glycogen and Adenocarcinoma

Clear cell ("sugar") tumour of the lung is a rare neoplasm, generally presenting as a discrete nodule on the chest X-ray. We report a case of clear cell tumour of the lung in a 64-year-old woman. The tumour at presentation was 1 mm in diameter.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatal Outcome; Female; Glycogen; Hemoptysis; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Melanoma-Specific Antigens; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Smoking; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aflatoxins; Age Factors; Animals; Carcinogens; Cricetinae; Cytoplasm; Glycogen; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Lead; Lipids; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nitrosamines; Plants; Sex Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Cervix Uteri; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Esterases; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperplasia; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neoplasms; Nucleic Acids; Sex Chromatin; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

The paper presents the results of treatment of 488 patients with primary endometrial carcinoma. All patients received adjuvant hormonotherapy (oxyprogesterone caproate, and some patients previously oestrogens) in combination with surgery and postoperative irradiation. The study of tumor morphology on ultrastructural level and by histochemical methods provided additionally useful findings. Depending on the degree of changes in the tumor structure after hormone therapy it appeared possible to distinguish the following varieties of results: 1) Complete regression of tumor. 2) An increase in structural and functional differentiation as compared with the initial level differentiation of tumor. 3) Absence or doubtful effect. In the paper the working classification of malignant adrenogenic tumors of the uterus is presented.

Topics: 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Division; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Clomiphene; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Endometrial Neoplasms; Enzymes; Estradiol; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Hydroxyprogesterones; Microscopy, Electron; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent; Remission Induction

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma is a rare gastrointestinal tumor and mostly reported in the stomach. Effective chemotherapy has yet to be developed to improve poor prognosis. The present study was undertaken to establish a useful cell line derived from a hepatoid adenocarcinoma, possibly leading to a new therapeutic strategy. The new human cell line VAT-39 was established from a metastatic lymph node of a 69-year-old Japanese male patient with hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. The primary tumor and metastatic lymph node were composed of hepatoid adenocarcinoma cells exhibiting immunohistochemical reactivity for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and glypican-3 (GPC3). In the metastatic lymph node, Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining clarified diffuse deposition of glycogen in the cytoplasm, indicating analogous characteristics to the primary hepatoid adenocarcinoma. Moreover, VAT-39 cells produced high levels of AFP in the cultured medium, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) verified increased expression of GPC3 mRNA in this cell line. Further, we evaluated the sensitivity to major chemotherapeutic drugs against the bile duct cancer. Neither 5-fluorouracil nor gemcitabine showed particular sensitivity to this cell line. The tumorigenicity of the cultured cells was confirmed in athymic nude mice and the histological features of the explanted tumor were similar to the VAT-39 cell line. The present VAT-39 is the first hepatoid adenocarcinoma cell line that originates from the ampulla of Vater and it will be applicable for basic biological studies searching for new strategies of molecular targeted chemotherapy to this disease.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; alpha-Fetoproteins; Ampulla of Vater; Animals; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Deoxycytidine; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Fluorouracil; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Gemcitabine; Glycogen; Glypicans; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Transplantation; RNA, Messenger; Transplantation, Heterologous; Tumor Cells, Cultured

DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells are typically poorly differentiated and contain only scantily distributed organelles. However, among numerous tumor cells randomly examined by electron microscopy out of in vitro cultivation, a peculiar, rare oncocyte-like cell type has been observed whose nucleus appears to be of small dimension and with a cytoplasm almost entirely filled with often distorted mitochondria. A few small, dispersed lysosomal bodies, small cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum and a few glycogen patches can be found among highly osmiophilic contrasted, cytosolic spaces filled by innumerable ribonucleoproteins. The excessive population of mitochondria may have arisen from a more populated tumor cell type wherein the altered mitochondria are found to appear burgeoning into a spherical-like size progeny crowding the tumor cells. Literature cited between 1950 and the present suggests that this rare, oncocytic, benign prostatic tumor cell type is likely appear epigenetically, stemming from an original secretory cell, which is confirmed by the origin of the cell line originally maintained as cell line out of a brain metastatic, adenocarcinoma niche.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Nucleus Shape; Cell Size; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Mitochondria; Oxyphil Cells; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ribonucleoproteins

Cardiac steroids (CS), an important class of naturally occurring compounds, are synthesized in plants and animals. The only established receptor for CS is the ubiquitous Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, a major plasma membrane transporter. The binding of CS to Na(+),K(+)-ATPase causes the inhibition of Na(+) and K(+) transport and elicits cell-specific activation of several intracellular signaling mechanisms. It is well documented that the interaction of CS with Na(+),K(+)-ATPase is responsible for numerous changes in basic cellular physiological properties, such as electrical plasma membrane potential, cell volume, intracellular [Ca(2+)] and pH, endocytosed membrane traffic, and the transport of other solutes. In the present study we show that CS induces the formation of dark structures adjacent to the nucleus in human NT2 and ACHN cells. These structures, which are not surrounded by membranes, are clusters of glycogen and a distorted microtubule network. Formation of these clusters results from a relocation of glycogen and microtubules in the cells, two processes that are independent of one another. The molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the clusters are mediated by the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and an additional unknown factor. Similar glycogen clusters are induced by hypoxia, suggesting that the CS-induced structural change, described in this study, may be part of a new type of cellular stress response.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Bufanolides; Cardiotonic Agents; Cell Hypoxia; Digoxigenin; Glycogen; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Microscopy, Electron; Microtubules; Neural Stem Cells; Nocodazole; Ouabain; Potassium; RNA, Small Interfering; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Stress, Physiological; Tubulin Modulators; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Alcian Blue; Amylases; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast Neoplasms; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15; Coloring Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glycogen; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Proteins; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Prognosis; Translocation, Genetic

To investigate the structural changes at the molecular level and to assess the usefulness of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer.. A pilot study was established of 10 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Tissue samples from the diseased and normal sites of the resected specimens were analyzed and compared using FTIR spectroscopy and histopathology.. Specific changes were observed in the FTIR spectral features of esophageal cancer and thus spectral criteria were established for the detection of malignancy in esophagus tissues by FTIR spectroscopy. The spectral changes in cancer were the results of characteristic structural alterations at the molecular level in the esophageal cancer specimens. These alternations included an increase in the nuclei-to-cytoplasm ratio, an increase in the relative amount of DNA while a decrease in the relative amount of RNA, an enhancement in the phosphorylation of proteins, a decrease in the glycogen level, a loss of hydrogen bonding of the COH groups in the amino acid residues of proteins, a tighter intermolecular packing and a stronger intermolecular interaction among the DNA molecules, an increase in the distribution of protein segments with the conformation of beta-sheet and unordered turns and a tighter packing of the alpha-helical segments in overall tissue proteins, a decrease in the overall CH(3)-to-CH(2) ratio and an accumulation of triglycerides.. FTIR is an automated method that has shown promise in differentiating cancer in the esophagus and may play a role in surveillance programs in premalignant conditions.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; DNA; Esophageal Neoplasms; Glycogen; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Molecular Structure; Phosphorylation; Pilot Projects; Proteins; RNA; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Triglycerides

Several techniques are under development to diagnose oesophageal adenocarcinoma at an earlier stage. We have demonstrated the potential of Raman spectroscopy, an optical diagnostic technique, for the identification and classification of malignant changes. However, there is no clear recognition of the biochemical changes that distinguish between the different stages of disease. Our aim is to understand these changes through Raman mapping studies. Raman spectral mapping was used to analyse 20-microm sections of tissue from 29 snap-frozen oesophageal biopsies. Contiguous haematoxylin and eosin sections were reviewed by a consultant pathologist. Principal component analysis was used to identify the major differences between the spectra across each map. Pseudocolour score maps were generated and the peaks of corresponding loads identified enabling visualisation of the biochemical changes associated with malignancy. Changes were noted in the distribution of DNA, glycogen, lipids and proteins. The mean spectra obtained from selected regions demonstrate increased levels of glycogen in the squamous area compared with increased DNA levels in the abnormal region. Raman spectroscopy is a highly sensitive and specific technique for demonstration of biochemical changes in the carcinogenesis of Barrett's oesophagus. There is potential for in vivo application for real-time endoscopic optical diagnosis.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Barrett Esophagus; Biopsy; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; DNA, Neoplasm; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Neoplasm Proteins; Precancerous Conditions; Spectrum Analysis, Raman

Histone reversible acetylation, which is controlled by histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases, plays a fundamental role in gene transcription. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), such as trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), have been characterized not only as anticancer drugs, but also as cytodifferentiation-inducing agents. In human endometrium, postovulatory production of progesterone directs estrogen-primed endometrial glandular cells to differentiate and thereby produce a number of unique bioactive substances, including glycodelin, that are critical for implantation at the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. In this study, we show that TSA and SAHA, belonging to the hydroxamic acid group of HDACIs, can induce the phenotype of a human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line, Ishikawa (originally derived from the glandular component of the endometrium), to differentiate to closely resemble normal endometrial epithelium in a time- and dose-dependent manner, as determined by morphological changes, synthesis of glycogen, and expression of secretory phase-specific proteins, including glycodelin. The proliferation- and differentiation-modulating effects elicited by TSA and SAHA at their optimal concentrations were comparable or more potent than those exerted by combined treatment with progesterone and estradiol. Furthermore, the gene silencing of glycodelin by small interference RNA resulted in the blockade of HDACI-induced differentiation in Ishikawa cells, suggesting the requirement for glycodelin for endometrial epithelial differentiation. Our results collectively indicate that TSA and SAHA are potent differentiation inducers for endometrial glandular cells, providing a clue for a possible therapeutic strategy to modulate endometrial function by targeting glycodelin.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Endometrial Neoplasms; Enzyme Inhibitors; Estradiol; Female; Gene Silencing; Glycodelin; Glycogen; Glycoproteins; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Humans; Hydroxamic Acids; Interleukin-6; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; Osmolar Concentration; Pregnancy Proteins; Progesterone; Promoter Regions, Genetic; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Small Interfering; Up-Regulation; Vorinostat

