glycogen and Brain-Edema

The astrocyte subtypes in moderate and severe human brain trauma complicated with subdural hematoma or hygroma are described. Clear and dense edematous and hypertrophic reactive astrocytes are distinguished in severe vasogenic brain edema. Swollen perineuronal astrocytes appear compressing and indenting dark, degenerated pyramidal and nonpyramidal nerve cells. Glycogen-depleted and glycogen-rich astrocytes also are seen. Reactive hypertrophic astrocytes exhibit increased amounts of dilated smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, and gliofilaments. Perisynaptic astrocyte ensheathments of neuropil synaptic contacts are lost, and the perivascular astrocyte end-feet appear dissociated from the capillary basement membrane. The interastrocytary gap junctions appear fragmented.

Topics: Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Cell Size; Cerebral Cortex; Glycogen; Hematoma, Subdural; Humans; Hypertrophy; Microscopy, Electron; Phagocytosis; Severity of Illness Index; Subdural Effusion

Brain oedema is usually associated with intracranial meningiomas in about 50-66%. As underlying causes, different factors like localisation, vascular supply, angiogenic growth factors and histological subtypes are discussed, and its existence is probably multifactorial. We present 11 patients with the rare subtype of secretory meningiomas. Brain oedema was observed in 82%. These tumours are localised mainly at the frontal convexity and at the sphenoid ridge. All 11 patients were female so that hormonal factors also may play a role in the production of peritumoural oedema. The postoperative outcome was good and no recurrences were seen during follow-up.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain Edema; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Meningeal Neoplasms; Meningioma; Middle Aged; Mucin-1; Neoplasm Proteins; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Radiography; Receptors, Progesterone; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Edema; Calcium; Cell Size; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP; Cytoskeleton; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Glycogen; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Ion Channels; Neurons; Receptors, GABA-A; Signal Transduction

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Epilepsy; Glycogen; Guinea Pigs; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukocytes; Neoplasms; Rabbits; Tuberculosis; Wounds and Injuries

The anaerobic mobilization of astrocyte glycogen in anoxic-ischemic regions of the oedematous human cerebral cortex is analysed.. Seventeen cortical biopsies of patients with brain trauma, brain tumours and congenital malformations were examined by conventional transmission electron microscopy.. Glycogen-rich and glycogen-depleted, clear or dense astrocytes cell bodies were observed in anoxic ischaemic regions of different brain cortical areas in perineuronal, neuropilar and perivascular localization. Glycogen-rich astrocytes showed clear or moderately dense cytoplasm and accumulation of both beta-type or monogranular glycogen granules and alpha-type or multigranular glycogen particles. Focal regions of translucent cytoplasm were observed in areas of glycogen degradation. Glycogen-depleted astrocytes exhibited a clear cytoplasm and scarce amount or absence of beta-type glycogen granules. Coexisting glycogen-rich and glycogen-depleted neuropilar astrocytic processes were observed in the vicinity of degenerated myelinated axons and degenerated axodendritic contacts. Glycogen-rich and glycogen-depleted perivascular astrocytic processes were also found surrounding injured and collapsed cerebral capillaries.. The findings suggest astrocytic glycogen mobilization during anoxic and ischaemic conditions, revealing the important contribution of astrocytes on neuronal survival under conditions of energy substrate limitations.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Astrocytes; Biopsy; Brain; Brain Edema; Brain Injuries; Brain Neoplasms; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged

The authors previously demonstrated, in a large-animal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model, that markedly edematous ("translucent") white matter regions (> 10% increases in water contents) containing high levels of clot-derived plasma proteins rapidly develop adjacent to hematomas. The goal of the present study was to determine the concentrations of high-energy phosphate, carbohydrate substrate, and lactate in these and other perihematomal white and gray matter regions during the early hours following experimental ICH.. The authors infused autologous blood (1.7 ml) into frontal lobe white matter in a physiologically controlled model in pigs (weighing approximately 7 kg each) and froze their brains in situ at 1, 3, 5, or 8 hours postinfusion. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine (PCr), glycogen, glucose, lactate, and water contents were then measured in white and gray matter located ipsi- and contralateral to the hematomas, and metabolite concentrations in edematous brain regions were corrected for dilution. In markedly edematous white matter, glycogen and glucose concentrations increased two- to fivefold compared with control during 8 hours postinfusion. Similarly, PCr levels increased several-fold by 5 hours, whereas, except for a moderate decrease at 1 hour, ATP remained unchanged. Lactate was markedly increased (approximately 20 micromol/g) at all times. In gyral gray matter overlying the hematoma, water contents and glycogen levels were significantly increased at 5 and 8 hours, whereas lactate levels were increased two- to fourfold at all times.. These results, which demonstrate normal to increased high-energy phosphate and carbohydrate substrate concentrations in edematous perihematomal regions during the early hours following ICH, are qualitatively similar to findings in other brain injury models in which a reduction in metabolic rate develops. Because an energy deficit is not present, lactate accumulation in edematous white matter is not caused by stimulated anaerobic glycolysis. Instead, because glutamate concentrations in the blood entering the brain's extracellular space during ICH are several-fold higher than normal levels, the authors speculate, on the basis of work reported by Pellerin and Magistretti, that glutamate uptake by astrocytes leads to enhanced aerobic glycolysis and lactate is generated at a rate that exceeds utilization.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Aerobiosis; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood Proteins; Body Water; Brain Edema; Brain Injuries; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Metabolism; Extracellular Space; Frontal Lobe; Glucose; Glutamates; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Hematoma; Lactates; Phosphocreatine; Swine; Time Factors

