glycogen and Edema

Echo intensity is the mean pixel intensity of a specific region of interest from an ultrasound image. This variable has been increasingly used in the literature as a physiological marker. Although there has been an increased interest in reporting changes in echo intensity in response to exercise, little consensus exists as to what a change in echo intensity represents physiologically. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the earliest, as well as the most up to date literature regarding the changes in echo intensity in response to exercise. Echo intensity has been used to measure muscle quality, muscle damage, acute swelling, and intramuscular glycogen. The changes in echo intensity, however, are not consistent throughout the literature and often times lead to conclusions that seem contrary to the physiologic effects of exercise. For example, echo intensity increases in conjunction with increases in strength, contrary to what would be expected if echo intensity was a marker of muscle quality/muscle damage. It is conceivable that a change in echo intensity represents a range of physiologic effects at different time points. We recommend that these effects should be determined experimentally in order to rule out what echo intensity might and might not represent. Until this is done, caution should be employed when interpreting changes in echo intensity with acute and chronic exercise.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Edema; Exercise; Glycogen; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Plasmids; Reproducibility of Results; Resistance Training; Ultrasonography

The edematogenic properties of insulin have long been documented, although they have been underestimated despite current trends toward intensive insulin therapy. Insulin treatment has been associated with weight gain, mild or moderate edema, and, rarely, generalized edema and cardiopulmonary congestion. In addition, the use in recent years of thiazolidinediones, which improve insulin sensitivity, has been associated with weight gain and peripheral edema, which can progress to pulmonary edema, particularly when thiazolidinediones are used in combination with insulin. This article attempts to raise awareness about the overlooked edematogenic action of insulin. In addition, the potential role of edema-provoking properties of insulin in the development of vascular complications in patients with diabetes is discussed.

Topics: Capillary Permeability; Diabetic Angiopathies; Drug Interactions; Edema; Glycogen; Humans; Hyperinsulinism; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Mitochondria; Sodium; Thiazolidinediones; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Weight Gain

Geriatric cardiology requires special knowledge and experience. It is not possible to extrapolate directly experience obtained with young patients to old people. Because of the multiple illnesses, many serious, in the elderly cardiac patients, it is imperative for the cardiologist to be, first of all, a master internist at all times. Old patients with their multiple illnesses are also sensitive to drugs, including digitalis and diuretics. There is a need to train more physicians in geriatric cardiology in order to offer the old patient the best of care since so many old people are living today. There is also a need to learn the effects of the aging process itself on the human heart. Such studies should command priorities in financial and other forms of support.

Topics: Age Factors; Aging; Aortic Valve Insufficiency; Aortic Valve Stenosis; Cardiac Output; Dyspnea; Edema; Electrocardiography; Female; Glycogen; Heart; Heart Diseases; Heart Function Tests; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hypertension; Hypotension, Orthostatic; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Myocardium; Radiography; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Thyroid Diseases; Vectorcardiography

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Birefringence; Calcium; Cattle; Collagen; Cornea; Diffusion; Edema; Epithelium; Glucose; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Intraocular Pressure; Microscopy, Electron; Optics and Photonics; Ouabain; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Consumption; Permeability; Polysaccharides; Rabbits; Tears; Temperature; Water