Glycogen-rich carcinoma (GRC) of the breast is a rare histological subtype of breast cancer having a poor prognosis. There are very few case reports describing the cytological features of GRC on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In this report we present the case of a 34-yr-old woman who underwent FNAC of a clinically palpable breast lump. The aspirate was cellular showing tumor cells in groups, clusters and lying singly. The tumor cells had abundant eosinophilic, finely granular to vacuolated cytoplasm with moderate to marked nuclear pleomorphism. With a cytological diagnosis of carcinoma, a wide local excision was performed. On histology a diagnosis of GRC was made with the tumor cells showing abundant glycogen. The presence of cells with abundant granular to finely vacuolated cytoplasm in a case of breast carcinoma, should point toward the possibility of GRC and other clear cell tumors of the breast. Demonstration of glycogen is required to make a definite diagnosis on cytology.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction

Glycogen-rich carcinoma is a rare special histologic subtype of breast cancer and its incidence is estimated to be 1.4% in breast malignancies. However, its precise characteristics in cytological specimens have not yet been fully clarified.. Fifty-nine-year-old and 53-year-old women underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology (FNABC) of a breast tumor, confirming malignancy. A mastectomy with axillary dissection was performed. Cytologically, a moderate amount of eosinophilic, finely granular cytoplasm was seen in the majority of the tumor cells, however, foamy and vacuolated cytoplasm was noted in some tumor cells. Histologically, the tumor cells of both cases had clear and granular cytoplasm, which showed a positive reaction with periodic acid-Schiff, eliminated by diastase.. While clear cytoplasm in the tumor cells in the FNABC seemed to be a pivotal cytological characteristic of glycogen-rich carcinoma, it may not be a major component of cytological specimens. Routine periodic acid-Schiff staining may be required to diagnose glycogen-rich carcinoma in cytological methods.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Amylases; Biopsy, Needle; Breast Neoplasms; Cytoplasm; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Mastectomy; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Proteins; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Prognosis; Staining and Labeling

Pancreatic cysts are common, but cystic tumors are uncommon. We report a rare case of serous cystadenoma of the pancreas synchronous with ampullary adenocarcinoma which supports a common etiopathogeny of these tumors. We discuss the differential diagnosis with mucinous cystadenoma which is potentially malignant and recall the microscopic and radiologic features.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Cystadenoma, Serous; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Neoplasms, Second Primary; Pancreatic Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Female; Glycogen; HIV Infections; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Phosphorus; Precancerous Conditions; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Patients with HIV have an increased incidence of cervical cancer, necessitating increased surveillance. Infrared spectroscopy (IRS) has the potential of aiding the diagnosis of cervical neoplasia and also of providing clues into its pathogenesis. We studied by IRS cervical scrapings from 22 HIV-infected and 23 control women; 8 of the former and none of the latter had dysplasia. The infrared spectra followed three patterns, designated pattern I (similar to that previously associated with normal cervical samples), pattern II (intermediate between patterns I and III), and pattern III (associated with cervical neoplasia). Compared with HIV-negative controls, HIV-infected women had a higher prevalence of pattern III and a lower prevalence of pattern II; these differences were statistically significant (P = .015 by chi2 analysis). Similar spectroscopic changes were present even when only the cytologically normal samples from HIV-positive and HIV-negative women were analyzed. We speculate that these changes may reflect early structural changes associated with cervical neoplasia that are not detectable cytologically. The infrared spectra in the region 950 to 1,300 cm(-1) could not differentiate cervical samples from HIV-infected and uninfected patients. The potential practical applications of IRS in HIV cervical disease are discussed.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Glycogen; HIV Infections; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Middle Aged; Phosphorus; Precancerous Conditions; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears

We have analyzed very small amounts of human lung cancerous tissues directly by a Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FT-IR-MC). The corrected peak heights (H1045 and H1467) obtained from the bands at 1045 and 1467 cm(-1) due to glycogen and cholesterol were chosen for a quantitative evaluation of the malignancy. We found that the H1045/H1467 ratio is an exceptionally useful factor for discrimination of the cancerous tissues from the noncancerous tissues. If the H1045/H1467 ratio from the measured spectrum is larger than 1.4, we can say with confidence that the tissue contains squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma at least partially. Furthermore, we carried out the microscopic mapping of the tissues containing both cancerous and noncancerous sections, demonstrating that the color map reflects small changes in the spatial distribution of cancer cells in the tissues. The present method may also be applicable to analysis of other cancers, such as colorectal cancerous tissues in which glycogen level has a critical factor for their malignancy. In addition, since FT-IR-MC costs relatively little and does not require a special operator training for collecting and analyzing the spectra, it seems to be perhaps the apparatus best suited to clinical usage, especially in rather small hospitals.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cholesterol; Glycogen; Humans; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Microscopy; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

In this study, we quantitatively measured glycogen levels in tissue samples obtained from tumors, regions adjacent to tumor, and regions of normal colorectum to determine whether the levels were related to cell cycle and cancer growth. Glycogen levels were analyzed in relation to histopathological factors, (tumor size and stage of disease) and cell cycle progression. The glycogen level was found to be highest in the cancer tissue, lower in normal tissue, and lowest in the adjacent tissue. The difference in glycogen level between the cancer tissue and the other two regions was significant (P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between glycogen level and tumor size, but it was not significant. The level of glycogen in cancer tissues decreased as the stage of the disease progressed, but a significant difference was not found between stages. There was a negative correlation between the glycogen level and the proliferation index. There was a positive correlation between the glycogen level and the proportion of cancer cells in G1 phase, while there was a negative correlation with S and G2M phases. Glycogen levels were highest in cancers with a high proportion of cells in G1, and decreased with progression to S phase. It may be that glycogen is utilized in the progression to S phase, and the cancer tissues are supplied with glycogen from the tumors themselves as well as their adjacent tissues. Cancer growth may be inhibited by artificial control of the glycogen level in the G1 phase of cancer cells.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Cell Cycle; Colon; Colorectal Neoplasms; DNA; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mitotic Index; Rectum; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

To elucidate potential mechanisms involved in the increased incidence of endometrial carcinomas in tamoxifen-treated patients, we examined the in-vitro effects of tamoxifen on endometrial cancer cells. The effects of tamoxifen, alone and in combination with oestradiol, on cell proliferation, plasminogen activator (PA) activity, glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities, p53 protein concentration, and collagenase expression were assessed in two human adenocarcinoma cell lines. These lines were the oestrogen receptor-positive (Ishikawa) cells, representing a well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma, and oestrogen receptor-negative (HEC-1A) cells, derived from a poorly differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma. Tamoxifen or oestradiol alone and their combination significantly enhanced cellular proliferation of Ishikawa but not of HEC-1A cells. Both lines produced appreciable PA activity, most of which was of the urokinase type. Tamoxifen and oestradiol stimulated this activity in Ishikawa cells but not in HEC-1A cells. The effect of oestradiol was dose-dependent in a linear fashion, while tamoxifen produced a stimulation peaking at 10(-8) M and declining at higher concentrations. Tamoxifen in combination with oestradiol exhibited a synergistic effect on proliferation and on PA activity. The response of PA extended beyond the increase in proliferation, leading to higher specific activity of PA in the tamoxifen-treated cultures. In Ishikawa cells, oestradiol also increased glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase activities, while tamoxifen markedly suppressed these enzymes. Oestradiol, tamoxifen, and their combination had no apparent effect on the expression of protein p53 in Ishikawa cells, or on gelatinase activity in either Ishikawa or HEC-1A cells. The present findings imply that tamoxifen produces oestrogen-agonistic effects on cell proliferation and PA activity, and oestrogen antagonistic effects on glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase activities, but fails to regulate p53 and gelatinase expression. The tamoxifen-responsive systems were only observed in oestrogen-responsive adenocarcinoma cells. Thus, only certain potential oncogenic effects of tamoxifen can be simulated in vitro, and when present, these effects are enhanced in the presence of oestradiol.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cell Division; Drug Combinations; Endometrial Neoplasms; Enzyme Activation; Estradiol; Female; Gelatinases; Glycogen; Glycogen Synthase; Humans; Phosphorylases; Plasminogen Activators; Protein Binding; Tamoxifen; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

