glipizide and Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset studies

Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.
glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"5% decrease from baseline) with no weight gain and no hypoglycaemic events with alogliptin 12."	9.22	Comparison of alogliptin and glipizide for composite endpoint of glycated haemoglobin reduction, no hypoglycaemia and no weight gain in type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Chaudhari, P; Del Prato, S; Fleck, P; Wilson, C, 2016)
"Saxagliptin + metformin was associated with fewer patients reporting hypoglycemia and fewer and less severe hypoglycemic events in those experiencing hypoglycemia compared with glipizide + metformin."	9.19	Saxagliptin versus glipizide as add-on therapy to metformin: assessment of hypoglycemia. ( Minervini, G; Mintz, ML, 2014)
" We compared the long-term effects of glipizide and metformin on the major cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients who had a history of coronary artery disease (CAD)."	9.17	Effects of metformin versus glipizide on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. ( Cui, L; Dong, Y; Hong, J; Lai, S; Li, H; Liu, C; Lv, A; Ning, G; Shen, J; Shen, W; Su, Q; Tang, W; Wang, D; Wang, W; Wu, G; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J; Zhou, Z; Zhu, D; Zou, D, 2013)
"To assess the efficacy and long-term effects of glipizide treatment on glucose and insulin metabolism in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)."	9.12	Long-term beneficial effects of glipizide treatment on glucose tolerance in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. ( Ehrnström, B; Eriksson, JG; Groop, L; Lehtovirta, M; Salmela, S, 2006)
" Glipizide, a sulfonylurea widely used in the treatment of T2DM, has also been reported to inhibit inflammation and angiogenesis."	8.31	Glipizide Alleviates Periodontitis Pathogenicity via Inhibition of Angiogenesis, Osteoclastogenesis and M1/M2 Macrophage Ratio in Periodontal Tissue. ( Ge, L; Ge, Q; Guo, X; Huang, Y; Huang, Z; Jiang, Y; Liang, D; Pathak, JL; Wang, L; Yang, L, 2023)
"This study aimed at investigating the effect of glipizide combined with ANP on breast cancer."	8.12	Glipizide Combined with ANP Suppresses Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis by Inhibiting Angiogenesis through VEGF/VEGFR2 Signaling. ( Cao, J; Li, J; Liu, X; Mao, G; Qi, C; Wang, L; Zhang, Q; Zheng, L; Zheng, S; Zhou, Q, 2022)
" glipizide) and serious hypoglycemia."	7.85	Sentinel Modular Program for Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Analyses: Application to Glyburide, Glipizide, and Serious Hypoglycemia. ( Archdeacon, P; Axtman, S; Carnahan, RM; Cavagnaro, E; Chrischilles, EA; Fuller, C; Gagne, JJ; Hampp, C; Hennessy, S; Iyer, A; Leonard, CE; Panozzo, CA; Toh, S; Wang, SV; Woodworth, TS; Zhou, M, 2017)
"In pre-specified analyses adjusting for the most recently measured HbA(1c) value, there was a substantial reduction in risk for confirmed hypoglycemia with sitagliptin compared to glipizide when added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with T2DM."	7.78	Lower risk of hypoglycemia with sitagliptin compared to glipizide when either is added to metformin therapy: a pre-specified analysis adjusting for the most recently measured HbA(1c) value. ( Davies, MJ; Ferrante, SA; Goldstein, BJ; Kaufman, KD; Krobot, KJ; Meininger, GE; Seck, T; Williams-Herman, D, 2012)
"A malnourished 58-year-old man with diabetes developed hypoglycemia after receiving levofloxacin in conjunction with glipizide."	7.75	Hypoglycemia associated with the use of levofloxacin. ( Garber, SM; Miller, SM; Pound, MW, 2009)
"We describe a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme major) associated with an increase in glipizide dosage administration."	7.73	Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with glipizide therapy. ( Anderson, RC; Cheng, JB; Cruz, PD, 2006)
"Glipizide dosages were titrated to achieve specified therapeutic goals or a maximum daily dose of 40 mg."	6.68	The effects of obesity on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. ( Ducharme, MP; Halapy, H; Jaber, LA, 1996)
"Thirty one obese subjects, 12 with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 9 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 10 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) each underwent four OGTTS (75 g), at 1 week intervals, after administration in random order of placebo or glipizide 0."	6.67	Acute effect of glipizide on glucose tolerance in obesity and diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). ( Perfetti, MG; Pontiroli, AE; Pozza, G, 1991)
"The glipizide regimen was discontinued; 2 months later, the stool coproporphyrins had decreased to normal levels."	5.28	A coproporphyria-like syndrome induced by glipizide. ( Moder, KG; Schwenk, NM, 1991)
" This case suggests that, when TMP/SMX is combined with glipizide, patients should be closely monitored, especially those at high risk for hypoglycemia."	5.28	Symptomatic hypoglycemia secondary to a glipizide-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole drug interaction. ( Dobmeier, ME; Johnson, JF, 1990)
"5% decrease from baseline) with no weight gain and no hypoglycaemic events with alogliptin 12."	5.22	Comparison of alogliptin and glipizide for composite endpoint of glycated haemoglobin reduction, no hypoglycaemia and no weight gain in type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Chaudhari, P; Del Prato, S; Fleck, P; Wilson, C, 2016)
"In patients completing 4 years of treatment, dapagliflozin was well tolerated and associated with sustained glycaemic efficacy and greater reductions in body weight and SBP versus glipizide."	5.20	Long-term glycaemic response and tolerability of dapagliflozin versus a sulphonylurea as add-on therapy to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: 4-year data. ( Del Prato, S; Durán-Garcia, S; Maffei, L; Nauck, M; Parikh, S; Rohwedder, K; Theuerkauf, A, 2015)
