glycogen and Breast-Neoplasms

Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma (GRCC) of the breast is a rare malignant tumor. Most previous reports focused on clinicopathologic findings of GRCC and imaging findings were not precisely described. Here, we report imaging findings of three cases of GRCC along with a literature review. GRCC of the breast was depicted as a mass with irregular or oval shape on mammography and complex cystic and solid composition or focal cystic change on ultrasound. GRCC showed internal high signal intensity on T

Topics: Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Contrast Media; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged

Invasive papillary carcinoma (IPC) and glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma (GRCCC) are rare primary breast carcinomas. IPC typically have favorable prognosis, whereas the prognosis of GRCCC is less established. We report a unique case of high-grade invasive mammary carcinoma with mixed IPC and GRCCC features. We review the imaging and pathologic features and discuss prognosis of these unusual breast cancer subtypes.

Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Papillary; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Mammography; Mastectomy, Segmental; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Premenopause; Prognosis; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Primary clear cell tumors of the breast are uncommon and often present a diagnostic challenge. We describe an extremely rare case of glycogen-rich clear cell malignant myoepithelioma in a 43-year-old woman. Histologically, this tumor is composed of clear cells with abundant cytoplasmic glycogen particles. Immunohistochemically, these tumor cells show co-expression of vimentin, smooth muscle actin, epithelial membrane antigen, S-100 protein, and cytokeratin as evidence of myoepithelial cell tumor. The pathological staging of the patient is IIB (pT3N0M0) and the nuclear grading is 2. The patient demonstrated no evidence of recurrence or metastasis over a period of 42 months. We suggest that glycogen-rich clear cell malignant myoepithelioma be included in the histological differential diagnosis of clear cell tumors of the breast.

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Combined Modality Therapy; Cytoplasm; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Myoepithelioma

Glycogen rich clear cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare neoplasm with different morphological characteristics to ordinary breast carcinomas. However, it has some common features with clear cell carcinomas of other organs. This report describes a case of clear cell carcinoma of the breast with a solid papillary pattern centrally localised in the left breast of a 45 year old woman. Antibodies directed against cytokeratin 7 (CK7), CK10, CK14, CK17, CK18, CK19, CK20, CK5/6/18, CK8/18, high molecular weight cytokeratin AE3, high molecular weight cytokeratin 34betaE12, the oestrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, chromogranin, S-100 protein, smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and carcinoembryogenic antigen were applied to analyse the immunophenotypical profile of this rare neoplasm.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Antigens, CD; Breast Neoplasms; Cytoplasm; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Middle Aged; Vimentin

A group of lesions show morphologic and immunophenotypic evidence of differentiation toward a putative perivascular epithelioid cell. These so-called PEComas include angiomyolipoma, lymphangiomyoma, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, renal capsuloma, clear cell myomelanocytic tumor of the falciform ligament/ligamentum teres, and clear cell "sugar" tumor. PEComas are characterized by strong immunoreactivity with the HMB45 antibody and variable expression of muscle markers. This family of lesions may be composed of a spectrum of cells from epithelioid to spindle cells with clear to granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. One member of this family, composed of epithelioid cells with glycogen-rich clear cytoplasm, is descriptively called a clear cell "sugar" tumor. This tumor, originally described in the lung, is being recognized increasingly in extrapulmonary sites. We report a case of a primary extrapulmonary clear cell "sugar" tumor occurring in the right breast of a 16-year-old girl. The tumor was composed of clear epithelioid cells with abundant glycogen and distinct cell borders. The tumor showed strong immunoreactivity with HMB45 antibody and Melan-A. There was focal vimentin staining. In addition, there was diffuse and strong nuclear staining for progesterone receptor. Antibodies to actins, S-100 protein, cytokeratins (AE1/AE3 and CAM5.2), desmin, and estrogen receptor were negative. The tumor was completely excised, and the patient is well without evidence of disease 9 months postexcision.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Adolescent; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; Cytoplasm; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; MART-1 Antigen; Melanoma-Specific Antigens; Neoplasm Proteins

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Cervix Uteri; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Esterases; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperplasia; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neoplasms; Nucleic Acids; Sex Chromatin; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Adenofibroma; Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Alkaline Phosphatase; Atrophy; Basement Membrane; Breast; Breast Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Carcinosarcoma; Endocrine Glands; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Hyperplasia; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle, Smooth; Myoepithelioma; Myofibrils; Pigments, Biological; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Sarcoma; Sweat Glands; Water

Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. Beyond the established tumourigenic role of genetic mutations, metabolic reprogramming is another key cancer hallmark. Glucose metabolism in particular is known to be prominently altered in tumours, in order to support biomass accumulation and cancer cell survival. The tumor suppressor microRNA (miRNA) miR-22 has been previously associated with a plethora of BC phenotypes such as growth, invasion-metastasis, and regulation of metabolic phenotypes such as lipid and folate metabolism. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-22 in the regulation of glucose metabolism in BC cells.. Here we examined how miR-22 affects glucose metabolism in the MCF-7 BC cells. We found that over-expression of miR-22 caused a reduced glycolytic rate in these cells. Moreover, the miRNA also rendered MCF-7 cells more sensitive to lower glucose levels. We next unbiasedly screened the transcript levels of 84 genes relevant to glucose metabolism using the Human Glucose RT2 Profiler PCR Array. Interestingly, the strongest effect identified by this screen was the upregulation of genes involved in glycogen synthesis and the repression of gene involved in glycogen catabolism. Examination of publicly available transcriptomic datasets confirmed the correlations between expression of miR-22 and these glycogen metabolism genes in BC cells.. This study has generated evidence for a regulatory role of miR-22 in glucose and glycogen metabolism, expanding the involvement of this miRNA in BC metabolic reprogramming.

