glycogen and Nutrition-Disorders

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Burns; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Enteral Nutrition; Fats; Fractures, Bone; Glycogen; Humans; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Peritonitis; Postoperative Care; Postoperative Complications; Proteins

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Brain; Electrolytes; Endocrine System Diseases; Enzymes; Female; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Hypoxia; Fetus; Glucose; Glycogen; Humans; Ketone Bodies; Lipid Metabolism; Nutrition Disorders; Oxygen; Pregnancy

Topics: Animals; Azo Compounds; Carbon Tetrachloride; Carcinogens; Cattle; Dogs; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Ethionine; Fetus; Glycogen; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Hormones; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Microsomes; Nutrition Disorders; Phenobarbital; Protein Biosynthesis; Rabbits; Rats; Ribosomes; RNA; Sex Factors; Species Specificity; Ultracentrifugation

Metabolic alterations in skeletal muscle associated with malnutrition and the potential reversibility of such alterations during refeeding are not fully understood.. We characterized early changes in muscle during refeeding in malnourished, hospitalized elderly subjects.. Muscle function, metabolism, and mass were evaluated in 24 clinically stable patients (11 were malnourished) by using isokinetic plantar flexor torque measurements and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging for medial gastrocnemius mass assessment and 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopy for inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatine, and glycogen quantitation.. Malnourished subjects had lower muscle mass (P < 0.02) and tended to have lower strength than did control subjects. In malnourished subjects, muscle strength increased after refeeding (P < 0.01) whereas muscle mass was unchanged. The ratio of Pi to ATP was lower in malnourished than in control subjects (P < 0.001) and increased during refeeding (P < 0.01). The mean ratio of phosphocreatine to ATP was lower in malnourished than in control subjects (P < 0.01) and increased to control values after refeeding. Muscle glycogen showed a scattered distribution for malnourished subjects; the mean value did not differ significantly from that of control subjects, either at baseline or after refeeding.. The lower ratio of phosphocreatine to ATP in malnourished subjects could have resulted from either lower total muscle creatine or reduced oxidative capacities. High or normal glycogen associated with a low Pi-to-ATP ratio in malnourished subjects suggested preferential use of lipid over carbohydrate for energy supply, which is known to reduce muscle performance. The data suggest that normalization of muscle metabolite content after refeeding improves muscle strength in malnourished subjects.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Carbon Isotopes; Female; Glycogen; Hospitalization; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Status; Phosphates; Phosphocreatine; Phosphorus Isotopes

Maternal malnutrition late in pregnancy results in the reduced storage of fetal hepatic glycogen in the final days of gestation and an accentuation of normal birth-related hypoglycemia. It was of interest to determine whether or not low glycogen levels resulted when maternal malnutrition disrupted the normal ontogeny of fetal hepatic glycogen synthase, an important glycogenic enzyme. A defect in this enzyme would be expected to seriously affect prenatal and postnatal glycogen synthesis. For this study, livers were removed from fetuses from malnourished (50% of normal dietary intake) mice, as well as from ad libitum-fed mice, and used for the determination of hepatic glycogen, glycogen synthase activity, and glycogen synthase protein levels. In this paper we report that maternal dietary restriction late in pregnancy produces growth-retarded fetuses with severely reduced hepatic glycogen levels, but the normal ontogenic changes in the quantity and activity of hepatic glycogen synthase were not affected. It is especially significant that the accumulation of glycogen synthase occurred despite the minimal level of natural substrate available for the enzyme. These results suggest that the accumulation and activity of hepatic glycogen synthase during late gestation is related to developmental events rather than levels of substrate or glycogen.

Topics: Animals; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fetus; Gestational Age; Glycogen; Glycogen Synthase; Liver; Mice; Nutrition Disorders; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications

Persistent symptomatic hypoglycaemia developed in a 26-year-old woman with chronic renal failure. Several factors, including the use of sulfamethoxazole, recent peritoneal dialysis, and poor nutrition may have combined with the defective glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis present in chronic renal failure to play a role in its aetiology. Increased awareness of this condition is necessary because chronic renal failure is common in the Caribbean.

Topics: Adult; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Nutrition Disorders

We studied aspects of perinatal rat bronchiolar Clara cell development. We found that the volume density (Vv) of glycogen areas decreased 10-fold between postnatal days 1 and 2 and that the Vv of secretory granules, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and mitochondria increased markedly during the 1st postnatal wk. Compared with pups of dams allowed food ad libitum during gestation, pups from dams underfed during gestation had a higher Vv of glycogen areas for the first 2 postnatal days but a lower Vv of secretory granules and RER for the time studied (to age 7 days). Glucagon injected, in utero, into fetal rats at 21.5 days of gestation resulted in a 40% decrease in the Vv of the glycogen areas within 4 h. We conclude that 1) bronchiolar Clara cells are immature at birth and undergo marked early postnatal maturation, 2) prenatal events (maternal undernutrition) affect postnatal maturation of the Clara cells, and 3) exogenous glucagon leads to glycogen depletion in Clara cells of fetal rats of 21.5 days gestation.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bronchi; Cell Count; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Glycogen; Lung; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Nutrition Disorders; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors

Leucocyte metabolism was studied in maternal and cord blood in normal term pregnancies with and without intrauterine malnutrition (IUM). It was observed that hexose monophosphate shunt activity was significantly reduced in the leucocytes of both the mothers and infants with IUM. Glycogen content in the cord leucocytes was also reduced, indicating a reduction in the defense mechanism in the infants. Protein/DNA ratio was significantly increased in both the maternal and cord leucocytes in IUM. It would appear that IUM, especially in a high-risk population, can be predicted in early third trimester by using maternal leucocyte protein/DNA.