"Saxagliptin + metformin was associated with fewer patients reporting hypoglycemia and fewer and less severe hypoglycemic events in those experiencing hypoglycemia compared with glipizide + metformin."	5.19	Saxagliptin versus glipizide as add-on therapy to metformin: assessment of hypoglycemia. ( Minervini, G; Mintz, ML, 2014)
"Alogliptin monotherapy maintained glycaemic control comparable to that of glipizide in elderly patients with T2DM over 1 year of treatment, with substantially lower risk of hypoglycaemia and without weight gain."	5.17	Alogliptin versus glipizide monotherapy in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with mild hyperglycaemia: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, 1-year study. ( Fleck, P; Rosenstock, J; Wilson, C, 2013)
" We compared the long-term effects of glipizide and metformin on the major cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients who had a history of coronary artery disease (CAD)."	5.17	Effects of metformin versus glipizide on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. ( Cui, L; Dong, Y; Hong, J; Lai, S; Li, H; Liu, C; Lv, A; Ning, G; Shen, J; Shen, W; Su, Q; Tang, W; Wang, D; Wang, W; Wu, G; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J; Zhou, Z; Zhu, D; Zou, D, 2013)
"To determine (1) the medium-term effect of rosiglitazone and glipizide on intra-stent neointima hyperplasia, (2) restenosis pattern as assessed by intra-vascular ultrasound (IVUS) and quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) in patients with T2DM and coronary artery disease."	5.16	Evaluation of in-stent restenosis in the APPROACH trial (Assessment on the Prevention of Progression by Rosiglitazone On Atherosclerosis in diabetes patients with Cardiovascular History). ( Brugaletta, S; García-García, HM; Garg, S; Huang, C; Kolatkar, NS; Kravitz, BG; Miller, DM; Morocutti, G; Nesto, RW; Ratner, RE; Serruys, PW, 2012)
"APPROACH has fully enrolled a high-risk patient population and will compare the glucose-independent effects of rosiglitazone and glipizide on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, as well as provide additional data on the cardiovascular safety of rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease."	5.13	Assessment on the Prevention of Progression by Rosiglitazone on Atherosclerosis in diabetes patients with Cardiovascular History (APPROACH): study design and baseline characteristics. ( Cannon, CP; Fitzgerald, PJ; Gerstein, HC; Kolatkar, NS; Kravitz, BG; Nesto, RW; Ratner, RE; Serruys, PW; Van Es, GA; Zalewski, A, 2008)
"To assess the efficacy and long-term effects of glipizide treatment on glucose and insulin metabolism in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)."	5.12	Long-term beneficial effects of glipizide treatment on glucose tolerance in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. ( Ehrnström, B; Eriksson, JG; Groop, L; Lehtovirta, M; Salmela, S, 2006)
"This study was designed to compare the efficacy of acute premeal administration of glipizide versus nateglinide in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia in subjects with non-insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes."	5.10	Control of postprandial hyperglycemia: optimal use of short-acting insulin secretagogues. ( Burge, MR; Carroll, MF; Izard, A; Riboni, K; Schade, DS, 2002)
" Consequently, a four-phase (glipizide v insulin) cross-over design study was conducted to determine a better effect of glipizide treatment on insulin sensitivity and the effect this has on BP in 19 NIDDM patients."	5.08	Insulin versus glipizide treatment in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Effects on blood pressure and glucose tolerance. ( Grunberger, G; Levy, J; Vandenberg, M, 1995)
" Glipizide, a sulfonylurea widely used in the treatment of T2DM, has also been reported to inhibit inflammation and angiogenesis."	4.31	Glipizide Alleviates Periodontitis Pathogenicity via Inhibition of Angiogenesis, Osteoclastogenesis and M1/M2 Macrophage Ratio in Periodontal Tissue. ( Ge, L; Ge, Q; Guo, X; Huang, Y; Huang, Z; Jiang, Y; Liang, D; Pathak, JL; Wang, L; Yang, L, 2023)
"This study aimed at investigating the effect of glipizide combined with ANP on breast cancer."	4.12	Glipizide Combined with ANP Suppresses Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis by Inhibiting Angiogenesis through VEGF/VEGFR2 Signaling. ( Cao, J; Li, J; Liu, X; Mao, G; Qi, C; Wang, L; Zhang, Q; Zheng, L; Zheng, S; Zhou, Q, 2022)
" glipizide) and serious hypoglycemia."	3.85	Sentinel Modular Program for Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Analyses: Application to Glyburide, Glipizide, and Serious Hypoglycemia. ( Archdeacon, P; Axtman, S; Carnahan, RM; Cavagnaro, E; Chrischilles, EA; Fuller, C; Gagne, JJ; Hampp, C; Hennessy, S; Iyer, A; Leonard, CE; Panozzo, CA; Toh, S; Wang, SV; Woodworth, TS; Zhou, M, 2017)
"Using nationwide administrative Danish registries, we followed all individuals without prior stroke or myocardial infarction who initiated metformin and an IS from 1997 through 2009."	3.81	Metformin in combination with various insulin secretagogues in type 2 diabetes and associated risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality--a retrospective nationwide study. ( Andersson, C; Fosbøl, EL; Gislason, G; Køber, L; Mogensen, UM; Scheller, NM; Schramm, TK; Torp-Pedersen, C; Vaag, A, 2015)
"In quarters with glipizide/glimepiride use, hospital admissions or emergency department visits for hypoglycemia were more common in person quarters with concurrent warfarin use compared with quarters without warfarin use (294/416,479 v 1903/3,938,939; adjusted odds ratio 1."	3.81	Association between use of warfarin with common sulfonylureas and serious hypoglycemic events: retrospective cohort analysis. ( Goldman, DP; Gong, C; Jena, AB; Peters, A; Romley, JA; Williams, B, 2015)