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Glucose; Glycogen; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; MicroRNAs

Hypoxia is known to be commonly present in breast tumor microenvironments. Stem-like cells that repopulate breast tumors, termed tumor-repopulating cells (TRC), thrive under hypoxic conditions, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that hypoxia promotes the growth of breast TRCs through metabolic reprogramming. Hypoxia mobilized transcription factors HIF1α and FoxO1 and induced epigenetic reprogramming to upregulate cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), a key enzyme that initiates gluconeogenesis. PCK1 subsequently triggered retrograde carbon flow from gluconeogenesis to glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. The resultant NADPH facilitated reduced glutathione production, leading to a moderate increase of reactive oxygen species that stimulated hypoxic breast TRC growth. Notably, this metabolic mechanism was absent in differentiated breast tumor cells. Targeting PCK1 synergized with paclitaxel to reduce the growth of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). These findings uncover an altered glycogen metabolic program in breast cancer, providing potential metabolic strategies to target hypoxic breast TRCs and TNBC. SIGNIFICANCE: Hypoxic breast cancer cells trigger self-growth through PCK1-mediated glycogen metabolism reprogramming that leads to NADPH production to maintain a moderate ROS level.

Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gluconeogenesis; Glycogen; Humans; Hypoxia; Immunohistochemistry; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mice; NADP; Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP); Reactive Oxygen Species

Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma (GRCC) is a very rare form of primary breast cancer (<0.1% of all breast cancers). It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with a glycogen-abundant clear cytoplasm (the Periodic Acid Schiff-positive, diastase-sensitive). The expression of steroid receptors (estrogen and progesterone receptors) has been variably reported (35% to 100% of the cases), whereas most studies reported low human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity in GRCC. High androgen receptor positivity without androgen receptor splice variant-7 was reported in one recent study. Although sparse, the preliminary theranostic data on GRCC indicate the potential of targeted treatments in selected cases (antiandrogen, PIK3CA, and immune checkpoint inhibitors). Because of its rarity, the prognosis for GRCC patients remains controversial. Herein, we comprehensively appraise the epidemiological, morphologic, molecular, and clinical characteristics of this rare mammary malignancy.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Incidence; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Prognosis; Receptor, ErbB-2

In breast cancer, tumor hypoxia has been linked to poor prognosis and increased metastasis. Hypoxia activates transcriptional programs in cancer cells that lead to increased motility and invasion, as well as various metabolic changes. One of these metabolic changes, an increase in glycogen metabolism, has been further associated with protection from reactive oxygen species damage that may lead to premature senescence. Here we report that breast cancer cells significantly increase glycogen stores in response to hypoxia. We found that knockdown of the brain isoform of an enzyme that catalyzes glycogen breakdown, glycogen phosphorylase B (PYGB), but not the liver isoform, PYGL, inhibited glycogen utilization in estrogen receptor negative and positive breast cancer cells; whereas both independently inhibited glycogen utilization in the normal-like breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A. Functionally, PYGB knockdown and the resulting inhibition of glycogen utilization resulted in significantly decreased wound-healing capability in MCF-7 cells and a decrease in invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 cells. Thus, we identify PYGB as a novel metabolic target with potential applications in the management and/or prevention of metastasis in breast cancer.

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Female; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Glycogen; Humans; Hypoxia; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Phenotype; Phosphorylase b; Protein Isoforms; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Middle Aged

The combination of FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies allowed the biochemical profiling of lungs in the early stage of pulmonary metastasis in the murine model of breast cancer. Histological staining was used as a reference. Raman spectroscopy was especially useful in the detection and semi-quantitative analysis of the vitamin A content in lung lipofibroblasts, whereas the IR technique provided semi-quantitative information on the contents of nucleic acids, carbohydrates including glycogen, and lipids as well as changes in the secondary structures of tissue proteins. Our spectroscopic results suggest that the early phase of metastasis in the lung is characterized by a decrease in the endogenous retinoid content in combination with a decrease in the content of glycogen and lipids.