The nuclear channel system (NCS), giant mitochondria and subnuclear glycogen form a triad of ultrastructural features observed in normal human endometrial epithelium in response to progestational steroids. Both the giant mitochondria and subnuclear glycogen have been described in endometrial adenocarcinoma, but the NCS has not. This article reports the development of the NCS in adenocarcinoma treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Previous studies suggest that the NCS in normal tissue is a response to the acyl group in the 17-beta position of the D-ring of some progestational steroids, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate. Medroxyprogesterone acetate was administered to 12 postmenopausal women with endometrial adenocarcinoma. Hysterectomies were performed 8 to 20 days after treatment. Pretreatment specimens were also obtained on 8 of the 12 patients. Using standard electron microscopy procedures, light microscopy on plastic semithin sections was first used to confirm the presence of tumor. Thin sections of malignant endometrium were prepared and evaluated ultrastructurally for progestational alterations. Abnormal giant mitochondria and subnuclear glycogen were found both before and after treatment. The third element of the triad, the NCS, was not observed in any of the available pretreatment biopsies, but was seen in three of the treated specimens. Thus it appears that the NCS is a response to the given progesterone therapy.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Cell Nucleus; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Postmenopause

Glycogen levels in the tissue samples obtained from carcinomas and normal sections of human lungs (26 patients) were studied by measuring the infrared band intensity at 1045 cm(-1) due to glycogen. As an internal standard peak, the band at 1545 cm(-1) (amide II) was chosen, and the ratios of these band areas (A1045/A1545) were compared with histological classification and differentiation of tumors. The glycogen level in the carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in the normal tissues (P < 0.01, n = 26). Further, the ratio of amounts of glycogen in the carcinomas and in the normal tissues for adenocarcinoma was higher than that for squamous cell carcinoma (P < 0.01). The increased degree of differentiation of the squamous cell carcinomas appeared to be correlated with an increase in the glycogen level. These results suggest that comparison of glycogen levels in the tumor and normal section of human lung may be used as a differentiating parameter for abnormality and histological classification of tumors. The present Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) method may become of wide application for studying various tissue samples.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Spectrophotometry, Infrared

The expression of the brush border-associated hydrolase sucrase-isomaltase was shown to increase from early to late passages of Caco-2 cells, concomitant with a decrease in the rates of glucose consumption. Twenty-six clones were isolated from early (P29) and late (P198) passages of the cell line. These clones show considerable and inverse differences in the levels of sucrase activities and rates of glucose consumption, without marked changes in other features of enterocytic differentiation of the cells (presence of an apical brush border, levels of expression of other brush border-associated hydrolases). Clones with low sucrase-isomaltase expression show a mosaic expression of the enzyme and a 38-fold higher rate of glucose consumption than clones with high sucrase-isomaltase expression. The clones with high expression show an homogeneous apical distribution of the enzyme and 70-fold and 35-fold higher levels of sucrase activities and sucrase-isomaltase mRNA, respectively. In contrast no differences were found from one clone to another in the enrichment of sucrase activity in brush border-enriched fractions as compared to cell homogenates. Switch to low glucose-containing medium (1 mM versus 25 mM in standard culture conditions) of cells with low sucrase-isomaltase results in an increased and more homogeneous expression of the enzyme and a tenfold augmentation of the levels of sucrase-isomaltase mRNA and sucrase activity. These results show that glucose interferes with the expression of sucrase-isomaltase in Caco-2 cells at the mRNA level.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Cell Line; Clone Cells; Colonic Neoplasms; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Glucose; Glycogen; Humans; Hydrolases; Kinetics; Microscopy, Electron; Microvilli; RNA, Messenger; Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex; Time Factors; Tumor Cells, Cultured

To determine whether the poorly differentiated AMOC-2 human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line was capable of undergoing differentiation, AMOC-2 cells were exposed to 2 mM sodium butyrate, 2.5% dimethylsulfoxide, or 4 mM dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dibutyryl cAMP) for 6 days. These treatments resulted in growth inhibition, a reduction in clonogenicity and an increase in cellular glycogen content. Significant increases in heat stable alkaline phosphatase activity also occurred after exposure to sodium butyrate. In addition, a thorn-like microfilament structure observed in untreated cells was diminished concomitantly with morphological changes that included flattening, enlargement and extended cytoplasmic processes after exposure to sodium butyrate or dibutyryl cAMP. Furthermore, treatment with sodium butyrate increased the intracellular concentrations of beta-tubulin, vimentin, neurofilaments (M(r) 210,000) and cytokeratin (M(r) 56,000-58,000). These changes were completely reversed after removal of the inducing agent. The findings suggest that treatment of AMOC-2 cells with sodium butyrate induced a more differentiated phenotype, although terminal differentiation was not achieved.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bucladesine; Butyrates; Butyric Acid; Cell Differentiation; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glycogen; Humans; Immunoblotting; Ovarian Neoplasms; Tumor Cells, Cultured

The potential use of Caco-2 cells as a model for the study of fructose metabolism and transport in the intestine was evaluated, since this human cell line exhibits many of the anatomical and biochemical characteristics of mature enterocytes. Pre- and postconfluent cultures converted [14C]fructose to CO2, lipid, and glycogen. Apparent utilization of [14C]fructose was less than that of [14C]glucose. This difference was due in part to the more rapid uptake of glucose from medium as compared with fructose. Addition of glucose, galactose, and mannose to medium markedly decreased the metabolism, while slightly inhibiting the uptake, of [14C]fructose. These data demonstrate that fructose can serve as a carbon and energy source for Caco-2 cells, and that common dietary monosaccharides affect the efficiency of fructose metabolism.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Biological Transport; Carbon Radioisotopes; Colonic Neoplasms; Epithelium; Fructose; Glucose; Glycogen; Humans; Kinetics; Lipid Metabolism; Monosaccharides; Radioisotope Dilution Technique; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Renal cell carcinomas can be subclassified into clear cell carcinomas, chromophobe cell carcinomas, chromophilic cell carcinomas, and oncocytomas. Previous studies, in which no distinction among the different types of renal cell tumors and their grades of malignancy was performed, showed that these tumors had high glycolytic rates.. The carbohydrate metabolism of control human kidney samples and renal clear cell carcinomas with different degrees of cytologic malignancy (G I, G II, and G III) was studied by determining the glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate levels and the activities of key enzymes involved in glycolysis (hexokinase, glucokinase, pyruvate kinase), gluconeogenesis (glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase), and the pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) in these tissues and compared with those of a limited number of chromophilic cell carcinomas, chromophobe cell carcinomas, and oncocytomas.. The glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate levels were significantly higher in G I, G II, and G III clear cut carcinomas than in control kidneys; glucokinase, hexokinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities remained unchanged, pyruvate kinase activity was enhanced, and glucose-6-phosphatase as well as fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activities were strongly reduced when compared with control kidney values. In chromophilic cell carcinomas glycogen content, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase activities were elevated, while fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity was reduced. In chromophobe cell carcinomas glycogen content was elevated and gluconeogenesis was reduced, whereas glycolysis was not activated. In oncocytomas glycogen was not detected and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activities remained unchanged.. It has been demonstrated that a series of characteristic changes occur in the carbohydrate metabolism of renal clear cell carcinomas: glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate levels increase, glycolysis is activated, and gluconeogenesis is reduced. Furthermore, the alterations of the carbohydrate metabolism within clear cell carcinomas are clearly distinct from those observed in chromophilic cell carcinomas, chromophobe cell carcinomas, and oncocytomas.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Glucokinase; Glucose-6-Phosphate; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucosephosphates; Glycogen; Hexokinase; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Reference Values

The intrinsic estrogenic activity of some progestins cannot be properly evaluated by using hormone responsive systems when the chosen end-points are also sensitive to progestagenic activity, usually antagonistic of estrogenic actions. We have therefore applied to the evaluation of some drugs commonly used in contraceptive and hormone replacement formulations a recently developed in vitro method to estimate estrogenic activities, which is based on measurements of the estrogen-stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity in cells of the Ishikawa-Var I human endometrial adenocarcinoma line, a response not influenced by progestins. Whereas progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate and danazol were found to be devoid of estrogenic activity in this assay, Org OD-14, norethynodrel, gestrinone (R 2323), norethindrone and dl-norgestrel provoked half maximal increases in alkaline phosphatase activity at concentrations (EC-50) of 7, 14, 140, 200 and 2900 nM, respectively, under conditions in which the corresponding value for estradiol was 8 pM. This intrinsic estrogenic activity can be inhibited by antiestrogens, as verified by reversing the effect of R 2323 with 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Since prostaglandin F2 alpha output by secretory endometrium is increased by estrogens and diminished by progestins, this end-point can serve to evaluate the net effect of drugs with intrinsic estrogenic and progestagenic activities. For instance, R 2323 showed estrogenic activity in this assay whereas Org OD-14 did not. The same in vitro system can be used to evaluate estrogen antagonistic activities of test compounds, using estradiol as the agonist. These in vitro systems are useful in establishing a profile of activities of a drug on a relevant human target tissue, in the screening of synthetic or natural compounds under investigation, and in studies on structure/action relationships.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cell Line; Dinoprost; Endometrial Neoplasms; Estradiol Dehydrogenases; Estrogens; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Kinetics; Progestins; Structure-Activity Relationship