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient, but at low concentrations can be toxic to aquatic organisms. Selenomethionine (SeMeth) is the primary dietary form of Se aquatic organisms are exposed to and is an environmental concern because it persists and bioaccumulates. White sturgeon (WS) might be particularly susceptible to bioaccumulative toxicants, such as SeMeth, due to their longevity and benthic lifestyle. Se exposure is known to have adverse effects on the physiological stress response in teleosts, but these effects are unknown in WS. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine effects of dietary SeMeth on the ability of WS to mount a stress response. Juvenile WS were administered food spiked with 1.4, 5.6, 22.4 and 104.4μg Se/g dry mass (dm) for 72days. Lower doses were chosen to represent environmentally relevant concentrations, while the high dose represented a worst case scenario exposure. On day 72, fish were subjected to a 2min handling stressor, and they were sampled at 0, 2 and 24h post-stressor. Cortisol, glucose and lactate concentrations were quantified in blood plasma and glycogen concentrations were quantified in muscle and liver. Transcript abundance of genes involved in corticosteroidogenesis and energy metabolism were determined using qPCR. Under basal conditions, WS fed 104.4μg Se/g dm had significantly greater concentrations of plasma cortisol and lactate, and significantly lower concentrations of plasma glucose and liver glycogen, compared to controls. Corticosteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 2 (hsd11b2) abundance was lower in WS fed 22.4 and 104.4μg Se/g dm, indicating less conversion of cortisol to cortisone. Abundance of the glucocorticoid receptor (gcr) was significantly lower in high dose WS, suggesting lower tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. The increasing trend in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) abundance, with increasing SeMeth exposure, was consistent with greater cortisol and glucose concentrations in high dose WS. Exposure to an acute handling stressor elicited a typical cortisol response, but the magnitude of the response appeared to be significantly lower than those typically observed in teleosts. SeMeth also did not appear to modulate the cortisol response to a secondary stressor. However, WS exposed to 22.4μg Se/g dm and sampled 2h post-stressor, had significantly higher concentrations of muscle glycogen compared to controls, indicating effects on their ability to utilize muscle glycogen for ener

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Diet; Edema; Energy Metabolism; Environmental Exposure; Fishes; Gene Expression Regulation; Glycogen; Hydrocortisone; Lactic Acid; Liver; Muscles; RNA, Messenger; Selenium; Selenomethionine; Stress, Physiological; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Periods of oxygen deprivation can lead to ion and water imbalances in affected tissues that manifest as swelling (edema). Although oxygen deprivation-induced edema is a major contributor to injury in clinical ischemic diseases such as heart attack and stroke, the pathophysiology of this process is incompletely understood. In the present study we investigate the impact of aquaporin-mediated water transport on survival in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of edema formation during complete oxygen deprivation (anoxia). We find that nematodes lacking aquaporin water channels in tissues that interface with the surrounding environment display decreased edema formation and improved survival rates in anoxia. We also find that these animals have significantly reduced demand for glycogen as an energetic substrate during anoxia. Together, our data suggest that reductions in membrane water permeability may be sufficient to induce a hypometabolic state during oxygen deprivation that reduces injury and extends survival limits.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Aquaporin 2; Aquaporin 4; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Edema; Energy Metabolism; Genotype; Glycogen; Hypoxia; Osmotic Pressure; Phenotype; Stress, Psychological; Time Factors; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Acetylshikonin, a naphthoquinone isolated from the Chinese herb medicine, tzu ts'ao, was demonstrated to inhibit the polymyxin B-induced hind-paw edema in normal as well as in adrenalectomized mice. Liver glycogen content was increased in adrenalectomized mice pretreated with dexamethasone, but not with acetylshikonin. Like diphenhydramine, methysergide and isoproterenol, acetylshikonin reduced the plasma exudation evoked in dorsal hind-paw skin by antidromic stimulation of the saphenous nerve, and in passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction, bradykinin-, substance P-, compound 48/80-, histamine- and serotonin-induced ear edema. Indomethacin was ineffective in these respects. Bradykinin- and substance P-induced plasma exudation were also significantly reduced when [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin and [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]substance P were coinjected with bradykinin and substance P, respectively. In isolated rat peritoneal mast cell preparation, acetylshikonin produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of histamine and beta-glucuronidase release from mast cells challenged by compound 48/80. In compound 48/80-pretreated mice, acetylshikonin and isoproterenol produced significantly more inhibitory effect on bradykinin- and substance P-induced plasma exudation than did diphenhydramine in combination with methysergide. Pretreatment with diphenhydramine/methysergide in compound 48/80-pretreated mice significantly further reduced the bradykinin- and substance P-induced plasma exudation if [Thi5,8,D-Phe7]bradykinin and [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]substance P were coinjected with bradykinin or substance P, respectively. The results suggest that the inhibitory effect of acetylshikonin on the edematous response is due neither to the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal gland nor to the glucocorticoid activity, but probably partly to the suppression of mast cell degranulation and partly to protection of the vasculature from mediator challenge.