Topics: Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Glycogen; Lipids; Lung Neoplasms; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Retinoids; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum Analysis, Raman

External beam radiotherapy is a common form of treatment for breast cancer. Among patients and across different breast cancer subtypes, the response to radiation is heterogeneous. Radiation-induced biochemical changes were examined by Raman spectroscopy using cell lines that represent a spectrum of human breast cancer. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) revealed unique Raman spectral features in the HER2 and Ki67 subtype. The changes in Raman spectral profiles to different doses of radiation (0-50 Gy) included variations in the levels of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and glycogen. Importantly, the differences in radiation-induced changes on the normal breast epithelial cell line MCF10A could be discriminated within and across the various breast tumor cell lines. These results demonstrate a novel approach to uncover differences between breast cancer cell subtypes and surrounding normal tissues by their biochemical variations in response to radiation.

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Discriminant Analysis; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Ki-67 Antigen; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; Principal Component Analysis; Proteins; Receptor, ErbB-2; Spectrum Analysis, Raman

A 48-year-old woman had a left breast mass identified during routine breast cancer screening. The mammogram showed pleomorphic-segmental microcalcifications in the mediolateral-oblique view of the left breast. Ultrasonography showed a hypoechoic mass approximately 3.7 cm in diameter with multiple calcifications. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast showed non-mass like enhancement of approximately 4 cm in diameter in the C area of the left breast. She was diagnosed with glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma (GRCC) by ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy. Nipplesparing mastectomy was performed along with sentinel lymph node biopsy. The intraoperative consultation suggested sentinel lymph node metastasis and we therefore performed axillary lymph node dissection. Pathological examination reported microinvasive carcinomas, 0.4 cm in maximum diameter, and extensive intraductal components, 5 cm in size. The tumor cells were stained on PAS staining, but the stains were digested with diastase. The cells were negative for adipophilin. GRCC was first reported by Hull et al. This is a rare type of breast carcinoma. There is no standard therapy for this disease or any data on the prognosis of breast cancer patients with GRCC.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Axilla; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Mastectomy; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Micrometastasis; Prognosis; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Breast cancer brain metastasis is resistant to therapy and a particularly poor prognostic feature in patient survival. Altered metabolism is a common feature of cancer cells, but little is known as to what metabolic changes benefit breast cancer brain metastases. We found that brain metastatic breast cancer cells evolved the ability to survive and proliferate independent of glucose due to enhanced gluconeogenesis and oxidations of glutamine and branched chain amino acids, which together sustain the nonoxidative pentose pathway for purine synthesis. Silencing expression of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases (FBP) in brain metastatic cells reduced their viability and improved the survival of metastasis-bearing immunocompetent hosts. Clinically, we showed that brain metastases from human breast cancer patients expressed higher levels of FBP and glycogen than the corresponding primary tumors. Together, our findings identify a critical metabolic condition required to sustain brain metastasis and suggest that targeting gluconeogenesis may help eradicate this deadly feature in advanced breast cancer patients.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Female; Fructose-Bisphosphatase; Gene Silencing; Glucose; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Oxygen; RNA, Small Interfering

Topics: Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Lymphatic Diseases; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Recurrence

Glycogen rich clear cell carcinoma (GRCC) of the breast is a rare subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma and involves a poor prognosis. In the literature, less than 150 cases have been reported. Many researchers have attempted to characterize GRCC according to electron microscope, flow cytometry, or clinical data. However, an organized study of the immunophenotype of GRCC has yet to be reported.. Here, we present three cases of GRCC and their immunohistochemical profiles.. Histologically, all three cases contained periodic acid stain (PAS) positive and d-PAS labile granules in their clear cytoplasm. Case I showed positivity for only estrogen receptor (ER) and c-erbB2. Case II exhibited positivity for progesterone receptor and negativity for ER and c-erbB2. Case III presented with triple negative invasive carcinoma. The expression pattern of E-cadherin was concordant with epidermal growth factor receptor and c-kit, but discordant with ki-67. Among these three cases, p53-positive cases exhibited a low proliferative index (ki-67: 15%), while p53-negative cases showed a high proliferative index (ki-67: 50-60%).. In conclusion, the immunophenotype of GRCC is not uniform, but is similar to that of conventional ductal carcinoma.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Breast Neoplasms; ErbB Receptors; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Immunophenotyping; Ki-67 Antigen; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; Receptor, ErbB-2; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Progesterone

Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells provides energy and multiple intermediates critical for cell growth. Hypoxia in tumors represents a hostile environment that can encourage these transformations. We report that glycogen metabolism is upregulated in tumors in vivo and in cancer cells in vitro in response to hypoxia. In vitro, hypoxia induced an early accumulation of glycogen, followed by a gradual decline. Concordantly, glycogen synthase (GYS1) showed a rapid induction, followed by a later increase of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL). PYGL depletion and the consequent glycogen accumulation led to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels that contributed to a p53-dependent induction of senescence and markedly impaired tumorigenesis in vivo. Metabolic analyses indicated that glycogen degradation by PYGL is important for the optimal function of the pentose phosphate pathway. Thus, glycogen metabolism is a key pathway induced by hypoxia, necessary for optimal glucose utilization, which represents a targetable mechanism of metabolic adaptation.

Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Bevacizumab; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Hypoxia; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cellular Senescence; Female; Glucose; Glycogen; Glycogen Phosphorylase; Glycogen Synthase; HCT116 Cells; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Mice; Mice, Nude; Reactive Oxygen Species; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Transplantation, Heterologous; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alcian Blue; Amylases; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15; Coloring Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glycogen; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Proteins; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Prognosis; Translocation, Genetic

Glycogen-rich carcinoma of the breast is a rare histological subtype of breast cancer, usually reported to have poor prognosis.. We present the case of a 59-year-old woman who underwent a mastectomy for a 3.5 cm clinically palpable left breast carcinoma, originally diagnosed as fibroadenoma on a screening mammogram four years before presentation. Diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma was based on certain histological characteristics of the tumour and immunohistochemical analysis (PAS staining, keratins AE1/AE3, EMA, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, melanosomes, vimentin, Chromogranin, Synaptophysin, S-100, SMA). No lymph node metastasis was found and as the tumour was ER positive and PgR negative, patient was treated only with an aromatase inhibitor upfront and remains free of disease 48 months now since operation.. Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare tumor, its clinical behavior reported to be rather aggressive so far, might varies depending on special characteristics such as low grade and strongly positive ER expression.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Middle Aged

Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma (GRCC) of the breast is a rare variant of primary breast carcinoma that was first described by Hull et al. in 1981, and is characterized by carcinoma cells containing an optically clear cytoplasm and intracytoplasmic glycogen. The present case involved a 33-year-old female. She had noticed a lump in the inner quadrant of the left breast. The tumor obtained by enucleation biopsy had an irregular shape. The tumor cells exhibited sharply defined borders, polygonal contours, a clear or finely granular cytoplasm, and moderate nuclear atypia. The tumor cells showed a positive reaction with periodic acid Schiff, eliminated by diastase digestion. The tumor was diagnosed as GRCC. There was no nodal metastasis. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, HER2, and p53, but negative for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). Although the biological behavior of GRCC is difficult to predict in view of the very limited number of case reports, the prognosis of GRCC may be associated with not only histopathological subtype but also other clinicopathological factors, such as size, status of invasion, status of nodal metastasis, nuclear grade, ER, PR, HER-2, p53 and so on. To clarify the pathogenesis of mammary GRCC, the systematic study of additional well-documented cases with long-term follow up will be necessary.

Topics: Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry

Twenty cases of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast with a pure or partial glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma(GRCC)component are reported. GRCC of the breast is composed almost entirely of polygonal cells with clear cytoplasm. These contain large amounts of partly water-soluble glycogen.. The cases were analyzed using various parameters, including age at presentation, tumor size, tumor grade, axillary lymph node and Her2/neu status.. Between 1990 and 2004, 723 patients with primary breast carcinomas were treated and clinicopathologic analysis was performed. 20 cases were identified as GRCC among the 723 cases. The patients' age at presentation ranged from 33 to 68 years (mean, 52 years). Tumor size ranged from 1 to 6.5 cm (mean, 2.6 cm); 35% (7 of 20) of cases that underwent axillary dissection had positive lymph nodes. Among 15 of 20 cases who were followed for 1-72 months, 5 cases died from their breast carcinoma within 5 years following the diagnosis.. Our series included more small size carcinomas than did previous series. Lymph node status does not appear to be markedly different from that of the usual invasive ductal carcinomas. Her2/neu expression was similar to that found in common breast carcinomas.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Adult; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast; Female; Genes, erbB-2; Glycogen; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Middle Aged; Prognosis

Glycogen-rich carcinoma (GRC) of the breast is a rare histological subtype of breast cancer having a poor prognosis. There are very few case reports describing the cytological features of GRC on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In this report we present the case of a 34-yr-old woman who underwent FNAC of a clinically palpable breast lump. The aspirate was cellular showing tumor cells in groups, clusters and lying singly. The tumor cells had abundant eosinophilic, finely granular to vacuolated cytoplasm with moderate to marked nuclear pleomorphism. With a cytological diagnosis of carcinoma, a wide local excision was performed. On histology a diagnosis of GRC was made with the tumor cells showing abundant glycogen. The presence of cells with abundant granular to finely vacuolated cytoplasm in a case of breast carcinoma, should point toward the possibility of GRC and other clear cell tumors of the breast. Demonstration of glycogen is required to make a definite diagnosis on cytology.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction

Primary clear cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare tumor. The clear cell morphology of the neoplastic population in these tumors has been ascribed to the presence of intracellular lipid, mucin or glycogen, or to myoepithelial, apocrine, or neuroendocrine differentiation. However, a clear cell neoplasm exhibiting evidence of a range of differentiation has not been previously reported. We describe a case of a glycogen-rich primary clear cell breast carcinoma occurring in a 59-year-old woman that showed positivity for apocrine and neuroendocrine markers, as well as possible myoepithelial differentiation. The tumor was a 4-cm mass composed predominantly of periodic acid-Schiff-positive clear cells arranged in a solid, infiltrative pattern. Immunohistochemical staining of the tumor cells was variably positive for cytokeratin, progesterone receptors, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, and S-100 protein and negative for estrogen receptors, smooth muscle actin, CD31, and CD34. The patient refused any form of further investigation or treatment, but shows no evidence of recurrence or metastatic disease after 18 months of follow-up.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; Cytoplasmic Granules; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Middle Aged; Treatment Refusal