A new cell line, designated TMCC-2, has been established from operation material from a woman with endometrial clear cell carcinoma. TMCC-2 was successively subcultured 40 times in about 1 year. The monolayer culture cell showed a pavement-like arrangement of polygonal and short spindle-shaped cells, and had a tendency to pile-up without contact inhibition. Since PAS positive and Alcian-Blue negative substance could be seen in the cytoplasm, the cells were found to produce glycogen. The population doubling time, the saturation density and plating efficiency of the 25th passage cells were 24 hours, 1.8 x 10(5) and 23%, respectively. The nuclear DNA histogram obtained by flow cytometry showed two peaks at 2.1C and 4.1C. Therefore, the DNA index was 1.05. A tumor maker assay of the culture medium revealed significantly high values for TPA, CA125, CA19-9, and SLX compared with the control medium. The TMCC-2 cells produced the tumors in nude mice after subcutaneous transplantation. In addition, the histological findings were similar to those in the original tumor. As mentioned above, the TMCC-2 cell line derived from endometrial clear cell carcinoma will be very valuable in basic research on clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Antigens, Neoplasm; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Division; Culture Media; DNA, Neoplasm; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Female; Glycogen; HLA Antigens; Humans; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Uterine Neoplasms

Six glycogen-rich clear-cell carcinomas (GCC) were found among 439 cases of breast cancer (BC) in a thorough search among a defined urban population. Five of these six patients had axillary lymph node metastases at diagnosis and all five died from their breast cancer within 7 years following the diagnosis. Tumors with histologic features of GCC were larger (P = 0.03), and they had a large DNA index (greater than 1.3) in flow cytometric DNA analysis more frequently than BCs in general (P = 0.04). All GCCs were nondiploid and had a high S-phase fraction (greater than 9%, mean 19.2%), which suggests that BCs with glycogen-rich cell features may be more aggressive than BCs in general.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; DNA, Neoplasm; Female; Flow Cytometry; Glycogen; Humans; Middle Aged; Ploidies; Prognosis

We studied eight clear cell tumors of the lung (CCTL) to better define their clinical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features, and to clarify their distinction from other neoplasms, particularly metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Patients ranged in age from 31 to 67 years (mean, 51 years). Seven patients had clinically benign, asymptomatic lesions measuring less than 2 cm in diameter that were devoid of necrosis. The eighth patient had a symptomatic, partially necrotic CCTL 4.5 cm in diameter that metastasized to the liver and peritoneum; the patient died of tumor 17 years after diagnosis. Ultrastructural study of seven CCTL showed interdigitating cell processes (all cases), primitive cell junctions (five of seven cases), intracytoplasmic glycogen (all cases), and rare dense core granules (two of seven cases). Immunohistochemically, paraffin-embedded sections from all eight CCTL were negative for cytokeratin (CK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), chromogranin, and vimentin. Focal staining was seen for S-100 protein (three of eight cases), neuron-specific enolase (three cases), synaptophysin (one case), and Leu 7 (one case). Although these findings suggest that at least some CCTL exhibit neuroendocrine differentiation, the tumor's histogenesis remains uncertain. Of more practical importance, the combined absence of CK, EMA, and vimentin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded CCTL virtually precludes confusion with renal cell carcinoma. Although traditionally considered benign, CCTL larger than 2 cm that are symptomatic, and focally necrotic should be regarded as potentially malignant neoplasms.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Differentiation; CD57 Antigens; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Cytoplasmic Granules; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Membrane Proteins; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Organelles; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; S100 Proteins; Synaptophysin

3T3 LI P-3 adipocytes and a rat mammary carcinoma each contain a protein (or proteins) of Mr 400 kDa approx. that undergoes glucosylation when incubated with UDPglucose and Mn2+. In each case, the product of glucosylation is a protein-bound maltosaccharide containing up to 14 glucose residues, and therefore capable of priming glycogen synthesis. The proteins bear a formal similarity to the self-glucosylating protein of Mr 37 kDa that primes muscle glycogen synthesis, but do not cross-react with an antibody that cross-reacts with the muscle protein. The extent of protein glucosylation in the adipocyte is rapidly and markedly stimulated when the cells are bathed in insulin, suggesting that this initial step in glycogen biogenesis, protein glucosylation, is under the influence of the hormone.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cross Reactions; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Glucose; Glycogen; Insulin; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Neoplasm Proteins; Proteins; Rats; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Metabolic pathways of glucose utilization have been investigated in a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29) using carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. HT29 cells were adapted to grow on a polystyrene beaded microcarrier and were perfused when attached to the beads in a specially designed NMR cell. Abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism already observed in several cancer cells were studied in HT29 cells fed with (1-13C)-enriched glucose. The cells were first perfused with a glucose-free medium for 2 h in order to deplete the intracellular store of glycogen, and they were subsequently perfused with a medium containing enriched glucose at an initial concentration of 5.5 mM. Sequential 13C-NMR spectra, recorded at 100.5 MHz (5 min accumulation), show that HT29 cells were able to utilize glucose through the glycolytic pathway while storing glucose as glycogen (glucose was utilized at a rate of 3.9 mumol/mg protein/hr). The glycolytic activity determined by the amount of lactic acid produced was 4.6 microns/mg protein/hr, corresponding to the formation of 1.2 lactic acid per glucose molecule. Glycogen accumulation corresponded to 16 micrograms/mg of protein. Treatment of HT29 with 10 nM vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) induced a transient decrease in the level of labelled glycogen to 50% of the initial value. Control level was recovered 12 min after VIP loading.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cell Line; Colonic Neoplasms; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Humans; Lactates; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Time Factors; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Altered gluconeogenesis is frequently observed in cancerous hosts. To define its derangements in the liver, we studied glucose and glycogen production in the perfused livers of tumor-bearing rats using 13C NMR spectroscopy. Nine Fischer 344 rats were inoculated with mammary adenocarcinoma. After 5 weeks, the livers were removed and perfused with Krebs buffer containing 8 mM L-[3-13C]alanine, and 13C NMR spectroscopy was performed. Nine pair-fed rats were studied as controls. The peak heights of glucose and glycogen in the 13C NMR spectra of the perfused livers and final perfusates of the two groups of rats were compared. We found comparable amounts of C1-labeled glucose and glycogen in the two groups, but C2- to C5-labeled and C6-labeled glucose and glycogen, as well as total 13C-labeled glucose and glycogen, appeared in smaller quantities in the tumor rats than in the pair-fed rats. These findings suggest that appreciable amounts of unlabeled glycerol were utilized by both groups, but less so by the tumor rats than the pair-fed rats. In addition, there was decreased production of oxaloacetate through pyruvate dehydrogenase and the Krebs cycle in the livers of the tumor rats, where the overall metabolism of alanine into glucose and glycogen was also reduced.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Female; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Glycogen; Liver; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

We report the light and electron microscopic findings of an unusual, locally aggressive cutaneous clear cell carcinoma involving extensively the left cheek and upper lip of a 61-year-old woman. The patient remained free of recurrence 5 years after wide local excision. Microscopically, the tumor was a poorly circumscribed and deeply invasive clear cell neoplasm characterized by large lobules and convoluted trabeculae of polygonal and columnar cells with palisading of the peripheral cells rimmed by thick basement membranes, and horn microcysts with tricholemmal keratinization. The tumor infiltrated the muscle and the salivary glands. Only slight cytologic atypia and a few mitotic figures were present. No definite ductal differentiation was found. Immunoperoxidase staining for carcinoembryonic and epithelial membrane antigens was negative. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were joined by desmosomes, and surrounded by thick basal lamina. The cytoplasm contained large pools of glycogen. Peculiar whorls of tonofilaments and aggregates of needle-shaped and club-shaped structures were observed in a small keratinizing focus. The tumor showed features resembling the outer root sheath of the hair follicle microscopically. Furthermore, the lack of duct-like structures and immunoreactivity of carcinoembryonic antigen tend to favor tricholemmal over sweat gland differentiation in this tumor which possibly represents a rare example of tricholemmal carcinoma.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Basement Membrane; Cell Differentiation; Diagnosis, Differential; Facial Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Keratins; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged

Effects of insulin on key steps of carbohydrate metabolism were investigated in cultured HT29 colon cancer cells by two different approaches, i.e. incubation of the cells either in the absence or in the presence of glucose in the medium. In glucose-deprived cells, insulin decreased glycogen breakdown, but did not affect polysaccharide levels when glucose was present. Glycogen synthase became activated after insulin treatment in both conditions, even though the activation was more evident when glucose was omitted. No effect on glycogen phosphorylase activity was evident under our experimental conditions. In cells incubated with glucose, the hormone stimulated in a dose-dependent manner the rates of glucose uptake and lactate release. Concomitantly with the increase in glycolytic rate, insulin caused a strong increase in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. This effect was not observed in the absence of glucose. It is concluded that the carbohydrate metabolism of cultured HT29 cells responds to insulin, making this biological model suitable for investigations in vitro on the mechanism of insulin action.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Colonic Neoplasms; Fructosediphosphates; Glucose; Glycogen; Glycogen Synthase; Glycolysis; Humans; Insulin; Lactates; Phosphorylases; Tumor Cells, Cultured