"BCAA/AAAs changed acutely during glipizide and metformin administration, and the magnitude and direction of change differed by the insulin resistance status of the individual and the intervention."	3.79	Branched chain and aromatic amino acids change acutely following two medical therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Ackerman, RJ; Altshuler, D; Billings, LK; Chamarthi, B; Clish, CB; Davis, J; Deik, A; Fanelli, RR; Florez, JC; Gerszten, RE; Grant, RW; Hernandez, AM; Huang, C; Hudson, MS; Khan, SQ; Littleton, KR; Lo, J; McCarthy, RM; Rhee, EP; Stolerman, E; Taylor, A; Walford, GA; Wang, TJ; Warner, AS, 2013)
"In pre-specified analyses adjusting for the most recently measured HbA(1c) value, there was a substantial reduction in risk for confirmed hypoglycemia with sitagliptin compared to glipizide when added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with T2DM."	3.78	Lower risk of hypoglycemia with sitagliptin compared to glipizide when either is added to metformin therapy: a pre-specified analysis adjusting for the most recently measured HbA(1c) value. ( Davies, MJ; Ferrante, SA; Goldstein, BJ; Kaufman, KD; Krobot, KJ; Meininger, GE; Seck, T; Williams-Herman, D, 2012)
"A malnourished 58-year-old man with diabetes developed hypoglycemia after receiving levofloxacin in conjunction with glipizide."	3.75	Hypoglycemia associated with the use of levofloxacin. ( Garber, SM; Miller, SM; Pound, MW, 2009)
"We describe a patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme major) associated with an increase in glipizide dosage administration."	3.73	Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with glipizide therapy. ( Anderson, RC; Cheng, JB; Cruz, PD, 2006)
"A retrospective analysis was conducted to determine the effects of metformin on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, and adverse events in an African-American population."	3.69	A retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of metformin in the African-American patient. ( Anderson, D; Briscoe, TA; Cooper, GS; Usifo, OS, 1997)
"Insulin tolerance test was done to assess the insulin sensitivity in a group of untreated non insulin dependent diabetic subjects before and after sulfonylurea (tolbutamide, glibenclamide, glipizide) therapy."	3.68	Effect of sulphonylurea therapy on insulin sensitivity in non insulin dependent diabetics. ( Dash, RJ; Khandekar, S; Sethi, BK, 1990)
"Metagenomic datasets from a previous type 2 diabetes cohort receiving acarbose or glipizide for 3 months were downloaded and processed."	3.11	Metagenomic analysis reveals crosstalk between gut microbiota and glucose-lowering drugs targeting the gastrointestinal tract in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a 6 month, two-arm randomised trial. ( Han, X; Ji, L; Li, J; Li, Y; Qiu, L; Ren, H; Shi, Z; Wu, K; Yang, F; Zhang, X; Zhao, C; Zhong, H; Zhou, X, 2022)
"In this study, 148 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were assigned randomly to receive either glipizide alone or glipizide plus Aralia root bark extract (ARBE) for 8 weeks to test the effects of ARBE plus glipizide therapy on glycemic control and lipid profiles in these patients."	2.80	Effects of combined therapy with glipizide and Aralia root bark extract on glycemic control and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Fang, XF; Han, CC; Li, XM; Liu, XH; Ma, L, 2015)
" Adverse events (AE) and hypoglycemia were monitored."	2.79	Saxagliptin efficacy and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus stratified by cardiovascular disease history and cardiovascular risk factors: analysis of 3 clinical trials. ( Bryzinski, B; Cook, W; Hirshberg, B; Minervini, G, 2014)
" There was a lower incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia adverse events (AEs) with sitagliptin versus glipizide (6."	2.78	Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin versus glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic renal insufficiency. ( Arjona Ferreira, JC; Barzilai, N; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Guo, H; Kaufman, KD; Marre, M; Sisk, CM, 2013)
"In patients with type 2 diabetes, adding sitagliptin to metformin monotherapy improved glycaemic control over 2 years, similar to the glucose-lowering efficacy observed with adding glipizide, but with greater durability and generally better maintenance of beta-cell function."	2.75	Safety and efficacy of treatment with sitagliptin or glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a 2-year study. ( Amatruda, JM; Davies, MJ; Kaufman, KD; Nauck, M; Seck, T; Sheng, D; Stein, PP; Sunga, S, 2010)
"Treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with pioglitazone changes abdominal fat in the opposite direction as treatment with glipizide."	2.75	Meal fat storage in subcutaneous adipose tissue: comparison of pioglitazone and glipizide treatment of type 2 diabetes. ( Basu, A; Basu, R; Jensen, MD; Pattan, V; Rizza, RA, 2010)
"glipizide was associated with a significantly smaller proportion of patients with hypoglycaemic events (3."	2.75	Saxagliptin is non-inferior to glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a 52-week randomised controlled trial. ( Eriksson, J; Gallwitz, B; Gause-Nilsson, I; Göke, B; Hellqvist, A, 2010)
"Glipizide treatment was initiated at 2."	2.73	Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency. ( Amatruda, JM; Arjona Ferreira, JC; Chan, JC; Davies, MJ; Gonzalez, E; Kaufman, KD; Scott, R; Sheng, D; Stein, PP; Williams-Herman, D, 2008)
"Twenty-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) whose blood glucose was not well controlled with sulphanylureas were enrolled."	2.73	Evaluation of the superiority of insulin glargine as basal insulin replacement by continuous glucose monitoring system. ( Ba, JM; Dou, JT; Lu, JM; Mu, YM; Pan, CY; Wang, X; Wang, XL, 2007)
"We studied 44 elderly men with diabetic nephropathy who participated in a clinical trial."	2.73	Reproducibility of renal function measurements in adult men with diabetic nephropathy: research and clinical implications. ( Agarwal, R, 2007)
"glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control [haemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) > or = 6."	2.73	Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. ( Meininger, G; Nauck, MA; Sheng, D; Stein, PP; Terranella, L, 2007)