Glycogen-rich carcinoma is a rare special histologic subtype of breast cancer and its incidence is estimated to be 1.4% in breast malignancies. However, its precise characteristics in cytological specimens have not yet been fully clarified.. Fifty-nine-year-old and 53-year-old women underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology (FNABC) of a breast tumor, confirming malignancy. A mastectomy with axillary dissection was performed. Cytologically, a moderate amount of eosinophilic, finely granular cytoplasm was seen in the majority of the tumor cells, however, foamy and vacuolated cytoplasm was noted in some tumor cells. Histologically, the tumor cells of both cases had clear and granular cytoplasm, which showed a positive reaction with periodic acid-Schiff, eliminated by diastase.. While clear cytoplasm in the tumor cells in the FNABC seemed to be a pivotal cytological characteristic of glycogen-rich carcinoma, it may not be a major component of cytological specimens. Routine periodic acid-Schiff staining may be required to diagnose glycogen-rich carcinoma in cytological methods.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Amylases; Biopsy, Needle; Breast Neoplasms; Cytoplasm; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Mastectomy; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Proteins; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Prognosis; Staining and Labeling

The authors observed a solid breast carcinoma in a patient aged 70 years. The tumor cells contained lipids, glycogen and neutral glycoproteins. Axillary lymph node metastasis had already existed at the operation.

Topics: Aged; Axilla; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lipids; Lymphatic Metastasis

Glycogen-rich, clear cell carcinoma of the breast (GCC) is a rare type of breast cancer. Histological features are usually those of ductal carcinoma, but cases featuring lobular, tubular, and mixed ductal-tubular carcinoma have been reported. The presence of "numerous cells with clear cytoplasm" has been reported in some cases of primary neuro-endocrine tumors of the breast. Moreover, no case of GCC of the breast with neuro-endocrine features has been described. We report a case of 33-year-old woman with a palpable lump of the right breast. Fresh tissue obtained from the operating theatre was fixed in 10% formalin and routinely processed to paraffin. Serial sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and PAS following diastase digestion (PASd); other sections were processed for immunohistological detection of chromogranin, synaptophysin, vimentin and smooth muscle actin. For electron microscopy, the tissue was fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer. The samples were post-fixed in osmium, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in araldite. Thin sections, counterstained in uranyl acetate and lead citrate, were studied under a Philips 400T electron microscope. The lump at histological examination was entirely composed of optically clear, neoplastic cells. The cytoplasm was filled with numerous PAS-positive granules which did not stain after the diastase digestion, leading to a diagnosis of GCC of the breast. Some histological (i.e. pattern of growth, blunt edges of neoplastic glands and numerous vessels) and cytological features (i.e. nuclear monomorphism and fine chromatin) prompted us to investigate the possible neuro-endocrine differentiation of the lesion. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies strongly support such hypothesis. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of GCC of the breast with neuro-endocrine features.

Topics: Actins; Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Adult; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Cell Differentiation; Cell Nucleus; Chromatin; Chromogranins; Cytoplasmic Granules; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Mastectomy, Radical; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasm Proteins; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Protein Isoforms; Staining and Labeling; Synaptophysin; Vimentin

Substantial differences were found in the spectral properties of surgical samples from 20 women patients with histologically normal and cancerous breast tissue. The most striking changes in the spectra were observed in the symmetric and asymmetric stretching bands of phosphodiester groups, which shifted to short wavenumber about 3 cm-1 in nu s PO2-, and to long wavenumber about 2 cm-1 in nu s PO2-. The ratio of A1,173/A1,163 increased and that of A1,025/A1,082 decreased, the intensity of symmetric and asymmetric stretching bands of CH3 decreased and those of CH2 increased in all of breast cancer tissues. Our findings indicated that in breast cancer tissue, the degree of hydrogen-bonding of oxygen atoms in the backbone of nucleic acid increased; the content of glycogen decreased; the degree of hydrogen-bonding of OH groups in serine, tyrosine, and threonine residues of cell proteins decreased; and also there were changes in the packing and the conformational structure of the methylene chains of membrane lipids.