The responsiveness and action mechanisms of steroid hormones and epidermal growth factor on human endometrial carcinoma cells are analyzed by using in vitro culture system. 1) The Ishikawa cells, derived from a well differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma and possess ER and PR, are shown to respond to estrogens by increasing a variety of parameters, viz cell proliferation, PR levels, ALP and DNA polymerase activities. 2) ER and PR of those cells are localized in the nuclei by immunocytochemical staining using the monoclonal antibodies against to ER and PR, confirming the correctness of Gorski and Greene's one step theory involving the action mechanisms of steroid hormones. 3) Progestins reduced the ER level and stimulate E2DH activities and glycogen content, which are completely abolished by anti-progestin (RU486), suggesting that PR of those cells should be functional. 4) These responses to steroid hormones of Ishikawa cells are synergistically enhanced or appeared earlier by addition of EGF. 5) The main metabolite of E2 incubated with Ishikawa cells is E2-3-sulfate instead of E1, indicate that the higher estrogenic status may be persisted in endometrial cancer tissues.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cell Division; DNA Polymerase II; Endometrial Neoplasms; Epidermal Growth Factor; ErbB Receptors; Estradiol Dehydrogenases; Estrogens; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Progesterone; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Progesterone; Tumor Cells, Cultured

In the palliative treatment of liver malignancy, hepatic dearterialization is being increasingly used. To study the metabolic consequences of this treatment, the present investigation was conducted to elucidate the insulin, glucose, and lactate responses to an intravenous glucose challenge after transient hepatic dearterialization in a liver tumor model in inbred Wistar-Furth rats. We found that nonfasted rats bearing dearterialized liver tumors showed slightly higher basal plasma glucose levels and an exaggerated elevation of plasma glucose during the glucose infusion compared to the controls. Further, they had a depressed insulin response to the glucose challenge. Their glycogen stores were at the same time depleted, in both the liver and the tumor tissues, and the plasma lactate production during the glucose infusion was elevated after dearterialization. We conclude that immediately after hepatic dearterialization in rats with liver malignancies, glucose intolerance and impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion exist.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Blood Glucose; Constriction; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Glycogen; Hepatic Artery; Insulin; Lactates; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred WF

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Glycogen; Humans; Lung Neoplasms

In eighty patients with histologically verified gastric carcinoma the concentrations of glycogen and triacylglycerols were evaluated in specimens taken endoscopically from the tumor and the surrounding unchanged gastric mucosa. The results were analyzed in relation to the histological type of carcinoma according to WHO's and Laurén's classifications. The control group consisted of sixteen patients with superficial chronic gastritis. An elevated glycogen concentration was found in tumors of all types of gastric carcinoma; its level in the neoplasm was significantly higher also in relation to unchanged gastric mucosa surrounding the tumor. A particularly high glycogen level was present in the slow growing well-differentiated cancers, e.g. papillary and tubular adenocarcinomas or intestinal-type carcinoma. Reversely, in the fast growing and poorly differentiated cancers, e.g. undifferentiated or diffuse-type carcinoma, the glycogen contents were lower. Also triacylglycerol concentrations in the tumors as well as in the surrounding unchanged gastric mucosa were significantly higher than those in the control gastric mucosa specimens; no significant difference in triacylglycerol concentrations was observed between groups of patients with various types of carcinoma. It was concluded that (1) glycogen concentrations in the neoplastic tissue are cancer-growth related and characteristic for each kind of carcinoma, (2) an elevated triacylglycerol content in the tumor is probably a result of general lipid changes in the host.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Gastroscopy; Global Health; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Stomach Neoplasms; Triglycerides

An autopsy case of glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma (GRCCC) which arose in the right breast of a 72-year-old woman is reported. Light microscopic examination of the small finger-tip-sized tumor revealed solid alveolar proliferation of clear cells containing abundant glycogen. Immunohistochemically, most of the clear tumor cells were stained for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and alpha-lactalbumin, whereas a few eosinophilic tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein, EMA and actin. Electron microscopically, aggregates of glycogen particles, numerous empty glycogen lakes, microvilli, tight junctions and basal lamina were identified. Autopsy disclosed marked metastases to the liver, lung, adrenal, skin and lymph nodes. Primary breast cancer was confirmed by exclusion of a primary at any other site. It is suggested that although rare, GRCCC of the breast is as aggressive as usual invasive ductal carcinoma, and is associated with severe nodal and blood-borne metastases, followed by death.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms

Amylase activity was studied in 70 specimens of normal endometrium, 21 normal endocervices, 19 endometrial carcinomas, and 20 endocervical adenocarcinomas. Amylase was observed in the secretory (8.7 per cent) but not in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. It is possible that the presence of amylase activity may serve a functional role in the degradation of glycogen to glucose in the secretory endometrium. The great majority (90.5 per cent) of uterine cervices showed strong and extensive staining of the endocervical glands for amylase. No glycogen was demonstrated and the role of amylase in endocervical glands remains obscure. Amylase was observed in one (5.3 per cent) out of 19 cases of endometrial carcinoma, and the presence of this enzyme may be considered a eutopic rather than an ectopic expression. Amylase was not detected in any of the endocervical adenocarcinomas examined. This study has shown a complete loss of amylase activity in malignant transformation of endocervical glands and this could be attributable to the immature nature of de-differentiated neoplastic cells.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Amylases; Cervix Uteri; Endometrium; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Uterine Neoplasms

Basing on quantitative morphological and histochemical findings, 170 cases of renal carcinoma were divided into 3 (I, II, III) grades of malignancy. This grading system is of a high prognostic significance. Histological variant, i.e. the predominance of clear or granular cells in the tumor specimens, is not prognostically significant. The clear cells differ from the granular ones by high lipid and glycogen content and by low proliferation rate. In tumors of a high malignancy grade the lipid and glycogen levels are low. The authors offer to divide all cases of renal carcinoma not into clear- and granular-cell tumors, but on lipid-rich and lipid-poor ones because the lipid content is in good correlation with the grade of malignancy and therefore prognostically valuable.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; DNA, Neoplasm; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis

Glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma arising from minor salivary glands of the uvula in a 35-year-old woman is reported. This tumor was composed of nests and cords of clear cells containing cytoplasmic glycogen but no mucin. The epithelial nature of this lesion was obvious because of positive immunoreactivity for cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen, and the presence of immature lumina and intercellular spaces lined by many microvilli, associated with desmosomal junctions and basal lamina, as revealed by ultrastructural study. However, no myoepithelial cells could be detected. From these findings, it may be concluded that this tumor corresponds to glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma (a variant of clear cell tumor), revealing glandular differentiation.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Palatal Neoplasms; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Glands, Minor; Uvula

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Terminology as Topic

Nine clear cell carcinomas (CCC) of the ovary with a prominent component of cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm are reported. The majority of these tumors--which we have designated "oxyphilic clear cell carcinomas"--were misinterpreted by the referring pathologists as tumors of other types. Each specimen, however, had one or more features establishing it as a clear cell carcinoma, including tubules and cysts lined by cuboidal, hobnail, or flattened cells; nests and sheets of cells with abundant clear cytoplasm containing glycogen; and an adjacent adenofibromatous component. Two tumors were bilateral. The ages of the patients (average, 55 years), their clinical presentation, and the gross appearance of the neoplasms were similar to those of clear cell carcinomas in general. The diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of an ovarian tumor with oxyphil cells, particularly if the patient is postmenopausal. Thorough sampling should be undertaken in such cases to identify other, more typical foci of clear cell carcinoma in order to avoid misdiagnosis.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acid; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Mesonephroma; Middle Aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adenocarcinoma, Papillary; Adult; Aged; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Stomach Neoplasms; Triglycerides

The light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of a clear cell carcinoma of the breast have been studied. Both intraductal and invasive components were found. Histochemistry showed large amounts of intracytoplasmic glycogen and sparse neutral mucin in the tumour. The tumour cells were stained by antisera to carcinoembryonic antigen, keratin and epithelial membrane antigen, but not by antisera to alpha-lactalbumin, desmin or vimentin. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial derivation of the tumour was confirmed. Only a few intracytoplasmic lumina were demonstrated. The tumour was classified as a mucin-containing variant of glycogen-rich, clear cell carcinoma of the breast.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Mucus

A previous report of members of our group demonstrated, in most adenocarcinomas and some adenomatous polyps with areas of malignant transformation, the presence of glycogen in cells that failed to show the synthesis of ordinary mucosubstances. The presence of glycogen in non-differentiated epithelium of the digestive tract of embryos, where it precedes ordinary mucus secretion, has lead some authors to suggest that the changes to glycogen secretion that occurs in malignant colonic cells, reflects the general regression to a less differentiated level of structure and function. It is well established that patients with carcinomas of the colon classified as less differentiated or higher grade tumors have significantly less chance of cure and consequently a worse prognosis than patients with lower grade tumors. The present ultrastructural study of the morphological differentiation characteristics of the glycogen containing cells previously encountered, revealed a strong association of glycogen to undifferentiated cells of the colonic adenocarcinomas and precancerous polypoid lesions studied. This undoubtedly seems to encourage the testing for the presence of glycogen in routine procedures as a possible marker of diagnostic and prognostic significance.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma; Colonic Neoplasms; Colonic Polyps; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Precancerous Conditions; Prognosis

