glycogen and Arteriosclerosis

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arteries; Arteriosclerosis; Cats; Cattle; Cholesterol; Diabetes Complications; DNA; Epinephrine; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Humans; Hypertension; Hypoxia; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lipid Metabolism; Oxidoreductases; Pentoses; Phosphofructokinase-1; Phospholipids; Phosphorylases; Rabbits; Rats; Swine; Thrombosis

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Catecholamines; Exercise Therapy; Fasting; Glycogen; Humans; Insulin; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Diseases; Metabolism; Mitochondria; Mitochondria, Muscle; Muscles; Oxygen Consumption; Physical Exertion; Time Factors; Triglycerides

Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glycogen; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Nephrotic Syndrome; Thyroxine; Triglycerides

Recently published results provide evidence of the importance of oxidatively modified LDL in the development of atherosclerosis. Several typical characteristics of this disease can be ascribed to the effects of oxidized LDL on the different cells involved in lesion formation. In various cell culture systems oxidized LDL was found to be cytotoxic. Therefore we were interested in its influence on parameters of energy metabolism such as glycogen and ATP content as determined for aortic segments in vitro. The results show that oxidized LDL leads to sharp decreases in both parameters, indicating an activation of cellular energy metabolism. Findings obtained from contraction experiments in which oxidized LDL shows a concentration-enhancing effect on arterial segments suggest that the oxidized lipoprotein facilitates cellular Ca2+ liberation. This seems to be a common signal leading to its effects on energy metabolism and contraction and could also explain its cytotoxicity if cells are exposed to it for longer periods.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Arteriosclerosis; Energy Metabolism; Glycogen; In Vitro Techniques; Lipoproteins, LDL; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Oxidation-Reduction; Rabbits

Development of intimal necrosis is characteristic of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. In order to study metabolic alterations preceding cellular death, the concentration gradients of glucose, glycogen, ATP, and lactate were measured within the walls of rabbit carotid arteries which were transmurally stimulated by dc impulses. This experimental model allows the induction of lipid-free intimal myocyte proliferations usually void of necrosis and, under additional hypercholesterolemia, typical lipid-laden atheromas, which become necrotic after 5-6 weeks of stimulation. Frozen samples (1 X 3 mm2) obtained from normal arterial wall and from both types of plaques as well as from spontaneously occurring aortic lesions of the hypercholesterolemic rabbits were cut in consecutive slices (10 microns thick) parallel to the luminal surface from the intima toward the adventitia. Compared with normal media, the results show that in the neointima the concentrations of glucose and glycogen decreased whereas that of lactate increased, independent of whether or not hypercholesterolemia was induced. The ATP concentration in lipid-free plaques was comparable with that in normal media, but strongly decreased in lesions which developed in combination with hypercholesterolemia. These observations support the view that in the initial stages of plaque growth, the intimal cells reveal an increased energy turnover leading to a decreased glycogen content. The development of necrosis, however, seems to involve additional events associated with a decrease in ATP, obviously depending on the effects of lipids or lipoproteins in the cells of the arterial wall.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Carotid Arteries; Cholesterol, Dietary; Electric Stimulation; Endothelium; Glucose; Glycogen; Lactates; Male; Rabbits

The hemodynamic changes which occur when clamping and unclamping the aorta during reconstructive surgery might be a threat to the elderly patient with concomitant cardiac disease. In addition, the cross-clamping induces a temporary ischemia of the legs, with severe metabolic derangement after the release of the aortic clamp. We have studied the effect of a intraoperative adrenergic block (phenoxybenzamine plus metoprolol) on the central circulation and the skeletal metabolism in 14 patients undergoing aortic reconstruction to treat occlusive arteriosclerotic disease. Cardiac output, heart rate, arterial and pulmonary artery pressures, and cardiac filling pressures, as well as femoral venous blood flow were studied. Biopsy specimens of the lateral vastus muscle and blood samples from the radial artery and iliac vein were taken before aortic clamping, and before, 30 minutes, four and 16 hours after the aorta was unclamped, as well as five days postoperatively. In addition, intramuscular temperature and pH were measured. Glycogen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ATP, ADP, AMP, phosphocreatine (PCr) and creatine (Cr) contents of the muscle and lactate and pyruvate concentrations in iliac venous and radial arterial blood were determined using enzymatic fluorometric techniques. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) averaged 80 mmHg before clamping, chiefly because of the low systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and left ventricular stroke work (LVSW) was normal. At clamping MAP, SVR, LVSW, remained unchanged. MAP and LVSW were unaffected even though SVR decreased slightly after the aorta was unclamped and resulted in an increased cardiac output, mainly due to a higher stroke volume. No major change in the pulmonary circulation was observed. During clamping the muscle lactate/pyruvate ratio increased, intramuscular pH and femoral venous blood flow decreased indicating insufficient tissue perfusion. Energy charge (EC), the adenylate (ATP + ADP + AMP) and creatine (PCr + Cr) pools were, however, unchanged. In spite of a restored blood flow to the legs, a severe metabolic derangement of the muscle was observed after declamping, with lowered EC, ATP + ADP + AMP and PCr + Cr indicating cellular damage. No improvement in the condition of the cells was observed 16 hours after operation. In conclusion, we found that by using neurolept anesthesia and an intraoperative adrenergic block in combination with a differentiated fluid therapy the central circulation stabilized and was l

Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Adenosine Monophosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate; Aorta; Arteriosclerosis; Constriction; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Glycogen; Hemodynamics; Humans; Ischemia; Lactates; Muscles; Phosphocreatine; Pyruvates

Topics: Adult; Aortic Diseases; Arteriosclerosis; Capillaries; Coronary Disease; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Humans; Hypertension; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Middle Aged; Periodontium

Topics: Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Arteriosclerosis; Arvicolinae; Body Water; Erythrocyte Count; Female; Glycogen; Housing, Animal; Hypoxia; Leukocyte Count; Life Expectancy; Litter Size; Male; Muscles; Nephritis, Interstitial; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Rodent Diseases; Rodentia

Topics: Animals; Arteries; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Diet, Atherogenic; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fatty Liver; Glycogen; Hyperlipidemias; Intestinal Absorption; Lipoproteins; Liver; Male; Metformin; Phenformin; Phospholipids; Rabbits

Topics: Adult; Aged; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Proteins; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; DNA; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Intracranial Arteriosclerosis; Leukocytes; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Male; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Peroxidases; RNA

Topics: Adult; Arteriosclerosis; Diabetes Mellitus; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Nephritis; Neurons; Retina; Retinitis

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glycogen; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Middle Aged; Prediabetic State; Triglycerides; Uric Acid

Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Male; Methods; Microscopy, Polarization; Myocardium; Rabbits

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Arteriosclerosis; Epinephrine; Glycogen; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Stress, Physiological

Topics: Aorta; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Glycogen

Topics: Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Arteries; Arteriosclerosis; Endarteritis; Glycogen; Thromboangiitis Obliterans

Topics: Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Arteriosclerosis; Endarteritis; Glycogen; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscles; Thromboangiitis Obliterans