A Remington humane stunner was used to deliver a blow to the left side of the surgically-exposed skull in ketamine-anesthetized cats. At 15 minutes after the trauma, brain tissue was frozen in situ. In animals without visible tissue hemorrhage (Grade 0) and in those with unilateral cerebral contusions involving the cerebral cortex and white matter (Grade 2), regional cerebral metabolite concentrations were measured by enzymatic-fluorometric techniques and edema was tested with an organic gradient. No substantial changes in cerebral metabolite concentrations were observed in head-injured animals without cerebral contusions. In animals with unilateral contusions, the white matter neighboring the tissue hemorrhage had an increase in lactic acid and a decrease in phosphocreatine as compared to values from corresponding areas on the contralateral side, and in control and Grade 0 animals. The cerebral cortex adjacent to tissue hemorrhage had a variable response that ranged from metabolite concentrations within normal ranges to marked decreases in high-energy phosphates and increases in lactic acid. Metabolites of the cortex and white matter contralateral as well as distant to contusion were not statistically different from values of control animals. Changes in several metabolites correlated well with the magnitude of edema. It is concluded that focal metabolic alterations can occur shortly after severe blunt head injury, and that these events may contribute to acute traumatic cerebral edema.

Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Adenosine Monophosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Brain Edema; Brain Injuries; Cats; Glucose; Glycogen; Lactates; Phosphocreatine; Wounds, Nonpenetrating

Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Brain Neoplasms; Central Nervous System; Dogs; Glycogen; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Hibernation; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Hypoxia; Ischemia; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroglia; Neurons; Physical Exertion; Rabbits; Radiation Effects; Rats; Seizures; Shock; Starvation

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Blood Glucose; Body Water; Brain; Brain Edema; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Glucose; Glycogen; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Potassium; Rats; Sodium; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Basement Membrane; Blood Vessels; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Edema; Capillaries; Cats; Cell Membrane; Cerebral Cortex; Extracellular Space; Gliosis; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Models, Neurological; Necrosis; Neuroglia; Oxidoreductases; Pinocytosis; Radiation Effects; Tetrazolium Salts; Time Factors; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Animals; Brain Edema; Brain Injuries; Cerebral Cortex; Cold Temperature; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Extracellular Space; Female; Glycogen; Inclusion Bodies; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Necrosis; Neuroglia; Rats; Ribosomes

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Anesthetics; Brain; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Coma; Consciousness; Diabetic Coma; Glucose; Glycogen; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Lactates; Oxygen Consumption; Seizures; Sleep

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Basal Metabolism; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Fluorometry; Freezing; Functional Laterality; Glucose; Glycogen; Lactates; Male; Mice; Phosphocreatine

Topics: Brain; Brain Edema; Carbon Dioxide; Cerebral Cortex; Cerebral Ventricles; Demyelinating Diseases; Encephalomalacia; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Carbon Dioxide; Electrolytes; Extracorporeal Circulation; Glucose; Glycogen; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypothermia; Hypothermia, Induced; Hypoxia; Lactates; Male; Nucleosides; Partial Pressure; Phosphates; Phosphocreatine; Potassium; Pyruvates; Rats; Sodium; Water

Topics: Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Chronic Disease; Cytoplasmic Granules; Extracellular Space; Glycogen; Intracranial Pressure; Microscopy, Electron; Neuroglia; Rabbits

Topics: Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Glycogen; Injections, Intravenous; Intracranial Pressure; Lasers; Microscopy, Electron; Radiation Effects; Rats; Thorium Dioxide