Topics: Adrenalectomy; Animals; Anthraquinones; Bradykinin; Capillary Permeability; Cell Degranulation; Dexamethasone; Diphenhydramine; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Edema; Glucuronidase; Glycogen; Hindlimb; Histamine; Indomethacin; Liver; Mast Cells; Methysergide; Mice; p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine; Polymyxin B; Substance P

Previous laboratory based investigations of a commercially prepared freeze-dried extract of the NZ green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) showed that the material had the capacity to inhibit experimentally induced inflammation. The activity was thought to reside within an aqueous fraction containing high molecular weight material, possibly a polysaccharide. In the present study, a polysaccharide (glycogen) has been extracted from Perna canaliculus and its anti-inflammatory activity examined in an attempt to characterise further the high molecular weight components of this mollusc. Glycogen extracts administered i.v. demonstrated a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect in rats with carrageenin-induced footpad oedema. Mobilisation of neutrophils to the site of an inflammatory stimulus was also significantly reduced. This activity was lost if the glycogen extract was treated with KOH or proteinase K, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory properties resided within a protein moiety associated with the glycogen.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bivalvia; Carrageenan; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Female; Glycogen; Lipid Metabolism; Neutrophils; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Adolescent; Atrophy; Basement Membrane; Child; Child, Preschool; Connective Tissue; Edema; Epidermis; Epithelium; Female; Glycogen; Hair; Hair Diseases; Humans; Male

The corneal response to a complete tarsorrhaphy was studied in 46 rabbits for time periods up to 21 days. During the first 7 days of complete eyelid closure corneal thickness increased up to 18.4%, glycogen decreased 32.2%, and lactate rose 27.2%. A steep increase in corneal thickness to 89.8% appeared after 14 days, followed by decreasing values at 21 days, which was concomitant with the formation of extensive vascularized pannus. These results confirm previous findings that the partial pressure of O2 under closed eye conditions is substantially below physiologic requirements, affects endothelial pump capability, and results in major corneal swelling. When silicone contact lenses were fitted immediately before eyelid closure, corneal swelling 2 days after lid closure did not differ from that in eyes without lenses.

Topics: Animals; Contact Lenses; Cornea; Corneal Diseases; Edema; Eyelids; Glycogen; Lactates; Oxygen Consumption; Rabbits; Silicones; Time Factors

Two structurally novel alkylthio-substituted steroids, (11 beta, 17 alpha)-17-(ethylthio)-9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta-hydroxy-17-(methylthio)andro-1,4-dien-3-one (tipredane, SQ 27,239) and (11 beta, 17 alpha)-(ethylthio)-9 alpha-fluoro-17-[2-(fluoroethyl) thio]-11 beta-hydroxy-androsta-1,4-dien-3-one (SQ 28,300) were compared to presently available topical corticosteroids for in vitro and in vivo glucocorticoid and antiinflammatory activities. Based upon results of in vitro assays, in vivo antiinflammatory tests in mice, and human vasoconstriction measurements, the thiasteroids most closely resemble moderately potent to highly potent corticoids. These compounds display more modest activity in topical antiinflammatory assays using rats. Both tipredane and SQ 28,300 exhibit favorable separation of local antiinflammatory activity from systemic effects on thymus and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, most probably due to rapid metabolic inactivation. As such, these compounds represent potentially safer therapy for topical treatment of corticoid-responsive skin diseases and bronchopulmonary conditions in humans.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Androstadienes; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; DNA; Edema; Glycogen; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mineralocorticoids; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; T-Lymphocytes; Vasoconstriction

Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Basement Membrane; Blood Glucose; Cornea; Corneal Diseases; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Edema; Epithelium; Female; Fructose; Glucose; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Rabbits; Rats; Sorbitol; Vitrectomy