Tamoxifen is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen whose mode of action is, as yet, unclear. The purpose of this report is to investigate the effects of Tamoxifen on endometrial adenocarcinoma ultrastructurally. Five patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma, 3 cases well differentiated and the others undifferentiated, were treated with 20mg Tamoxifen per os a day for 7 days, and the following changes were observed: The cells became roundish and slightly swollen. Development of cytoplasmic organelles was observed. In the cytoplasm, glycogen granules did not increase. These results suggest that an anti-cancer effect is brought about by the induction of the tissue toward functional differentiation as well as inhibition of glycogen metabolism in tumor cells.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Tamoxifen; Uterine Neoplasms

A 49-year-old black woman developed a urethral glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma. She was treated with anterior pelvic exenteration. The resected lymph nodes, vagina, uterine cervix, endometrium, ovaries, and urinary bladder were free of neoplasm. Histologically the neoplasm consisted of clear cells growing in sheets and occasional papillary structures. In some areas, hobnail cells were present. Ultrastructurally, the cells had apical caps, short microvilli, and complex cell bases, and contained abundant glycogen. These features were identified in one, but not the other of two previously reported cases. Because glycogen-rich clear cell carcinomas of the lower urinary tract do not resemble ultrastructurally mesonephric remnants or carcinomas known to arise from them, these glycogen-rich clear cell carcinomas should not be called "mesonephromas" as has been the practice.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy, Needle; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Urethral Neoplasms

A case of syringoid eccrine carcinoma (SEC) is reported. The tumor was mainly formed by clear cells laden with glycogen. This feature, rarely found in syringoma, had not previously been reported in SEC. The authors assume that SEC is an infiltrating and locally destructive but not metastasizing neoplasm. They propose that SEC is a clinicopathologic entity with a histopathologic spectrum from the more differentiated syringomatoid ones to so-called primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma. A possible nexus between the more syringomatoid cases and the sclerosing sweat duct (syringomatous) carcinoma is also discussed.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Sweat Gland Neoplasms

An unusual epithelial neoplasm arising in the tongue of a 17 month-old-boy was studied by light and electron microscopy. By routine light microscopic examination, the tumor cells exhibited clear cytoplasm. Histochemical studies revealed the presence of large amounts of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, diastase-labile material in the cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, this material was identified as electron dense particles (20-35 nm diameter) of beta-glycogen. The epithelial nature of the tumor cells was suggested by the presence of intercellular junctions, segments of basal lamina, and well-developed Golgi complexes. Furthermore, the cells were often clustered and formed abnormal lumina with small microvillus projections. Several histologic features, such as lack of capsule, infiltration of muscle and invasion of blood vessel, indicated that this neoplasm was malignant. However, there was no recurrence or distant metastases more than 2.5 years after surgical excision, suggesting a low-grade malignancy. The glycogen-rich clear cell variant of adenocarcinoma is histogenetically derived from minor salivary glands like most of the glandular neoplasms in the oral cavity. Investigation of the literature on adult and childhood minor salivary gland neoplasms revealed that the glycogen-rich, clear-cell variant of adenocarcinoma has not previously been reported in the tongue.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Epithelium; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Staining and Labeling; Tongue Neoplasms

Ten cases of glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma of the breast are described. Only two previous case reports have been published. These neoplasms are composed of clear cells with abundant glycogen. Ultrastructurally, two cases showed large quantities of non-membrane-bound glycogen and numerous empty glycogen lakes. neoplastic cells formed tight junctions, immature desmosomes, and occasionally had short microvilli. In nine cases the glycogen-rich carcinoma grew in a solid pattern only, while one case had both solid and papillary patterns. One case was associated with a signet-ring cell carcinoma. Seven of nine patients who underwent axillary dissections had nodal metastases. Five patients died with residual disease, and one is currently alive with local skin recurrence. These data suggest that glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma is associated with frequent lymph node metastases and mortality.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adult; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glycogen; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged

Metabolism of triceps, pectoralis (in the vicinity of tumor) and gastrocnemius (away from the tumor) muscles in Swiss albino mice bearing adenocarcinoma has been studied histochemically with regard to content of glycogen, lipids, phosphorylase, aldolase, lipase, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase in the constituent fibres. At 9-10 weeks after transplantation of adenocarcinoma, a negligible glycogen content and decreased phosphorylase and aldolase activities are observed in the white, intermediate and red fibre types in the three muscles. Hypertrophy of fibres and occurrence of targetoid fibres is distinct in the muscles of tumor-bearing mice. The red fibres demonstrate a general loss of lipids, lipase, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase whereas the hypertrophied fibres reveal intense localization of these parameters in their central zones. The results indicate that a decline in glycogenolysis, glycolysis, lipolysis and oxidative metabolism in the various fibre types may contribute to the muscle weakness and muscle wasting in the adenocarcinoma-bearing mice.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Electron Transport Complex IV; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Histocytochemistry; Lipase; Lipolysis; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Muscles; Muscular Diseases; Neoplasm Transplantation; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphorylases; Succinate Dehydrogenase

A case of a glycogen-rich adenocarcinoma arising in the minor salivary glands of the hard palate is described. The clinical, light microscopic, histochemical, and ultrastructural findings supporting this diagnosis are presented.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Palatal Neoplasms; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Glands; Salivary Glands, Minor

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Energy Metabolism; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Middle Aged; Mucins

Activity of several enzymes of the glycogen and carbohydrate metabolism is studied in HT 29 colon adenocarcinoma cell line and in HT 29 tumors developed in nude mice, by reference to the normal human colon mucosa. Activity of glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, pyruvate kinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase is found to be increased in both the cultured cells and the tumors. It indicates that the biochemical strategy of malignant cells, due to the neoplastic transformation process, involves specific changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of tumor as well as in vitro growing correspondent cell line.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cell Line; Colonic Neoplasms; Enzymes; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Mice; Mice, Nude; Pyruvate Kinase

The paper describes electron microscopic results of examination of clear-cell pulmonary carcinoma in a man of 64. The presence of large amounts of glycogen in the tumor cells is typical for this malignancy and, according to the literature, is a diagnostic sign of clear-cell pulmonary carcinoma. The similarity between the ultrastructural characteristics of clear-cell pulmonary carcinoma and Clark cells suggests their possible genetic relationship.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cytoplasm; Diagnosis, Differential; Glycogen; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged

When deprived of glucose, the cultured HT 29 adenocarcinoma cells are able to mobilize their glycogen within 4 hours. Glycogen phosphorylase is strongly activated during the first hour of glucose starvation. Then, while the a/a + b ratio for phosphorylase is declining, glycogen synthase is partially converted into the a form; this conversion does occur although glycogen phosphorylase is far from being totally inactivated. After 4 hours, activity of both a and total forms of glycogen synthase decrease. Cell UDP-glucose and glucose-6-P levels are declining during the 24 hours period of glucose starvation. Cell ATP content decreases by only 50 percent over the same period of time.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphate; Cell Line; Glucose; Glucose-6-Phosphate; Glucosephosphates; Glycogen; Glycogen Synthase; Humans; Neoplasms, Experimental; Phosphorylases; Uridine Diphosphate Glucose

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Progesterone

Cytohistological, cytochemical, and ultrastructural methods were used to study 115 mammary gland carcinomas. Cytological verification of different forms of mammary gland carcinoma is substantiated on the basis of comparative evaluation of cytological and histological features of the tumor. Examination of impression smears of removed mammary gland tumors allowed not only to establish the diagnosis of carcinoma in 98.2% of the cases but also to recognize its various forms. Different forms of mammary gland carcinoma have been characterized ultrastructurally. A correlation between the glycogen content in tumor cells and morphological structure of the tumor was established.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Cell Differentiation; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Microscopy, Electron

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cell Line; Colonic Neoplasms; Cyclic AMP; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Glycogen; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Phosphorylase a; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Seven malignant peripheral lung tumors that were diagnosed using light microscopy as large-cell carcinomas or as epidermoid or adenocarcinomas were studied by light and electron microscopic histochemistry. All tumors contained numerous dense-core granules. The cells were joined by desmosomes and contained well-developed tonofilament bundles. Serotonin was demonstrated in six of seven tumors and argyrophilic granules were demonstrated in five of six tumors tested. Four tumors produced mucus. All tumors extended to the visceral pleura and two invaded the chest wall. The existence of lung tumors that contain serotonin and bear argyrophilic putative endocrine granules, but that do not have a light-microscopic histology characteristic of either carcinoid or oat-cell carcinomas, is confirmed. The presumptive endocrine nature of such tumors usually passes unrecognized because they lack criteria to allow diagnosis by routine methods.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Glycogen; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes; Serotonin

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; alpha-Glucosidases; Animals; Cell Line; Colonic Neoplasms; Disaccharides; Glucosidases; Glucosides; Glycogen; Humans; Hymecromone; Kinetics; Maltose; Mice; Mice, Nude