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Threonine; Tyrosine

We determined the proliferation rate and apoptotic activity of glycogen-rich carcinomas of the breast as opposed to non-clear cell tumors by means of MIB-1 immunohistochemistry and in situ detection of oligonucleosomal fragments (TUNEL reaction). The retrospective biopsy series included six invasive clear cell carcinomas of the glycogen-rich type as well as 15 randomly selected cases of invasive ductal carcinoma without evidence of glycogen storage. Three patients in the clear cell group and seven patients in the control cohort developed lymph-node metastasis. The MIB-1 labeling index of glycogen-rich carcinomas averaged 9.05%, while that of the controls was 30.03%. Apoptotic nuclei were present in a mean of 1.26% of glycogen-rich carcinoma cells. The control tumors exhibited an average apoptotic frequency of 5.85%. Tumor size, hormone receptor status, and presence or absence of lymph node involvement were found not to correlate with either proliferation or apoptosis. We conclude that glycogen-rich breast carcinomas are characterized by a peculiar 'low proliferation-low apoptosis' cell kinetic profile. The aggressive clinical behavior of these neoplasms may possibly be accounted for by an ineffective apoptotic elimination of otherwise slowly proliferating tumor cells.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apoptosis; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; DNA Fragmentation; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Lymphatic Metastasis; Middle Aged; Oligonucleotides; Random Allocation; Retrospective Studies

The placement of tissue expanders under the pectoralis major muscle has become a common procedure in breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Little information is available regarding the changes caused by tissue expansion on human skeletal muscle. In this study, we report the light and electron microscopic changes observed in 20 expanded pectoralis major muscles from 12 patients undergoing two-stage breast reconstruction procedures. Standard 400-cc round Radovan tissue expanders were placed, eight bilaterally and four unilaterally. Three biopsies were taken from each muscle at different locations during both the first stage (pre-expansion) and 23 weeks later at the second stage (postexpansion). The operative procedures and expansion protocol were the same in all reconstructions. No postoperative radiation therapy was added. The histologic changes were reported in a blind fashion by one pathologist. Light microscopy did not show significant pathologic changes. All but one of the pre-expansion specimens examined by electron microscope were reported as normal, whereas all of the postexpansion biopsies were grossly altered. Focal muscle fiber degeneration with glycogen deposits and mild interstitial fibrosis was noted. In addition, some fibers showed disorganization of the myofilaments in the sarcomeres. The above ultrastructural changes are significant morphologic alterations, which may be the result of muscle hypoxia. Whether these changes indicate permanent or transient transformation is yet unclear. Patient follow-up did not reveal any functional muscular deficit. We conclude that there is definite evidence to suggest significant muscular structural damage after routine subpectoral expansion for breast reconstruction.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Breast Implantation; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glycogen; Humans; Mammaplasty; Mastectomy; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Mitochondria, Muscle; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Pectoralis Muscles; Reoperation; Tissue Expansion

Malignant myoepithelioma (myoepithelial carcinoma) of the breast is extremely rare. A case is reported of a 46 year old female with clear cell mammary malignant myoepithelioma that, on histological examination, was glycogen abundant clear cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the clear cells showed myoepithelial differentiation--that is, they were a smooth muscle actin and S100 protein positive. This case shows that glycogen abundant clear cell carcinoma is a variant of malignant myoepithelioma of the breast.

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Middle Aged; Myoepithelioma

Isoelectric focusing of MCF-7 cell extracts revealed an association of the glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate-dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase. This complex between the glycolytic enzymes is sensitive to RNase. p36 could not be detected within this association of glycolytic enzymes; however an association of p36 with a specific form of malate dehydrogenase was found. In MCF-7 cells three forms of malate dehydrogenase can be detected by isoelectric focusing: the mitochondrial form with an isoelectric point between 8.9 and 9.5, the cytosolic form with pl 5.0, and a p36-associated form with pl 7.8. The mitochondrial form comprises the mature mitochondrial isoenzyme (pl 9.5) and its precursor form (pl 8.9). Refocusing of the pl 7.8 form of malate dehydrogenase also gave rise to the mitochondrial isoenzyme. Thus, the pl 7.8 form of malate dehydrogenase is actually the mitochondrial isoenzyme retained in the cytosol by the association with p36. Addition of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to the initial focusing column induced a quantitative shift of the pl 7.8 form of malate dehydrogenase to the mitochondrial forms (pl 8.9 and 9.5). In MCF-7 cells p36 is not phosphorylated in tyrosine. Kinetic measurements revealed that the pl 7.8 form of malate dehydrogenase has the lowest affinity for NADH. Compared to both mitochondrial forms the cytosolic isoenzyme has a high capacity when measured in the NAD --> NADH direction (malate --> oxaloacetate direction). The association of p36 with the mitochondrial isoenzyme may favor the flow of hydrogen from the cytosol into the mitochondria. Inhibition of cell proliferation by AMP which leads to an inhibition of glycolysis has no effect on complex formation by glycolytic and glutaminolytic enzymes in MCF-7 cells. AMP treatment leads to an activation of malate dehydrogenase, which correlates with the increase of pyruvate and the decrease of lactate levels, but has no effect on the distribution of the various malate dehydrogenase forms.

Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Annexin A2; Breast Neoplasms; Endonucleases; Female; Glutamine; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Humans; Isoelectric Focusing; Isoenzymes; Kinetics; Malate Dehydrogenase; Molecular Weight; Peptide Fragments; RNA; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Twenty-one glycogen-rich clear cell carcinomas of the breast were studied. There were 13 invasive carcinomas and 8 intraductal carcinomas. Ten of the invasive carcinomas contained an intraductal component. Three intraductal carcinomas were papillary carcinomas ("intracystic" papillary carcinoma), and the others showed a mixture of solid, micropapillary, and cribriform patterns of growth. Most of the invasive carcinomas had nested, corded, or sheet-like growth patterns, and all were grade 2 or 3 neoplasms. Among patients with invasive carcinoma, two had metastases to axillary lymph nodes and three died of tumor. One patient with intraductal papillary carcinoma experienced two local recurrences, with invasion in the second recurrence. Thirteen cases (62%) exhibited focal apocrine features. Based on this small series, the clear cell morphology did not appear to influence the clinical outcome once stage and grade were taken into account. Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma of the breast may be a variant of apocrine carcinoma.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Adult; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Middle Aged

Fine-needle aspiration cytology, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopic findings are described in a case of glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma of the breast. The aspirate contained many small and large papillary cell groups and numerous single tall columnar cells with apical cytoplasmic projections and mild to moderate degree of nuclear pleomorphism. Cytochemical localisation of glycogen and immunostaining on air-dried smears with CEA and actin monoclonal antibodies permitted the correct identification and differential diagnosis of the tumor. Electron microscopic examination of the resected specimen confirmed the diagnosis of glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma. The differential diagnosis and potential diagnostic pitfalls are discussed, and recommendation are offered to prevent misdiagnosis.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Biopsy, Needle; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged

Six glycogen-rich clear-cell carcinomas (GCC) were found among 439 cases of breast cancer (BC) in a thorough search among a defined urban population. Five of these six patients had axillary lymph node metastases at diagnosis and all five died from their breast cancer within 7 years following the diagnosis. Tumors with histologic features of GCC were larger (P = 0.03), and they had a large DNA index (greater than 1.3) in flow cytometric DNA analysis more frequently than BCs in general (P = 0.04). All GCCs were nondiploid and had a high S-phase fraction (greater than 9%, mean 19.2%), which suggests that BCs with glycogen-rich cell features may be more aggressive than BCs in general.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; DNA, Neoplasm; Female; Flow Cytometry; Glycogen; Humans; Middle Aged; Ploidies; Prognosis

Topics: Aged; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Myoepithelioma

An autopsy case of glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma (GRCCC) which arose in the right breast of a 72-year-old woman is reported. Light microscopic examination of the small finger-tip-sized tumor revealed solid alveolar proliferation of clear cells containing abundant glycogen. Immunohistochemically, most of the clear tumor cells were stained for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and alpha-lactalbumin, whereas a few eosinophilic tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein, EMA and actin. Electron microscopically, aggregates of glycogen particles, numerous empty glycogen lakes, microvilli, tight junctions and basal lamina were identified. Autopsy disclosed marked metastases to the liver, lung, adrenal, skin and lymph nodes. Primary breast cancer was confirmed by exclusion of a primary at any other site. It is suggested that although rare, GRCCC of the breast is as aggressive as usual invasive ductal carcinoma, and is associated with severe nodal and blood-borne metastases, followed by death.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms

The light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of a clear cell carcinoma of the breast have been studied. Both intraductal and invasive components were found. Histochemistry showed large amounts of intracytoplasmic glycogen and sparse neutral mucin in the tumour. The tumour cells were stained by antisera to carcinoembryonic antigen, keratin and epithelial membrane antigen, but not by antisera to alpha-lactalbumin, desmin or vimentin. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial derivation of the tumour was confirmed. Only a few intracytoplasmic lumina were demonstrated. The tumour was classified as a mucin-containing variant of glycogen-rich, clear cell carcinoma of the breast.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Mucus

Ten cases of glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma of the breast are described. Only two previous case reports have been published. These neoplasms are composed of clear cells with abundant glycogen. Ultrastructurally, two cases showed large quantities of non-membrane-bound glycogen and numerous empty glycogen lakes. neoplastic cells formed tight junctions, immature desmosomes, and occasionally had short microvilli. In nine cases the glycogen-rich carcinoma grew in a solid pattern only, while one case had both solid and papillary patterns. One case was associated with a signet-ring cell carcinoma. Seven of nine patients who underwent axillary dissections had nodal metastases. Five patients died with residual disease, and one is currently alive with local skin recurrence. These data suggest that glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma is associated with frequent lymph node metastases and mortality.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adult; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glycogen; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged

Topics: Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Cervix Uteri; Estrogens; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Middle Aged; Progesterone; Vaginal Smears

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Cytoplasmic Granules; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Middle Aged; Mucins

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Progesterone

Clinical and pathologic features of five low-grade mucoepidermoid and a similar number of squamous cell carcinomas of breast are presented. Three of each were retrieved from 55 cases of invasive breast cancer previously assessed to exhibit squamous metaplasia. Although the estimated incidence of low-grade mucoepidermoid cancers is approximately 0.2%, they may be more frequent, masquerading under designations of squamous metaplasia or intracystic carcinomas. All patients with low-grade mucoepidermoid cancer, and the two recorded previously, were free of recurrence for 4-10 years. No high-grade mucoepidermoid cancers were found. Squamous cell cancers frequently have a phyllode configuration (carcinoma phyllodes). Two examined by electron microscopy revealed a commonality of ultrastructural features with similar tumors of other sites. None exhibited glandular differentiation or tinctorial evidence of mucin secretion. One squamous cell carcinoma contained both malignant epithelial and banal, osteoclast-like, stromal giant cells. Only the latter were identified in tissue culture. This experience and review of the literature prompted a nosologic characterization of giant cell lesions of breast. One patient with squamous cell carcinoma succumbed because of her disease; the remainder are either free of or alive with recurrence at 4 and 10 years.