"Glipizide/metformin was well tolerated, with a low incidence of hypoglycemia."	2.71	Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group assessment of simultaneous glipizide/metformin as second-line pharmacologic treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that is inadequately controlled by a sulfonylurea. ( Goldstein, BJ; Pans, M; Rubin, CJ, 2003)
" The decision to prescribe one of these three insulinotropic agents should be based on factors such as the patient's ability to comply with complex dosing regimens, the need to control fasting hyperglycemia, the risk of interprandial hypoglycemia, and pharmacoeconomic considerations, rather than postprandial glucose-lowering efficacy."	2.71	Targeting postprandial hyperglycemia: a comparative study of insulinotropic agents in type 2 diabetes. ( Carroll, MF; Castro, M; Gutierrez, A; Schade, DS; Tsewang, D, 2003)
" Chronic administration of glipizide GITS attenuated serum glucose responses to oral glucose challenge at 12 and 24 months when compared to baseline (0 months)."	2.71	Beneficial metabolic effects of chronic glipizide in obese African Americans with impaired glucose tolerance: implications for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. ( Gaillard, T; Osei, K; Rhinesmith, S; Schuster, D, 2004)
"In 44 patients with overt diabetic nephropathy, an open-label, blinded end point trial was conducted in which subjects were randomized to either pioglitazone or glipizide to achieve similar glucose control."	2.71	A pilot randomized controlled trial of renal protection with pioglitazone in diabetic nephropathy. ( Agarwal, R; Battiwala, M; Chase, SD; Curley, T; Sachs, N; Saha, C; Semret, MH; Vasavada, N, 2005)
"Diet or tablet-treated patients with Type 2 diabetes (n = 256; age 40-75 years, body mass index (BMI) 20-35 kg/m2, HbA1c 4."	2.70	Comparison between repaglinide and glipizide in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year multicentre study. ( Dejgaard, A; Kilhovd, B; Lager, I; Madsbad, S; Mustajoki, P, 2001)
"Patients with type 2 diabetes have abnormal endothelial function but it is not certain whether improvements in glycaemic control will improve endothelial function."	2.70	Effects of improved glycaemic control on endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes. ( Bagg, W; Braatvedt, GD; Drury, PL; Gamble, G; Sharpe, N; Whalley, GA, 2001)
"This study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic and short-term pharmacodynamic profile of extended-release glipizide GITS (Glucotrol XL) given in a dosage of 20 mg once daily with that of immediate-release glipizide (Glucotrol) 10mg twice daily in patients with type II diabetes mellitus."	2.70	Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of extended-release glipizide GITS compared with immediate-release glipizide in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. ( Canovatchel, W; Chaiken, RL; Chung, M; Kourides, I; Messig, M; Sutfin, T, 2002)
"No hypoglycemia was observed during 156 fasting studies."	2.69	A prospective trial of risk factors for sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Burge, MR; Fischette, C; Qualls, CR; Schade, DS; Schmitz-Fiorentino, K, 1998)
" The glycemic response to each of the progressive, sequential phases of insulin treatment was assessed, along with the incidence of hypoglycemic reactions and the relative efficacy of different doses of glipizide in combination with fixed doses of insulin."	2.69	Response to intensive therapy steps and to glipizide dose in combination with insulin in type 2 diabetes. VA feasibility study on glycemic control and complications (VA CSDM). ( Abraira, C; Colwell, JA; Comstock, JP; Emanuele, NV; Henderson, WG; Levin, SR; Nuttall, FQ; Sawin, CT; Silbert, CK, 1998)
"Thirty seven patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus taking insulin for at least 1 year prior to study and treated with > or = 40 U of insulin per day were recruited for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial."	2.69	Combination insulin and sulfonylurea therapy in insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Bursey, DL; DeAtkine, DD; English, JS; Feinglos, MN; Lobaugh, B; McNeill, DB; Thacker, CR, 1998)
"3867 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes, median age 54 years (IQR 48-60 years), who after 3 months' diet treatment had a mean of two fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations of 6."	2.69	Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. ( , 1998)
" It appears that the same dosage principles could be used for Caucasian and Chinese patients with type-2 diabetes when Gb or Gz are prescribed."	2.69	Effects and pharmacokinetics of oral glibenclamide and glipizide in Caucasian and Chinese patients with type-2 diabetes. ( Chan, JC; Cockram, CS; Critchley, JA; Hallengren, B; Jönsson, A; Melander, A; Rydberg, T; Vaaler, S, 2000)
"Fifty-three Chinese patients with NIDDM (mean age 53."	2.68	Comparison of insulin with or without continuation of oral hypoglycemic agents in the treatment of secondary failure in NIDDM patients. ( Chow, CC; Cockram, CS; Sorensen, JP; Tsang, LW, 1995)
"Intense stepped insulin therapy in NIDDM patients who have failed glycemic control on pharmacological therapy is effective in maintaining near-normal glycemic control for > 2 years without excessive severe hypoglycemia, weight gain, hypertension, or dyslipidemia."	2.68	Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on glycemic control and complications in type II diabetes (VA CSDM). Results of the feasibility trial. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study in Type II Diabetes. ( Abraira, C; Colwell, JA; Comstock, JP; Emanuele, NV; Henderson, W; Lee, HS; Levin, SR; Nagel, NJ; Nuttall, FQ; Sawin, CT, 1995)
"Thirty black NIDDM subjects who recently had developed near-normoglycemia were followed with no treatment or were randomly assigned to a 3-year, double-blind glipizide or placebo treatment."	2.68	Prolongation of near-normoglycemic remission in black NIDDM subjects with chronic low-dose sulfonylurea treatment. ( Banerji, MA; Chaiken, RL; Lebovitz, HE, 1995)