The relationship known to exist in vitro between glycogen accumulation and the growth of malignant human intestine epithelial cells was investigated in vivo. The glycogen concentration of 7 human intestine carcinoma cell lines (Caco-2, HT-29, HRT-18, HCT-8R, CO-115, SW-480, and HuTu 80) was measured during cell growth for the in vitro series and during the course of tumor growth for the in vivo series. The glycogen stores were compared for these cells in vitro and after their injection in noninbred Swiss athymic nude mice. The tumors and cultured cells were ranked identically on the basis of glycogen level (Caco-2 > HRT-18 > HT-29 > HCT-8R > CO-115 > SW-480 > HuTu 80). Values for the tumors ranged from 128.8 +/- 10.8 micrograms glycogen/mg protein for Caco-2 tumors down to 2.9 +/- 0.9 micrograms for HuTu 80 tumors; similar values were found for the exponentially growing corresponding cultured cells. The tumor glycogen concentration was independent of the host's nutritional state: Glycogen concentration differed from one type of tumor to another despite its constant level in the liver; fasting did not cause tumor glycogenolysis. By the two experimental approaches, results varied during the growth phases: Stationary phase glycogen concentration increased threefold to fourfold for all cultured cell lines; tumor glycogen concentration, by contrast, was stable throughout the growth period. An inverse relationship was nonetheless found between the rate of tumor growth and tumor glycogen concentration; the highest glycogen content was associated with the slowest growing tumors, and conversely. Apparently, elevated glycogen concentration is regularly associated with decreased cell division rates in vitro and in vivo.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cell Line; Female; Glycogen; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Intestinal Neoplasms; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Neoplasms, Experimental

A case of renal cell carcinoma presenting as a nosebleed of three-week duration is described. Light microscopy of a nasal lesion showed a richly vascular tumor, forming glands and uniformly consisting of clear cells. Cytochemically and ultrastructurally, the presence of abundant lipid droplets and glycogen within the neoplastic cells indicated a renal origin. An extended clinical search for a primary kidney tumor was undertaken in view of a negative intravenous tomographic pyelography and renal scan findings. An angiogram finally revealed an intrarenal mass which was proven pathologically as a renal cell carcinoma.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Epistaxis; Glycogen; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Lipid Metabolism; Liver Glycogen; Male; Middle Aged; Nose Neoplasms

A case of glycogen-rich adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland of a 23 years old man was investigated ultrastructually. The cytoplasm of the tumour cells was abundantly filled with glycogen-rich particles. Among these particles well developed cytoplasmic organelles were observed, too. In addition, another tumour all type could be found, i.e. a tumour cell of basal cell origin with tonofibris in the cytoplasm, attached to the glycogen-rich tumour cell type by desmosomes.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Parotid Neoplasms

The fine structure of an ovarian clear cell carcinoma in a 65 year old woman was analysed. The tumor cells were of both clear and "hobnail" types. Both were characterized by the presence of short microvilli, abundant glycogen granules, a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, scanty lysosomes and very few lipid bodies. The tubules and gland-like spaces were always separated from the stroma by a basement membrane. At ultrastructural level the tumor cells do not resemble at all those of cleaar cell renal carcinomas. On the other hand, their submicroscopic features are strongly similar to those of the clear cell tumors found elsewhere in the female genital tract, emphasizing therewith their very probable müllerian origin. It is recommended to eliminate the term "mesonephroma ovarii" to designate the clear cell carcinomas of the ovary.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Basement Membrane; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Electron; Microvilli; Ovarian Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Epithelium; Glycogen; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Mice

The presence and kinetics of intracellular glycogen levels were studied, in relationship to cell growth, in asynchronous and in synchronized cultures of four human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (HT-29, HRT-18, SW-480, and Caco-2). The results show that a specific pattern of glycogen accumulation occurs during the process of cell growth of the studied cell lines. The kinetics of glycogen accumulation in asynchronous cultures were similar from one cell line to another and were characterized by a low amount in the exponential phase of growth, followed by a 3- to 4-fold increase in the stationary phase. The quantities found in either phase were specific for each cell line. The maximum values found in Caco-2, HRT-18, HT-29, and SW-480 cells were, respectively, 258.5 +/- 6.9 (S.D.), 88.9 +/- 2.6, 87.5 +/- 3, and 17.5 +/- 1.8 microgram of glycogen per mg of proteins. The kinetics of glycogen accumulation during the cell cycle was also studied in synchronized cultures of HT-29 and HRT-18 cell lines. Both cell lines exhibited a common pattern of low glycogen quantities during S, G2, and M followed by an increase beginning with G1 and peaking (2.5 to 3 times the initial values) in the middle of this phase. This was followed by a symmetrical decrease in the second half of G1.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cell Cycle; Cell Line; Colonic Neoplasms; Glycogen; Kinetics; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rectal Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenylyl Cyclases; Adult; Aged; Enzyme Activation; Female; Glucagon; Glycogen; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Parathyroid Hormone; Prostaglandins E; Sodium Fluoride

Three thyroid carcinomas composed in part or entirely of clear cells were studied by light and electron microscopy, and thyroglobulin content was determined by biochemical methods. Clear cells have been found in follicular and papillary thyroid carcinomas and in undifferentiated carcinomas. The clear (wasserhelle) appearance of the cytoplasm was due to the accumulation of glycogen. The major ultramicroscopic features of the clear cells were the presence of glycogen granules, the decreased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, the increased amounts of free ribosomes arranged in polysomes, a hypertrophic Golgi apparatus, and a sparsity of dense bodies of lysosomal character. It is hypothesized that the intracellular accumulation of glycogen may be a result of a selective loss of the peptide portion of thyroglobulin, and may influence the degree of biochemical differentiation and the natural course of the tumors.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Ribosomes; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid Neoplasms

Twelve cases of ovarian clear cell carcinoma were studied histologically. Four cases were examined electron microscopically and compared with other conditions. Five tumors were directly connected with ovarian endometriosis. They were histologically classified into a tubular type with hobnail cells and a solid type without tubular pattern or hobnail cells. Electron microscopic figures of the tumor cells are identical having large nuclei, abundant glycogen, lamellated RER, few lipid droplets, and sparse but well-developed microvilli. The basophilic dark cells frequently encountered in the tubular type are morphologically quite similar to clear cells excepting for sparsity of glycogen and lipid droplets. Alveolar arrangement of 6 to 10 tubular structures (honeycomb structure) resembling alveolate structure seen in late secretory endometrium was found in tumor cells of one case. Ultrastructural feature of clear cell carcinoma closely resemble those of Arias-Stella endometrium and clear cell carcinoma of endocervix suggesting their Muellerian origin.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Endometriosis; Endometrium; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Mesonephroma; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Ovarian Neoplasms; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Ultrastructural and histochemical studies on human gastric cancer cells disclosed the presence of native and synthesized glycogen particles. The glycogen particles were investigated in the histochemical synthesis of glycogen particles from glucose 1-phosphate by the phosphorylase-branching glycosyltransferase system and non-incubated native glycogen in human gastric adenocarcinoma tubulare. It was observed that focal synthesis localized inthe intracytoplasmic matrix and intranucleus. Intranuclear synthesized glycogen appeared as a rosette form ranging from 1100 to 1300 A in diameter and free particles ranging from 325 to 900 A in diagmeter. The synthesis of glycogen appeared in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm of the human gastric cancer cells, and the synthesized glycogen was observed as a group of particles. Newly formed glycogen particles appeared occasionally in the interchromatin area as a large macromolecular structure of rosette form. Native glycogen appeared as a free-particle (250-333 A, medium =300 A) and aggregated rosette from (694-1050 A, medium=917 A) in the autophagosome of gastric cancer cells. There was not, however, a native glycogen particle in the nuclei of gastric cancer cells. Under certain conditons the nuclei of gastric cancer cells can acquire the capacity to synthesize glycogen.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Phosphorylases; Stomach Neoplasms

Cytograms of various histologically established forms of cancer of cervix uteri in 114 patients were analysed. The data obtained were used in subsequent collations of cytological and histological diagnoses of cervix uteri cancer in 550 patients. It was established that in a cytological investigation it was possible to determine the histological structure of tumours in 84.2% of the cases. Squamous cell keratinizing carcinoma could be diagnosed cytologically in 97.7%, squamous cell nonkertinizing carcinoma--in 74.7%, adenocarcinoma--in 84.1%, low differentiated--in 50% of the observations.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Nucleus; Cytodiagnosis; DNA, Neoplasm; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; RNA, Neoplasm; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Tissues from four local recurrences of a palatal tumor and regional lymph node metastases were studied by light microscopy while ultrastructural observations were made on the most recent tumor. The tumor was composed of solid sheets, clumps, and small nests of polyhedral epithelial cells with well-defined cell boundaries, clear cytoplasm, and cellular pleomorphism. Histochemical stains indicated the presence of abundant intracellular glycogen deposits in all tumor specimens examined. Ultrastructural observations revealed solid sheets of epithelial cells which lacked both surrounding basement lamina and ductal arrangements. The cytoplasm of the tumor cells was filled with beta glycogen deposits and contained scattered bundles of tonofilaments and scant organelles. The transition between the glycogen-rich tumor cells and surface epithelium showed intervening cells which contained diffusely dispersed ribosomes and small amounts of glycogen. The tumor probably originated from surface epithelium.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Cell Nucleus; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Palatal Neoplasms; Palate