Topics: DNA; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fetal Blood; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Humans; Leukocytes; Nutrition Disorders; Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase; Placenta Diseases; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis; Proteins

One hundred consecutive adult patients undergoing cardiac operations at a single institution were evaluated preoperatively with regard to their nutritional status. Anthropometric, biochemical, and immunologic characteristics were evaluated in addition to cardiac biopsy specimens to determine right atrial glycogen concentration. Although some positive anthropometric, biochemical, and cell-mediated immunity characteristics were observed to have "statistically significant" correlations with morbidity and mortality for the group as a whole, nearly all of the values remained near or at normal limits. Lighter weight men with a smaller arm muscle circumference and lower concentration of total body fat had more complications than their heavier counterparts. Serum transferrin and cell-mediated immunity also formed weakly positive statistical correlations. Anthropometric correlations in women were of no value. Myocardial glycogen concentrations did not correlate with postoperative morbidity and mortality. Because nearly all of the patients had arteriosclerotic heart disease, the series as a whole may have been skewed toward a group with values too close to normal to differentiate them adequately. It is concluded that routine nutritional assessment is of no value in guiding nutritional management for individual patients, although when patients are analyzed as a group, interesting epidemiologic observations can be made.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anthropometry; Blood Proteins; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Female; Glycogen; Health Status; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardium; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Postoperative Complications; Preoperative Care

The migration of leukocytes inot the peritoneal cavity of the mouse was studied under normal and under protein-caloric malnutrition conditions. After one week the malnourished mice exhibited pathological alterations as among others weight-loss, hypoproteinemia and after antigenic stimulation diminished leukocyte-migration into the peritoneal cavity. These normal or malnourished mice showed elevated migration rates after a single treatment with a resistance stimulant on plant base (Esberitox).

Topics: Animals; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Cell Movement; Exudates and Transudates; Glycogen; Leukocytes; Male; Mice; Nutrition Disorders; Plant Extracts

Inadequate dietary intake during late pregnancy may have significant effects on the developing fetal lung which undergoes rapid cellular multiplication and differentiation shortly before birth. The morphology, glycogen distribution and acid phosphatase activity in normal and starved neonatal rats have been studied sequentially, by using histochemical and cytochemical methods. It has been shown that the normal pattern of lung growth and enzymatic development is retarded in neonates of malnourished mothers. A slowed rate of cellular division and differentiation in the critical prenatal period resulted in a more immature air-blood barrier at birth, with glycogen retention by some epithelial cells. Delayed Type 2 cell maturation with diminished acid phosphatase activity suggests a decrease in surfactant production in the malnourished newborn. In addition, fewer alveolar macrophages with reduced acid phosphatase activity were observed in the perinatal period of starved rats; this finding might have implications for the handling of inhaled bacteria shortly after birth. These results indicate that nutritional status of the mother has a marked effect on fetal lung growth and development by inhibiting cellular proliferation, differentiation and enzyme development by epithelial and macrophagic cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Female; Gestational Age; Glycogen; Lung; Macrophages; Nutrition Disorders; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pulmonary Alveoli; Rats

Topics: Acetoacetates; Alanine; Amino Acids; Blood Glucose; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Fasting; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Glycerol; Glycogen; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Infant; Nutrition Disorders

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Female; Glycogen; Learning; Liver; Male; Muscles; Neurotransmitter Agents; Nutrition Disorders; Pyridines; Pyridoxine; Pyrithioxin; Rats; Sleep Stages; Tryptophan Oxygenase

The effects of control, dilute, and low-protein duets on organ development were evaluated in infant rhesus monkeys. Both experimental duets resulted in growth failure of the cerebral hemisphere, lung, liver, kidney, and muscle and, with few exceptions, in their total organ contents of water, protein, lipid, glycogen, DNA, and RNA. Calculation of the various ratios for biochemical indices per mg of DNA indicates that with the exception of increased glycogen:DNA ratios in lung of animals fed the dilute diet, increased lipid:DNA ratios in liver, and reduced glycogen:DNA ratios in muscle of animals fed the low-protein diet, all other biochemical profiles of the cellular populations of organs were comparable to control values. Accordingly, the small organ size and reduced organ content of the various biochemical indices of growth appear primarily due to the reduced cellular populations of these organs. The reduced cellular populations reflect failure of the normal miotic processes of infancy to occur, with or without loss of cells already present at the onset of the malnutrition phase. If no cell loss is involved, it is speculated that normal indices of organ growth may still be possible through the processes of "catch up" growth which accompany nutritional rehabilitation.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Water; Body Weight; DNA; Glycogen; Haplorhini; Lipid Metabolism; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Nutrition Disorders; Organ Size; Protein Deficiency; Proteins; RNA