"153 men with NIDDM, aged 40 to 69 years, who had hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of greater than 6."	2.68	The feasibility of intensive insulin management in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Implications of the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Glycemic Control and Complications in NIDDM. ( Colwell, JA, 1996)
"Glipizide GITS treatment resulted in a significant reduction in hyperglycemia and increases in insulin and C-peptide secretion."	2.68	The effect of glipizide gastrointestinal therapeutic system on islet cell hormonal responses to a test meal in NIDDM. ( Albert, SG; Bernbaum, M; Mooradian, AD; Plummer, S, 1996)
"Glipizide dosages were titrated to achieve specified therapeutic goals or a maximum daily dose of 40 mg."	2.68	The effects of obesity on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. ( Ducharme, MP; Halapy, H; Jaber, LA, 1996)
"Glipizide was discontinued, and diabetes did not recur."	2.68	Intensive 50-week evaluation of glipizide administration in 50 cats with previously untreated diabetes mellitus. ( Feldman, EC; Feldman, MS; Nelson, RW, 1997)
"The once-daily glipizide GITS 1) lowered HbA1c, FPG, and PPG over a dose range of 5-60 mg, 2) was maximally effective at 5 mg (using HbA1c) or 20 mg (using FPG) based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships, 3) maintained its effectiveness in poorly controlled patients (those with entry FPG > or = 250 mg/dl), 4) was safe and well tolerated in a wide variety of patients with NIDDM, and 5) did not produce weight gain or adversely affect lipids."	2.68	Efficacy, safety, and dose-response characteristics of glipizide gastrointestinal therapeutic system on glycemic control and insulin secretion in NIDDM. Results of two multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. The Glipizide Gastrointest ( Feinglos, M; Fischette, CT; Kourides, IA; Shamoon, H; Simonson, DC, 1997)
"Metformin treatment was associated with significantly lower day-long plasma glucose and FFA concentrations."	2.68	Results of a placebo-controlled study of the metabolic effects of the addition of metformin to sulfonylurea-treated patients. Evidence for a central role of adipose tissue. ( Abbasi, F; Carantoni, M; Chen, YD; Kamath, V; Reaven, GM; Rizvi, AA, 1997)
"Forty-two NIDDM patients receiving glipizide therapy."	2.67	Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. ( Bantle, JP; Brinkley, L; Chen, YD; Coulston, AM; Garg, A; Griver, KA; Grundy, SM; Henry, RR; Huet, BA; Raatz, SK, 1994)
"Glipizide-GITS was significantly more effective than immediate-release glipizide in reducing FPG levels."	2.67	Comparative efficacy of a once-daily controlled-release formulation of glipizide and immediate-release glipizide in patients with NIDDM. ( Berelowitz, M; Cefalu, W; Fischette, C; Kourides, IA; Schade, DS; Sutfin, T, 1994)
"With glipizide treatment, there was a decrease in FPG level at T3 (9."	2.67	Verbal learning and/or memory improves with glycemic control in older subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. ( Gradman, TJ; Laws, A; Reaven, GM; Thompson, LW, 1993)
"Randomized (between agents and in order of dosing regimens), prospective, open, crossover study among 14 NIDDM patients to compare glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses to a standard diet and to 10 mg of oral GP or GB taken without food 1) after 2 wk without therapy, 2) after 4 wk of either GP (n = 7) or GB (n = 7) treatment OD, and 3) after 4 wk of TD therapy with the same agent."	2.67	Chronic sulfonylurea therapy augments basal and meal-stimulated insulin secretion while attenuating insulin responses to sulfonylurea per se. ( Bird, DM; Cameron, DP; Ma, A; McIntyre, HD; Patterson, CA, 1992)
"The effect of a rapid-acting sulphonylurea, glipizide, on the dose-response relationship between the beta-cell response (insulin and C-peptide secretion) and the ambient plasma glucose concentration was examined in 12 healthy and 6 non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects."	2.67	Effect of sulphonylurea on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in healthy and non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects: a dose-response study. ( Bonadonna, RC; DeFronzo, RA; Groop, LC; Luzi, L; Melander, A; Petrides, A; Ratheiser, K; Simonson, DC; Widén, E, 1991)
" The dosage was adjusted to obtain adequate control or up to the maximum recommended dosage."	2.67	Efficacy of gliclazide in comparison with other sulphonylureas in the treatment of NIDDM. ( Harrower, AD, 1991)
"Thirty one obese subjects, 12 with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 9 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 10 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) each underwent four OGTTS (75 g), at 1 week intervals, after administration in random order of placebo or glipizide 0."	2.67	Acute effect of glipizide on glucose tolerance in obesity and diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). ( Perfetti, MG; Pontiroli, AE; Pozza, G, 1991)
"The role of insulin in the therapy of NIDDM is still under discussion."	2.67	Insulin and sulphonylurea in the therapy of type 2 diabetes. ( Huupponen, R; Karvonen, I; Rytömaa, K; Sotaniemi, EA; Vierimaa, E; Vuoti, MJ, 1990)
"Gliclazide was significantly better than glipizide (p less than 0."	2.67	Comparison of secondary failure rate between three second generation sulphonylureas. ( Harrower, AD; Wong, C, 1990)
" Insulin dosage fell in the glipizide group from 36 to 26 U day-1, as 4 patients experienced hypoglycaemic symptoms."	2.67	Combination of insulin with glipizide increases peripheral glucose disposal in secondary failure type 2 diabetic patients. ( Reckless, JP; Simpson, HC; Stirling, CA; Sturley, R, 1990)
" The mean values for Tmax (range 2."	2.66	Glipizide pharmacokinetics: effects of age, diabetes, and multiple dosing. ( Bauer, LA; Horn, JR; Kobayashi, KA; Kradjan, WA; Opheim, KE; Wood, FJ, 1989)