Topics: Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Giant Cell Tumors; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Mastectomy; Metaplasia; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Mucins

Cytohistological, cytochemical, and ultrastructural methods were used to study 115 mammary gland carcinomas. Cytological verification of different forms of mammary gland carcinoma is substantiated on the basis of comparative evaluation of cytological and histological features of the tumor. Examination of impression smears of removed mammary gland tumors allowed not only to establish the diagnosis of carcinoma in 98.2% of the cases but also to recognize its various forms. Different forms of mammary gland carcinoma have been characterized ultrastructurally. A correlation between the glycogen content in tumor cells and morphological structure of the tumor was established.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Cell Differentiation; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Microscopy, Electron

A glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma arose in the breast of a 49-year-old woman. Light microscopic examination of the neoplasm revealed both intraductal papillary growth and stromal invasion. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated neoplastic cells that contained massive quantities of nonmembrane-bound particulate glycogen and that formed numerous acini. Apically, these cells formed microvilli; laterally they formed tight junctions and desmosomes. Morphologic features of this neoplasm are similar to those of the fetal breast and to some other clear cell carcinomas arising elsewhere in the body.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Papillary; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Inclusion Bodies; Intercellular Junctions; Middle Aged

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; DNA, Neoplasm; Female; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Lipids; Methods; Neoplasm Proteins; Preoperative Care; RNA, Neoplasm

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenofibroma; Adult; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymphatic Metastasis; Mammography; Middle Aged; RNA, Neoplasm; Succinate Dehydrogenase

The inter-relationships of 32 pathologic and 7 clinical parameters encountered in the study of 1000 examples of invasive breast carcinoma have been presented. In some instances the biological significance of these associations is at present unclear. In others it is to be noted that there is no information provided as to the rank of their significance. Nevertheless, the associations that were encountered not only help further characterize the various forms of breast cancer but also provide information regarding the possible biological significance of some of their features. Although it is not our intention to minimize the possible significance of the inter-relationships of pathologic parameters, most emphasis in the summarizing statements which follow has been placed upon those correlations which may relate to prognosis. In this regard reference has been made to short-term treatment failure, vis a vis local recurrence and/or metastases, which may not necessarily accurately reflect patient survival, although generally such a relationship exists. Information in this regard as well as to the rank of the significance of these pathologic features shall be forthcoming when sufficient time has elapsed since the inception of this study to allow for such conclusions, i.e. survival or long-term treatment failure rates. Lastly, it becomes evident that the guidelines followed in the examination of these specimens appear to represent at least the minimum requirements necessary for a meaningful pathologic evaluation of breast carcinoma.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adult; Blood Vessels; Breast Neoplasms; Calcium; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Carcinoma, Papillary; Carcinosarcoma; Cell Nucleus; Connective Tissue; Elastic Tissue; Female; Glycogen; Histiocytes; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Lymphocytes; Middle Aged; Mucins; Necrosis; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Paget's Disease, Mammary; Papilloma; Sweat Glands

Topics: Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Female; Glucose; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Hexokinase; Humans; Middle Aged; NAD; NADP; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Phosphorylases

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Connective Tissue; Female; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histological Techniques; Humans; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous; Adenofibroma; Breast Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Glycogen; Gynecomastia; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Inclusion Bodies; Lung; Lymphatic Metastasis; Microscopy, Electron; Phyllodes Tumor; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Viruses

Topics: Biopsy; Breast; Breast Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Microtomy; Osmium; Papilloma; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Adenofibroma; Breast Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Cytodiagnosis; DNA; DNA, Neoplasm; Female; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperplasia; Lipid Metabolism; Microscopy, Fluorescence; RNA; RNA, Neoplasm

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenofibroma; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Female; Glycogen; Humans

Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Cytodiagnosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glucosyltransferases; Glycogen; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Mesenchymoma

Topics: Adenofibroma; Breast Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Cysts; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glucosyltransferases; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperplasia; Methods; Polysaccharides

Topics: Adenofibroma; Adult; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Precancerous Conditions

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Female; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Glycogen; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Skin Neoplasms; Urogenital Neoplasms

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Ductal; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Mammary Glands, Human; Neoplasms; Phosphorylases; Phosphotransferases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Glycogen; Humans; Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Ductal; Glycogen; Humans; Melanins; Mucins; Paget's Disease, Mammary