glucagon-like-peptide-1 and Hypothyroidism

Both diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders are common diseases. According to epidemiologic studies the prevalence of specific thyroid disorders in diabetic subjects is two times higher. Risk factors are age, female gender and autoimmune diabetes mellitus. However, thyroid disorders are diagnosed only half of the cases in diabetic population. The review briefly summarizes the association of autoimmune diabetes mellitus and thyreoiditis, the risk of thyroid disorders in type 1 diabetic pregnant women. Furthermore, the influence of obesity in the risk on thyroid cancer and the effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue on thyroid medullary C-cells are discussed.

Topics: Age Factors; Autoimmunity; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Comorbidity; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodide Peroxidase; Obesity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune

The most frequent liver disorder in metabolic syndrome is the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Its pathogenesis is a complex, multifactorial process, characterized by insulin resistance and involvement of the endocrine system. Hypothyroidism may lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via hyperlipidemia and obesity. Adult patients with growth hormone deficiency have a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype with obesity and many characteristic metabolic alterations. The chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis results in metabolic syndrome as well. Cushing's syndrome has also features of metabolic syndrome. Mild elevation of transaminase activities is commonly seen in patients with adrenal failure. Non-alcoholic steatosis is twice as common in postmenopusal as in premenopausal women and hormonal replacement therapy decreases the risk of steatosis. Insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, sleeping apnoe syndrome, cardiovascular disorders and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are more frequent in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hypoandrogenism in males and hyperandrogenism in females may lead to fatty liver via obesity and insulin resistance. Adipokines (leptin, acylation stimulating protein, adiponectin) have a potential role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver. The alterations of endocrine system must be considered in the background of cryptogenic liver diseases. The endocrine perspective may help the therapeutic approaches in the future.

Topics: Adipokines; Adrenal Glands; Adult; Androgens; Cushing Syndrome; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Endocrine System; Estrogens; Fatty Liver; Female; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypothalamus; Hypothyroidism; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Pancreas; Pituitary Gland; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Postmenopause; Thyroid Gland

Rapid gastric emptying has been proposed to justify the increase in glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).. To assess gastric emptying changes after LSG and their relationship with GLP-1 secretion.. San Salvatore Hospital general surgery unit, University of L'Aquila, Italy.. 52 patients underwent gastric emptying scintigraphy for liquid and solid foods, before and 3 months after LSG. Twenty-six patients were in the liquid group (L group) and the remaining in the solid group (S group). We evaluated the half time of gastric emptying (T. The rapid gastric emptying 3 months after LSG upregulates the production of GLP-1 in the distal bowel. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Bariatric Surgery; Female; Gastrectomy; Gastric Emptying; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Hypertension; Hypothyroidism; Laparoscopy; Male; Obesity, Morbid; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Up-Regulation