. Overall, 32 muscles were submaximally stimulated with current intensities producing approximately 20% of maximal twitch force using 330 ms trains of pulses at 20 and 40 pps. Both the glycogen-depletion and fatigue-test results were found to be difficult to interpret because NC stimulation resulted in surprisingly unstable recruitment during such trains. Fluctuations of force and M-waves within trains of identical stimuli were significantly greater for NC than for IM stimulation. NC stimulation produced much steeper recruitment curves and a reduced tetanus/twitch ratio compared to IM stimulation. IM stimulation produced more reliable and less fatigable recruitment of a mix of motor unit types that tended to be localized in neuromuscular compartments containing, or adjacent to, the IM electrode. We hypothesize that trains of submaximal stimulation applied through NC electrodes resulted in fluctuating recruitment because this electrode configuration magnifies the effects of refractoriness and small changes in axonal excitability during pulse trains.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Cats; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Electrodes, Implanted; Electromyography; Equipment Design; Female; Glycogen; Hindlimb; Male; Materials Testing; Muscle Fatigue; Muscle, Skeletal; Myofibrils; Paralysis; Recruitment, Neurophysiological; Sciatic Nerve

Despite the widespread use of botulinum toxin to treat muscle dystonias, no method exists to quantify muscle paralysis in either human or nonhuman models. In this study we examined how the location, dose, and volume of botulinum injection affects paralysis in the rat tibialis anterior muscle. Paralysis was quantified by electrically stimulating the nerve to the tibialis anterior and then staining sections of the muscle for glycogen. The areas of glycogen-containing fibers represented regions of botulinum action. The results showed that the most important injection technique is to inject botulinum directly into the motor endplate region of a muscle. Injections only 0.5 cm from the motor endplate resulted in a 50% decrease in paralysis. Increases in dose increased paralysis, however, some of that increase was simply due to the increased volume of injection. Thus, delivering toxin in small volumes near the MEP band of a muscle should produce the most effective paralysis.

Topics: Animals; Botulinum Toxins; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glycogen; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Motor Endplate; Muscles; Paralysis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The author presets some data on histochemical studies of muscle carbohydrate metabolism in patients with hypopotassemic periodic paralysis during the attack and in intermissions. The most constant and considerable changes were revealed during the paralytic attack and they lead to a decrease of phosphorylase activity, an increase of glycogen content and glucose decrease in the muscular fibers. In intermissions these changes were expressed either minimally or were absent altogether. The initial biochemical effect remains unknown. Undoubtedly, the carbohydrate metabolism is significantly damaged in this disease, and there is a definite parallelism between the severity of the clinical course and the degree of the revealed histochemical changes in the muscles.

Topics: Adolescent; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Child; Child, Preschool; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glucosidases; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Glycogen Synthase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hypokalemia; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Muscles; Paralyses, Familial Periodic; Paralysis; Periodicity; Phosphorylases; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Cell Membrane; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Muscles; Myofibrils; Paralysis; Periodicity

Topics: Animals; Botulinum Toxins; Cell Nucleus; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Leg; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Muscles; Muscular Atrophy; Myofibrils; Paralysis; Sarcolemma

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Demyelinating Diseases; Extremities; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Lactates; Male; Middle Aged; Muscles; Muscular Atrophy; Muscular Dystrophies; Myotonia Congenita; Myotonic Dystrophy; Paralysis; Spinal Cord Diseases

Topics: Adult; Glycogen; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Muscle; Mitochondrial Swelling; Muscles; Paralysis

Topics: Adolescent; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Biopsy; Cats; Dermatomyositis; Esterases; Female; Glucosyltransferases; Glycogen; Guinea Pigs; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Muscular Atrophy; Muscular Diseases; Muscular Dystrophies; Myofibrils; Nervous System Diseases; Oxidoreductases; Paralysis; Rabbits; Schwann Cells; Staining and Labeling; Transferases; Tyrosine

Topics: Cell Nucleus; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypokalemia; Lysosomes; Male; Methods; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muscles; Myofibrils; Paralyses, Familial Periodic; Paralysis; Sarcolemma

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Cell Membrane; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glycogen; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypokalemia; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Muscles; Paralysis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Dilatation; Female; Femur; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Lipids; Male; Mitochondria, Muscle; Muscles; Myofibrils; Paralysis; Potassium

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biopsy; Calcium; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Electromyography; Energy Transfer; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Microtomy; Muscle Contraction; Muscles; Myofibrils; Myotonia; Paralysis; Pedigree; Physical Exertion; Potassium

Topics: Biopsy; Chlorides; Electromyography; Glucose; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Insulin; Lactates; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Muscles; Paralyses, Familial Periodic; Paralysis; Physical Exertion; Pyruvates; Thiamine

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adult; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Muscles; Myofibrils; Paralysis; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Glycogen; Humans; Hypokalemia; Muscle Spindles; Muscular Atrophy; Muscular Diseases; Muscular Dystrophies; Myofibrils; Myositis; Paralysis; Polymyalgia Rheumatica

Topics: Animals; Dogs; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Intestinal Obstruction; Liver; Paralysis; Peritonitis; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases

Topics: Glycogen; Humans; Muscles; Muscular Atrophy; Paralysis; Spinal Cord