The in vivo incorporation of radioactivity from [U-14C]glucose was reduced in undernourished rat pups at ages 6, 10, and 17 days for brain lipids, and at age 10 days for brain amino acids. Brain glucose concentrations were lower at age 20 days (controls 1.58 +/- 0.26 vs. test 1.14 +/- 0.07 mumol/g) but other alterations in brain glucose, glycogen, ATP, or phosphocreatine concentrations were not found. Brain mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase activity was 21% and 30% lower in undernourished animals at ages 10 and 20 days, respectively. Brain mitochondrial and supernatant isocitrate dehydrogenase activities and pyruvate kinase activity were similar for undernourished and control animals. Brain glycogen levels were 2-4 times higher in late fetal and newborn control animals (13.6 and 15.3 mumol/g) than in older animals (4.2-5.7 mumol/g). Brain glucose, ATP, and phosphocreatine levels increased from the 15-day fetus to the newborn, but thereafter showed no further increase.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Amino Acids; Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Glucose; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Lipid Metabolism; Mitochondria; Nutrition Disorders; Organ Size; Phosphocreatine; Rats

Topics: Body Weight; Child; Diet Fads; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Obesity; Physical Fitness; Sports Medicine; Starvation

Quail fed ad libitum and 50% ad libitum were cold exposed for several weeks, during time control quail remained at 21 degrees C. The concentration of plasma glucose, FFA, and uric acid, tissue glycogen and carcass fat content was measured at the end of the cold exposure period. Quail fed ad libitum showed no significant change in the levels of plasma and tissue metabolites, or the carcass fat content, following cold exposure. The feed consumption by the cold exposed quail increased, and the mean body weight showed little variation from that of the controls. Feed restricted quail which were cold exposed lost significantly more weight, and had a lower ranked fat content than their controls. Whereas feed restriction caused a lowering of the liver glycogen concentration in both treatment groups, muscle glycogen levels were higher than in quail fed ad libitum. However, cold exposure was not accompanied by a change in muscle and liver glycogen levels in feed restricted quail. Feed restricted quail at 21 degrees C were hypoglycaemic and hyperlipaemic compared to quail fed ad libitum, but cold exposed feed restricted quail had a much higher plasma glucose concentration than the controls. The ranked carcass fat content was inversely related to plasma FFA level in both control and cold exposed feed restricted quail. It is suggested that both a glycolytic and lipid mobilizing response to cold is obtained in quail whose body reserves are not spared from catabolism by adequate dietary nutrient absorption, and the possibility of gluconeogenesis from precursors produced by proteolysis is indicated.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Temperature Regulation; Cold Temperature; Coturnix; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glycogen; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Male; Muscles; Nutrition Disorders; Quail; Uric Acid

Changing the qualitative and quantitative level of diet may affect the physiology of the insects. However only the total growth of the larvae is generally pointed out. Biochemical changes in undernourished larvae have been rarely investigated. For this purpose Bombyx mori larvae reared upon Spring leaves are compared to larvae reared upon Autumn leaves (poor nutritional value because of their Chemical composition). In both cases the analyses were carried out from the fourth larval ecdysis to the beginning of spinning. Three measurements indicate the development of larvae growth:--the mean weight of the larvae;--the fresh and dry weight of fat body;--the hemolymph volume.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Weight; Bombyx; Diet; Energy Metabolism; Glycogen; Hemolymph; Larva; Lipid Metabolism; Nutrition Disorders; Seasons; Trehalose

Topics: Age Factors; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Diet Therapy; Female; Glycogen; Haplorhini; Kidney; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Lung; Macaca; Muscles; Nutrition Disorders; Organ Specificity; Pregnancy; Spleen; Starvation; Time Factors

Topics: Age Factors; Amino Acids; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Body Water; Body Weight; Brain; Chlorides; Diet; Eggs; Glutens; Glycogen; Lipid Metabolism; Lysine; Male; Muscle Proteins; Muscles; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nitrogen; Nutrition Disorders; Organ Size; Potassium; Rats; Sodium; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adult; Basal Metabolism; Body Composition; Body Weight; Chronic Disease; Feeding Behavior; Female; Glycogen; Growth Disorders; Humans; Male; Motivation; Muscles; Nitrogen; Nutrition Disorders; Physical Exertion; Pregnancy; Psychosexual Development; Sleep; Sports Medicine; Twins; Wakefulness

Topics: Biopsy; Child; Egypt; Glucosyltransferases; Glycogen; Humans; Kwashiorkor; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Muscle Proteins; Muscles; Nutrition Disorders; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Proteins

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Aminobutyrates; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Aspartic Acid; Body Weight; Brain; Centrifugation; DNA; Fluorometry; Glucose; Glutamates; Glycogen; Lactates; Liver; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nutrition Disorders; Phenylalanine; Phosphates; Phosphocreatine; Phosphorus; Rats; RNA; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Glycogen; Glycogenolysis; Humans; Liver; Malnutrition; Metabolic Diseases; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Status