Topics: Animals; Axons; Chronic Disease; Dendrites; Edema; Extracellular Space; Glycogen; Hemorrhage; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nerve Degeneration; Pressure; Rabbits; Spinal Cord Injuries; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Cornea; Edema; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Eye Diseases; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Hypoxia; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Rabbits

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cytoplasm; Drug Synergism; Edema; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Fructose; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glucose; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Infusions, Parenteral; Inosine Nucleotides; Liver; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Water

Topics: Animals; Cardiac Output; Coronary Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Edema; Electrocardiography; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glycogen; Heart; Hypoxia; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondrial Swelling; Myocardial Revascularization; Myocardium; Myofibrils; Thoracic Arteries

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chlormadinone Acetate; Cytoplasm; Edema; Epithelium; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glycogen; Humans; Metaplasia; Middle Aged; Mitosis; Mucus; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Cerebral Cortex; Cytoplasmic Granules; Edema; Encephalomalacia; Endothelium; Extracellular Space; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Histocytochemistry; Inflammation; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Nerve Degeneration; Neuroglia; Neurons; Nissl Bodies; Ribosomes; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Thiamine

This paper deals with the histological and ultrastructural findings in a case of the Sézary syndrome. The striking nuclear and cytoplasmic features of the Sézary cell are illustrated, and the similarities of this cell to the mycosis fungoides cell are once more stressed.

Topics: Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Dermatitis, Exfoliative; Edema; Foot Dermatoses; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Hand Dermatoses; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Keratosis; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Mitochondria; Mycosis Fungoides; Pruritus; Skin; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Cardiomegaly; Cell Nucleus; Chromatin; DNA; Edema; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Hypertrophy; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Isoproterenol; Male; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Muscle; Myocardium; Necrosis; Rats; Ribosomes; RNA; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Catheterization; Cardiomyopathies; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Edema; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Microtubules; Middle Aged; Mitochondria; Myocardium; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Anemia, Aplastic; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Diseases; Dermatitis, Exfoliative; Edema; Esterases; Foot Dermatoses; Glucuronidase; Glycogen; Hand Dermatoses; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Keratosis; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Lymphatic Diseases; Periodic Acid; Pruritus

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Body Weight; Edema; Glucosyltransferases; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Immobilization; Kinesthesis; Male; Motor Activity; Movement; Muscles; Myofibrils; NAD; Oxidoreductases; Pinocytosis; Rats; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; Space Flight; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Time Factors; Transferases

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Bile Ducts; Cell Division; Edema; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Glycogen; Graft vs Host Reaction; Hepatic Veins; Histocompatibility; Infarction; Liver; Liver Transplantation; Methods; Mitochondrial Swelling; Necrosis; Phlebitis; Plasma Cells; Rats; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Adult; Basement Membrane; Biopsy; Chlorides; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Edema; Glycogen; Humans; Magnesium; Methods; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muscle Proteins; Muscles; Muscular Atrophy; Muscular Diseases; Phosphorus; Potassium; Sodium

Topics: Adult; Beer; Biopsy; Cardiomyopathies; Edema; Electrocardiography; Glycogen; Heart Failure; Humans; Leg; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Muscle; Myocardium

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cell Nucleus; Collagen; Edema; Electron Transport Complex IV; Glycogen; Hair; Haplorhini; Histocytochemistry; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Monoamine Oxidase; Sebaceous Glands; Skin; Skin Transplantation; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Animals; Cardiomyopathies; Cattle; Coffee; Edema; Glycogen; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Muscle; Myocardium; Myofibrils

Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Connective Tissue; Edema; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Keratoacanthoma; Parapsoriasis; Psoriasis; Skin; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Sulfides; Swine

Topics: Diabetes Insipidus; Diuretics; Edema; Glycogen; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney Tubules

Topics: Acidosis; Brain; Edema; Glycogen; Hemodynamics; Humans; Liver; Mitochondria; Models, Theoretical; Peptide Hydrolases; Plasma Substitutes; Shock, Traumatic

Topics: Child; Diabetes Mellitus; Edema; Edetic Acid; Glycogen; Heart Failure; Humans; Infant