glycogen and Lymphoma--Large-B-Cell--Diffuse

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common and aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that may become refractory to available standard therapies, resulting in the need for the development of novel therapeutic targets. Increased metabolic activity of DLBCL tumor cells associated with high expression of glycolysis related proteins, such as glucose transporters and hexokinases, have already been described and indicates a pivotal role for glucose and glycogen metabolism in the malignant progression of the disease. Moreover, several enzymes involved in glycolysis and glycogen metabolism, including hexokinases and glycogen synthase kinase-3, are key molecules in mediating cell survival signaling, indicating that glucose/glycogen metabolism is tightly linked to the cell survival and can potentially be targeted for therapeutic purposes in DLBCL. In this review, we provide a summary of glycogen and glucose metabolism and discuss their significance in the metabolic reprograming that leads to cell survival and proliferation in DLBCL.

Topics: Cell Survival; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Humans; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin

Extra-osseous Ewing sarcomas/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (EOES/pPNETs) are high-grade malignant tumors found in various organs, such as the lung, skin, intestine, kidney and female genital tract; however, to the best of our knowledge, only two cases have previously been identified in the thyroid gland. We describe a case of primary EOES/PNET of the thyroid gland in a 66-year-old man with a previous history of large B cell lymphoma. During a routine follow-up examination, the patient underwent an ultrasound cervical scan showing a solid nodule of the left thyroid lobe. The fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the nodule suggested a neuroendocrine tumor. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of the surgical specimen supported a diagnosis of EOES/PNET, which was further confirmed by the demonstration of EWSR1 gene translocation by means of fluorescent in situ hybridization and by the detection of glycogen particles and neurosecretory granules by means of electron microscopy. Total body computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging excluded the involvement of other sites, and therefore a diagnosis of primary EOES/PNET of the thyroid gland was made.This paper also discusses the main differential diagnoses, including lymphoma recurrence, other small round cell tumors (primary or metastatic), and a thyroid localization of an EWS/PNET from another organ.

Topics: Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy, Needle; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins; Diagnosis, Differential; DNA, Neoplasm; Glycogen; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Incidental Findings; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral; RNA-Binding Protein EWS; RNA-Binding Proteins; Sarcoma, Ewing; Secretory Vesicles; Thyroid Neoplasms; Translocation, Genetic

The characteristics of 35 round cell sarcomas of bones are analyzed by optical and electron microscopical means, 28 cases of Ewing's sarcoma and 7 cases of malignant lymphomas (reticulum cell sarcoma) being distinguished. The existence of a morphological diversity within the Ewing's sarcoma group allows the authors to differentiate a conventional form of Ewing's sarcoma (21 cases) consisting of principal blastemic cells and secondary degenerative ones (dark cells) from an atypical variant (7 cases of atypical Ewin's sarcoma) whose structure adopts either an immature mesenchymal or histiocytic appearance. The ultrastructure of the atypical Ewing's cells demonstrates variability in size and in the nucleus, which is grooved and possesses prominent nucleoli. In the cytoplasm, in addition to the existence of a variable amount of glycogen, more highly differentiated structures appear when a comparison is made with the principal cells of the conventional Ewing's sarcoma. There exist filaments and mitochondria complexes, desmosomic-like junctions and profiles of endoplasmic reticulum. No transitional forms between the conventional and the atypical variants of Ewing's sarcoma have been observed. According to this analysis, when compared to other bone malignancies, the presence of glycogen as a means for identifying Ewing's sarcoma seems to be of restricted value. No clinical or anatomical differences could be established between either variant of Ewing's sarcoma.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Differentiation; Cell Nucleus; Child; Child, Preschool; Cytoskeleton; Desmosomes; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Infant; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Sarcoma, Ewing

In exsudate cells separated from serous body cavities of 29 tumour patients and 30 patients with inflammatory and congestive effusion in cardiac failure or liver cirrhosis respectively the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase were determined. In addition to sudanophilia the cell content of glycogen and that of ribonucleinic acid were evaluated. By means of cytochemical findings it could be found that an increase of unspecific esterase, acid phosphatase and ribonucleic acid in atypical cells points to a malignous ethiology of the exudate.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Ascitic Fluid; Esterases; Exudates and Transudates; Glycogen; Heart Failure; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Liver Cirrhosis; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Neoplasms; Peritonitis; Pleural Effusion; Pleurisy; RNA

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Cecum; Cell Nucleolus; DNA, Neoplasm; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Neoplasm Proteins; RNA, Neoplasm; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biopsy; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Culture Techniques; Female; Glycogen; Hemangioma; Humans; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Sarcoma, Ewing

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Catecholamines; Child; Child, Preschool; Dactinomycin; Female; Fibula; Glycogen; Humans; Humerus; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Neuroblastoma; Pelvic Neoplasms; Reticulin; Sarcoma, Ewing; Staining and Labeling; Sternum; Vincristine

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Biopsy; Bone Cysts; Bone Diseases; Bone Neoplasms; Chondroma; Chondrosarcoma; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Femoral Neoplasms; Fibrosarcoma; Giant Cell Tumors; Glycogen; Hemangioma; Hemangiosarcoma; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Ilium; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Multiple Myeloma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteoma; Osteoma, Osteoid; Osteomyelitis; Osteosarcoma; Ribs; Sarcoma, Ewing; Tibia; Trephining; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular

Topics: Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lipids; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; RNA

Topics: Bone and Bones; Diagnosis, Differential; Glycogen; Humans; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Neoplasms; Sarcoma; Sarcoma, Ewing