"It is concluded that in NIDDM patients with second failure to glibenclamide ot glipizide therapy, the responsiveness to glibenclamide may be at least partially restored by a short period of insulin treatment."	2.66	Glibenclamide improves the response to insulin treatment in non-insulin-dependent diabetics with second failure to sulfonylurea therapy. ( Adamson, U; Lins, PE; Lundblad, S; Persson-Trotzig, E, 1988)
"Glipizide or placebo was added (randomized) at Week 15 if the fasting plasma glucose level in patients exceeded 115 mg/dl."	2.66	Achieving therapeutic goals in insulin-using diabetic patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A weight reduction-exercise-oral agent approach. ( Carroll-Michals, L; Darga, LL; Kasim, S; Kinhal, V; Lucas, CP; Patton, S; Spafford, TR; Stepke, T, 1987)
") and in Study 2 (n = 12) the comparison was between intake once-daily before breakfast and dosing before breakfast, lunch, and at bedtime (10 p."	2.66	Therapeutic equivalence of once- and thrice-daily glipizide. ( Groop, L; Groop, PH; Karhumaa, S; Melander, A; Tötterman, KJ; Wåhlin-Boll, E, 1986)
" Post-dose glipizide concentrations were three times higher than those of glibenclamide, due to the incomplete bioavailability of the latter."	2.66	Pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of glibenclamide and glipizide in type 2 diabetics. ( Fyhrqvist, F; Groop, L; Groop, PH; Melander, A; Tolppanen, EM; Tötterman, KJ; Wåhlin-Boll, E, 1985)
"Glipizide was given intravenously (12 micrograms/kg at 0 min) or orally (5 mg at -30 min)."	2.65	Extrapancreatic effects of a sulphonylurea. Decrease in xylose absorption by glipizide in type II diabetics. ( Adamson, U; Kollind, M; Lins, PE; Ohlsén, P, 1984)
"Dapagliflozin has a low propensity to cause hypoglycaemia, especially when used alone or in combination with metformin, although the incidence of hypoglycaemic events reported with dapagliflozin in clinical trials varied depending on the background therapy."	2.48	Dapagliflozin: a review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Plosker, GL, 2012)
"52) and lower missed dosing (Peto odds ratio 11."	2.47	Effects and patient compliance of sustained-release versus immediate-release glipizides in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Du, L; Li, H; Li, Y; Sun, X; Tian, H; Wang, L; Yuan, Q, 2011)
"Women with type 2 diabetes treated with sulfonylureas should not be discouraged from breastfeeding."	2.45	Use of hypoglycemic drugs during lactation. ( Djokanovic, N; Finkelstein, Y; Garcia-Bournissen, F; Glatstein, MM; Koren, G, 2009)
" The absorption rate of glibenclamide and tolbutamide was not affected by food."	2.41	[Timing of administration of sulfonyl urea derivatives]. ( de Smet, PA; Fischer, HR, 2000)
"Glipizide is a second generation sulphonylurea agent that is available in a Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System (GITS) extended-release formulation."	2.41	Glipizide. A review of the pharmacoeconomic implications of the extended-release formulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Foster, RH; Plosker, GL, 2000)
"In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus a quality of life decreases gradually with the duration of diabetes."	2.41	[The effect of improved glycemic control on quality of life in patients with type I and type II diabetes]. ( Grzeszczak, W, 2001)
" The half-life is a far more important property."	2.40	[Pharmacokinetics of hypoglycemic sulfonamides: Ozidia, a new concept]. ( Selam, JL, 1997)
"The quality of life of NIDDM patients can be improved by stricter glycaemic control, and thus can modify in the choice of therapeutic strategies and cost-benefit evaluation of intensive glycaemic control."	2.40	[Quality of life and non-insulin-dependent diabetes]. ( Tauber, JP, 1997)
"Serious hypoglycemia is a major adverse event associated with insulin secretagogues."	1.72	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Used Concomitantly with Insulin Secretagogues and the Risk of Serious Hypoglycemia. ( Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Flory, JH; Hee Nam, Y; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE, 2022)
" AZI (500 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly decreased AUC and increased Tmax to 8 h."	1.51	Effect of Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta indica Leaves on Pharmacokineics and Pharmacodynamics of Glipizide. ( Ali, M; Chaudhari, S; Zambad, S, 2019)
"Glimepiride was associated with the best clinical outcome, showing the lowest mortality and lowest cardiovascular event risk of the five insulin secretagogues."	1.51	Comparison of mortality and cardiovascular event risk associated with various insulin secretagogues: A nationwide real-world analysis. ( Huang, HK; Yeh, JI, 2019)
" We aimed to systematically screen for drugs that interact with the five most commonly used secretagogues-glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride, repaglinide, and nateglinide-to cause serious hypoglycemia."	1.46	Biomedical Informatics Approaches to Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions: Application to Insulin Secretagogues. ( Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Chiang, C; Han, X; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L, 2017)
" Three dosage groups were examined: glyburide 5 mg twice daily increased to 10 mg twice daily (GLYB), glipizide 5 mg twice daily increased to 10 mg twice daily (GLIPA), and glipizide 10 mg twice daily increased to 20 mg twice daily (GLIPB)."	1.39	Effect of sulfonylurea dose escalation on hemoglobin A1c in Veterans Affairs patients with type 2 diabetes. ( Bartley, EP; Hurren, KM; O'Neill, JL; Ronis, DL, 2013)
" Aqueous extract of Annona squamosa was administered orally at 350 mg/kg body weight alone and in combination with reduced and reducing dose combinations of Glipizide."	1.39	Polypharmacy (herbal and synthetic drug combination): a novel approach in the treatment of type-2 diabetes and its complications in rats. ( Afzal, M; Ahamd, I; Ahmad, S; Ahmed, Z; Ali, B; Anwar, F; Kaur, R; Kazmi, I, 2013)