This paper presents preliminary data concerning the relationship of various components of glandular epithelium and effect of enzymes on metabolism, storage, and release of certain substances in normal and abnormal endometria. Activity of these endometrial enzymes has been compared between two groups: 252 patients with normal menstrual histories and 156 patients, all over the age of 40, with abnormal uterine bleeding. Material was obtained by endometrial biopsy or curettage. In the pathologic classification of the group of 156, 30 patients had secretory endometria, 88 patients had endometria classified as proliferative, 24 were classified as endometrial hyperplasia, and 14 were classified as adenocarcinoma. All tissue was studied by histologic, histochemical, and biochemical methods. Glycogen synthetase activity caused synthesis of glucose to glycogen, increasing in amount until midcycle, when glycogen phosphorylase activity caused the breakdown to glucose during the regressive stage of endometrial activity. This normal cyclic activity did not occur in the abnormal endometria, where activity of both enzymes continued at low constant tempo. Only the I form of glycogen synthetase increased as the tissue became more hyperplastic. With the constant glycogen content and the increased activity of both the TPN isocitric dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the hyperplastic and cancerous endometria, tissue energy was created, resulting in abnormal cell proliferation. These altered biochemical and cellular activities may be the basis for malignant cell growth.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cell Membrane Permeability; Citric Acid Cycle; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Endometrium; Estradiol; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Glycogen Synthase; Hexosephosphates; Humans; Menstruation; Middle Aged; Phosphorylases; Progestins; Uterine Diseases; Uterine Neoplasms

A case of benign clear cell tumor ("sugar tumor") of the lund with extensive necrosis is reported. Electron microscopic study established the diagnosis by virtue of the characteristic cytoplasmic membrane-bound glycogen. Ultrastructural study may be necessary in cases containing necrosis to differentiate this lesion decisively from metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Cytoplasm; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Necrosis; Neoplasm Metastasis

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenofibroma; Adult; Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymphatic Metastasis; Mammography; Middle Aged; RNA, Neoplasm; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Fluorescent cytochemical techniques, chiefly end-group methods, have been employed in the characterization of cells in calid and algid normal and LUCKE tumor-bearing kidneys of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Cytoplasmic RNA and glycogen distribution reflect the known patterns of general metabolic activity of the respective cells in question. Protein sulfhydryl distribution is similar in normal distal tubules and tumors while both differ significantly from proximal tubules. Viral inclusions in nuclei of algid tumor cells contain demonstrable DNA, protein sulfhydryls and disulfides, arginine and lysine-rich basic proteins, also both C-terminal and side chain carboxyl groups. Significant amounts of DNA are demonstrable in the cytoplasm of algid tumors. Fluorescence cytochemical methods directed toward end-groups or specific classes of macromolecules offer a particularly favorable option, because of increased sensitivity and higher levels of contrast, for comparative cytological investigations of the LUCKE tumor and of similar systems.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Anura; Arginine; Carboxylic Acids; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Disulfides; DNA, Neoplasm; Fluorescent Dyes; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Inclusion Bodies, Viral; Kidney Neoplasms; Kidney Tubules; Lysine; Neoplasm Proteins; Rana pipiens; RNA, Neoplasm; Seasons; Sulfhydryl Compounds

A malignant glycogen-rich adenocarcinoma of palatal salivary glands is reported. Histopathology revealed nonencapsulated nests and cords of polyhedral cells showing voluminous clear cytoplasms and cellular pleomorphisms, separated by fine vascular septae. Small and large ducts were infrequently seen showing apparent transition of large ducts into clear cells. The tumor cells were PAS- and Best-carmine positive, diastase soluble, and mucicarmine and Alcian-blue negative. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were arranged in solid nests and cords of electron-lucent cells surrounding single or multiple lumina, and surrounded by basement lamina. Occasional fusiform electron-dense cell processes were present beneath the basement lamina. The electron-lucent cells were joined by junctional complexes, contained intracytoplasmic canals, and were filled with massive accumulations of beta glycogen particles. The electron-dense processes contained interlacing whorls of fine filaments and exhibited peripheral focal densities. The findings suggest that this glycogen-rich malignant tumor is of epithelial origin most probably of ductal cells.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Glycogen; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Salivary Gland Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; Electron Transport Complex IV; Female; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Middle Aged; NADPH Dehydrogenase; Nucleic Acids; Oxidoreductases; Phosphorylases; Succinate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Basement Membrane; Cell Nucleus; Chromatin; Cytoplasm; Desmosomes; Endometriosis; Endometrium; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Electron; Ovarian Neoplasms; Polyribosomes; Ribosomes; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Endometrium; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Membranes; Microscopy, Electron; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Biopsy; Cervix Uteri; Endometrium; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Menopause; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Cytoplasm; Desmosomes; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Intercellular Junctions; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ribosomes; Schiff Bases; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Chlormadinone Acetate; Cytoplasm; Edema; Epithelium; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glycogen; Humans; Metaplasia; Middle Aged; Mitosis; Mucus; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma, Bile Duct; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cytoplasm; Female; Fetal Proteins; Glycogen; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Proteins; Sex Factors; Uganda

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Biopsy; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glycogen; Humans; Inclusion Bodies; Male; Mitochondria; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Female; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Middle Aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; Thiotepa

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma, Bile Duct; Age Factors; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Fetal Proteins; Glycogen; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Uganda

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma; Animals; Cytoplasm; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Inclusion Bodies; Lung Neoplasms; Membranes; Methylcholanthrene; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Neoplasms, Experimental

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Desmosomes; Diethylstilbestrol; Female; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Vaginal Diseases; Vaginal Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Parotid Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Keto Acids; Neuraminic Acids; Periodic Acid; Plasma Cells; Polysaccharides; Staining and Labeling; Sulfates

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Basement Membrane; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Cell Membrane; Cell Nucleus; Cilia; Connective Tissue; Cytoplasm; Cytoplasmic Granules; Epithelial Cells; Fibroblasts; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Inclusion Bodies; Intercellular Junctions; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Leiomyosarcoma; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Mitosis; Muscle, Smooth; Neuroblastoma; Wilms Tumor

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Basement Membrane; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endometrium; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Exocrine Glands; Female; Glycogen; Golgi Apparatus; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria, Liver; Uterine Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Female; Gastrectomy; Gastric Mucosa; Glucosyltransferases; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphorylase Kinase; Stomach Neoplasms; Time Factors

Fine structural aspects of human tissue culture cell nucleoli were studied by cytochemical and radioautographic methods. Ribonuclease and pepsin digestions were carried out on glutaraldehyde-fixed cells that, in some instances, were labeled with thymidine-(3)H prior to digestion. Double digestion by ribonuclease and pepsin revealed a fine fibrillar reticulum that appears to be the supportive structure of nucleolonemal threads. The nature of the reticulum remains to be determined. The question of whether it may represent a dispersed form of chromatin was raised. Structural findings suggested such an hypothesis but the results of radioautographic studies do not support it. The reticulum showed a striking absence of radioactive labeling following a 3 hr incorporation of thymidine-(3)H. Only few silver grains were observed occasionally in the fibrillar nucleolonema that may or may not be significant. The radioautographic results are believed to be inconclusive for the various reasons discussed. The possibility that the reticulum is composed of proteins has to be considered. It appears that basic proteins can resist pepsin digestion in aldehyde-fixed cells. Individual chromatin fibrils were found to be associated with the nucleolar reticulum. It is possible that these alone represent the dispersed genetically active chromatin of nucleoli.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Autoradiography; Carcinoma; Cell Line; Cell Nucleolus; Cervix Uteri; Culture Techniques; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Female; Glycogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Pepsin A; Ribonucleases; Ribosomes; Sex Chromatin; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Child, Preschool; Glycogen; Humans; Infant; Lipids; Male; Mucins; Neoplasm Metastasis; Testicular Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood; Blood Cell Count; Glycogen; Humans; Iodine Isotopes; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; RNA; Thyroid Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenofibroma; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Female; Glycogen; Humans

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Appendiceal Neoplasms; Collagen; Eosinophils; Glycogen; Histological Techniques; Humans; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Methylation; Mice; Mucus; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Coloring Agents; Connective Tissue; Epithelium; Glycogen; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Histological Techniques; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mucins; Mucus; Neuraminidase; Prostatic Neoplasms

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adenocarcinoma; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Glycogen; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Lipid Metabolism; Nucleotidases; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cytoplasm; Glycogen; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Neoplasms; Microscopy, Electron; Nephrectomy; Staining and Labeling; Triglycerides

Topics: Acrospiroma; Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma, Sweat Gland; Aminopeptidases; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Esterases; Glycogen; Humans; Indoles; Leucine; Pathology; Phosphotransferases; Sweat Gland Neoplasms; Sweat Glands

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adenocarcinoma, Papillary; Adenofibroma; Brenner Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cystadenoma; Cystadenoma, Mucinous; Cystadenoma, Papillary; Cysts; Dysgerminoma; Female; Glycogen; Granulosa Cell Tumor; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Male; Mesonephroma; Mucins; Neuraminic Acids; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovary; Pathology; Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor; Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors; Thecoma

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenoma, Islet Cell; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Biological Assay; Black People; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carboxy-Lyases; Glucose; Glycogen; Hypoglycemia; Insulin; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Paraganglioma; Pelvic Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Rats; Research; Sodium Chloride; Stomach Neoplasms

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Ductal; Glycogen; Humans; Melanins; Mucins; Paget's Disease, Mammary

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Disease; Endometrium; Female; Glycogen; Humans; Hyperplasia; Uterine Neoplasms