" Sitagliptin 100 mg daily was substituted, and glipizide was later added and its dosage adjusted over the next several months."	1.38	Combination exenatide-sitagliptin therapy used with glipizide in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Edgerton, LP; Elmore, LK; Patel, MB; Whalin, LM, 2012)
"Pheochromocytomas have been described to lead to hyperglycemia and diabetes, due to the suppression of insulin release and increased insulin resistance."	1.37	Resolution of insulin-requiring diabetes in a liver transplant recipient after treatment of a pheochromocytoma: case report and review of literature. ( Courgi, R; Gallagher, EJ; Heiba, S; Tamler, R, 2011)
" Based on laboratory findings, we determined the clinical significance of potential CYP2C9-mediated drug-drug interactions in hospitalized patients receiving glibenclamide, glimepiride or glipizide, all of which are metabolized by CYP2C9, together with a CYP2C9 inhibitor."	1.36	Potential CYP2C9-mediated drug-drug interactions in hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with the sulphonylureas glibenclamide, glimepiride or glipizide. ( Heikkilä, P; Huupponen, R; Laine, K; Tirkkonen, T, 2010)
"Hyperglycaemia is a risk factor for cancer and some sulphonylureas have anti-oxidant properties."	1.36	Use of sulphonylurea and cancer in type 2 diabetes-The Hong Kong Diabetes Registry. ( Chan, JC; Chow, CC; Ko, GT; Kong, AP; Luk, AO; Ma, RC; Ng, VW; Ozaki, R; So, WY; Tong, PC; Yang, X; Yu, LW, 2010)
"Initiating treatment of type 2 diabetes with glibenclamide or glipizide is associated with increased risk of CAD in comparison to gliclazide or glimepiride."	1.35	Risk of coronary artery disease associated with initial sulphonylurea treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes: a matched case-control study. ( Mogensen, CE; Sadikot, SM, 2008)
"A total of 400 patients with type 2 diabetes, who were > or = 35 years old and who had been treated with metformin and a sulphonylurea for at least 6 months, completed questionnaires during their usual primary care office visit."	1.35	Hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with a combination of metformin and sulphonylurea therapy in France. ( Krishnarajah, G; Lyu, R; Mavros, P; Vexiau, P; Yin, D, 2008)
"A diabetic patient with chronic renal failure who developed recurrent and prolonged episodes of hypoglycemia associated with use of sulfonylurea agent is presented here."	1.32	Use of octreotide to treat prolonged sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia in a patient with chronic renal failure. ( Edeki, T; Nzerue, CM; Thomas, J; Volcy, J, 2003)
"Nateglinide (Nateg) was administered to elicit only an early insulin secretory response and glipizide (Glip) to elicit a later but greater insulin secretory response."	1.31	Early insulin release effectively improves glucose tolerance: studies in two rodent models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( Chen, W; de Souza, CJ; Dragonas, N; Gagen, K, 2001)
"To compare prescribing, dosage and blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes in two communities with differences in anti-hyperglycaemic drug utilization."	1.31	Differences in pharmacotherapy and in glucose control of type 2 diabetes patients in two neighbouring towns: a longitudinal population-based study. ( Gottsäter, M; Lindberg, G; Lindwall, K; Melander, A; Olsson, J; Tisell, A, 2001)
"We evaluated differences in adherence and persistence with prescribed therapy of once-daily (OD) dosing compared with twice-daily (BID) dosing of glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes."	1.31	Effects of once-daily and twice-daily dosing on adherence with prescribed glipizide oral therapy for type 2 diabetes. ( Dezii, CM; Kawabata, H; Tran, M, 2002)
"Sixteen patients with NIDDM who had demonstrated a fall in fasting plasma glucose concentration > 2."	1.29	Effect of metformin on postprandial lipemia in patients with fairly to poorly controlled NIDDM. ( Chen, YD; Jeppesen, J; Reaven, GM; Zhou, MY, 1994)
"In glipizide-treated BB rats at 240 days, only 44% of rats had islet inflammation compared to 86% in the control group (P < 0."	1.29	Glipizide-induced prevention of diabetes and autoimmune events in the BB rat. ( Chan, E; Charles, MA; Hosszufalusi, N; Reinherz, L; Takei, S, 1994)
"Glipizide therapy also was ineffective in improving plasma insulin levels, which were significantly depressed in the diabetic group."	1.29	Effects of chronic glipizide treatment on the NIDD heart. ( Schaffer, SW; Warner, BA; Wilson, GL, 1993)
"in 22 NIDDM subjects refractory to a combination of Sulphonylureas and Biguanides was analysed."	1.28	Effect of bed time intermediate acting insulin in NIDDM subjects refractory to a combination of sulphonylureas and biguanides. ( Madhavan, R; Sankaran, JR; Seshasaianam, C; Seshiah, V; Shanker, R; Sundaram, A; Venkataraman, S, 1992)
"Weight loss was maintained throughout the study, which lasted 24 weeks."	1.28	Relationships between the amount of weight loss and post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity in patients with type II diabetes. ( Darga, LL; Holden, JH; Jen, KL; Kasim, SE; Khilnani, S; Lucas, CP; Patton, S, 1991)
"Nineteen patients with Type 2 diabetes were treated with glipizide for 2."	1.28	Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in association with glipizide treatment of type 2 diabetes. ( Chen, YD; Foley, JE; Hollenbeck, CB; Jeng, CY; Reaven, GM; Wu, MS, 1991)
"We conclude that metabolic control in NIDDM patients failing to respond to therapy with maximum dose GB or GZ is not improved by switching to the alternate SGS."	1.28	Crossover comparison of maximum dose glyburide and glipizide. ( Kidd, GS; McDermott, MT; Simcic, KJ; White, JC, 1991)
"The glipizide regimen was discontinued; 2 months later, the stool coproporphyrins had decreased to normal levels."	1.28	A coproporphyria-like syndrome induced by glipizide. ( Moder, KG; Schwenk, NM, 1991)
" This case suggests that, when TMP/SMX is combined with glipizide, patients should be closely monitored, especially those at high risk for hypoglycemia."	1.28	Symptomatic hypoglycemia secondary to a glipizide-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole drug interaction. ( Dobmeier, ME; Johnson, JF, 1990)
"Treatment with Glipizide went on in 95% of previously untreated patients and in 90% of patients with previous oral hypoglycemias, with a mean daily dose of 10 mg (2 tablets)."	1.28	[Glipizide in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. ( Luis Iriarte, J, 1989)
"The effects of glipizide treatment on insulin sensitivity, glucose-mediated insulin secretion, and glucose utilization were measured in newly diagnosed or untreated patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus."	1.27	Mechanism of action of the second-generation sulfonylurea glipizide. ( Feinglos, MN; Lebovitz, HE, 1983)
"Glipizide is a "second generation" sulfonylurea compound, and in this study the effects of several months of glipizide treatment on various aspects of glucose, insulin, and lipid metabolism were documented in 23 patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus."	1.27	Effect of glipizide treatment on various aspects of glucose, insulin, and lipid metabolism in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. ( Reaven, GM, 1983)
"Glipizide has the most rapid absorption and onset of action, as well as the shortest half-life and effect-duration; hence the risk of long-lasting hypoglycemia is minute."	1.27	Clinical pharmacology of glipizide. ( Melander, A; Wåhlin-Boll, E, 1983)
"We suggest that treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypoglycemic sulfonylureas could improve insulin effects by inhibiting cellular transglutaminase activity."	1.27	The effect of hypoglycemic sulfonylureas on human red blood cell transglutaminase activity. ( Arroyo, J; Casamitjana, R; Casanovas, A; Coves, MJ; Gomis, R; Rivera, F; Sarto, A; Vilardell, E, 1988)
"During the hyperglycemic clamp in NIDDM subjects, the first-phase plasma insulin response was absent, and the second-phase insulin response was markedly impaired."	1.27	Different effects of glyburide and glipizide on insulin secretion and hepatic glucose production in normal and NIDDM subjects. ( DeFronzo, RA; Groop, L; Groop, PH; Luzi, L; Melander, A; Ratheiser, K; Simonson, DC, 1987)
"10 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (6 men and 4 women, mean age 49."	1.27	[Clinical efficacy of a Minidiab preparation (glipizide) in an acute experiment]. ( Borisova, AM; Georgieva, R; Koev, D; Taneva, T, 1988)
"Glipizide was extremely well tolerated, with no significant side effects."	1.27	Evaluation of first-generation sulfonylureas and glipizide in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. ( Beckman, F; Beisswenger, PJ; Dias, N, 1987)

Research

Studies (272)

Authors

Clinical Trials (63)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Adjusted Mean Change in Body Weight

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	57 (20.96)	18.7374
1990's	80 (29.41)	18.2507
2000's	58 (21.32)	29.6817
2010's	61 (22.43)	24.3611
2020's	16 (5.88)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Mao, G	1
Zheng, S	1
Li, J	3
Liu, X	1
Zhou, Q	1
Cao, J	1
Zhang, Q	1
Zheng, L	1
Wang, L	4
Qi, C	1
Sagandira, CR	1
Khasipo, AZ	1
Watts, P	1
Kim, NT	1
Cho, CK	1
Kang, P	1
Park, HJ	1
Lee, YJ	1
Bae, JW	1
Jang, CG	1
Lee, SY	1
K P, SH	1
K A, AR	1
Medammal, Z	1
Thayyil, MS	1
Babu, TD	1
Samms, RJ	1
Cheng, CC	1
Fourcaudot, M	1
Heikkinen, S	1
Khattab, A	1
Adams, J	1
Cersosimo, E	1
Triplitt, C	1
Puckett, C	1
Tsintzas, K	1
Adams, AC	1
Abdul-Ghani, MA	1
DeFronzo, RA	4
Norton, L	1
Dorsey-Trevino, EG	1
Kaur, V	3
Mercader, JM	1
Florez, JC	4
Leong, A	1
Zhang, X	1
Ren, H	2
Zhao, C	1
Shi, Z	1
Qiu, L	1
Yang, F	1
Zhou, X	1
Han, X	2
Wu, K	1
Zhong, H	2
Li, Y	3
Ji, L	1
Volke, V	1
Katus, U	1
Johannson, A	1
Toompere, K	1
Heinla, K	1
Rünkorg, K	1
Uusküla, A	1
Solanki, R	1
Wadhwana, P	1
Patel, R	1
Gayakvad, B	1
Kothari, C	1
Patel, C	1
Guo, X	1
Huang, Z	1
Ge, Q	1
Yang, L	1
Liang, D	1
Huang, Y	1
Jiang, Y	1
Pathak, JL	1
Ge, L	1
Peng, X	1
Chen, S	1
Zhong, L	2
Wu, C	1
Chen, W	2
Yang, J	3
Zeng, J	2
Tang, S	1
Anwer, R	1
AlQumaizi, KI	1
Haque, S	1
Somvanshi, P	1
Ahmad, N	1
AlOsaimi, SM	1
Fatma, T	1
Fralick, M	1
Gagne, JJ	3
Patorno, E	1
Levin, R	1
Kesselheim, AS	1
Dhopeshwarkar, N	1
Brensinger, CM	3
Bilker, WB	3
Soprano, SE	1
Flory, JH	2
Dawwas, GK	1
Hennessy, S	4
Leonard, CE	4
Fang, D	1
Yang, Y	1
Cui, M	1
Pan, H	1
Li, P	1
Wu, W	1
Qiao, S	1
Pan, W	1
Hee Nam, Y	1
Zhou, M	2
Wang, SV	1
Fuller, C	1
Hampp, C	1
Archdeacon, P	1
Toh, S	1
Iyer, A	1
Woodworth, TS	1
Cavagnaro, E	1
Panozzo, CA	1
Axtman, S	1
Carnahan, RM	1
Chrischilles, EA	1
Douros, A	1
Yin, H	1
Yu, OHY	1
Filion, KB	1
Azoulay, L	1
Suissa, S	1
Gu, Y	1
Wang, X	3
Zhang, Y	4
Liu, R	1
Zhang, D	1
Feng, Q	1
Xie, X	1
Hong, J	4
Liu, W	1
Ma, J	1
Su, Q	3
Zhang, H	1
Zhao, X	1
Gu, W	1
Bi, Y	2
Peng, Y	1
Xu, X	2
Xia, H	1
Li, F	1
Yang, H	1
Xu, G	2
Madsen, L	1
Kristiansen, K	1
Ning, G	4
Wang, W	3
Srinivasan, S	1
Chamarthi, B	3
Littleton, KR	3
Chen, L	2
Manning, AK	2
Merino, J	1
Thomas, MK	2
Hudson, M	1
Goldfine, A	2
Challier, C	1
Laurella, S	1
Allegretti, P	1
Sabini, C	1
Sabini, L	1
García, NA	1
Biasutti, A	1
Criado, S	1
Chaudhari, S	1
Zambad, S	1
Ali, M	1
Cordiner, RLM	1
Pearson, ER	1
Huang, HK	1
Yeh, JI	1
Nauck, M	4
Del Prato, S	8
Meier, JJ	2
Durán-García, S	4
Rohwedder, K	4
Elze, M	2
Parikh, SJ	3
Rosenstock, J	3
Wilson, C	3
Fleck, P	3
Göke, B	2
Gallwitz, B	2
Eriksson, JG	2
Hellqvist, Å	2
Gause-Nilsson, I	2
Sun, X	1
Du, L	1
Yuan, Q	1
Li, H	3
Tian, H	1
Wheeler, S	1
Moore, K	1
Forsberg, CW	1
Riley, K	1
Floyd, JS	1
Smith, NL	1
Boyko, EJ	1
Walford, GA	2
Davis, J	2
Warner, AS	2
Ackerman, RJ	2
Billings, LK	2
Fanelli, RR	2
Hernandez, AM	2
Huang, C	3
Khan, SQ	2
Lo, J	2
McCarthy, RM	2
Rhee, EP	1
Deik, A	1
Stolerman, E	1
Taylor, A	2
Hudson, MS	2
Wang, TJ	1
Altshuler, D	1
Grant, RW	2
Clish, CB	1
Gerszten, RE	1
Tong, GY	1
Yang, HJ	1
Cai, MY	1
Ma, JH	1
Liang, J	1
Xin, B	1
Miao, H	1
Peng, ZH	1
Zhu, DL	1
Lund, SS	1
Gong, Y	1
Lai, S	3
Mintz, ML	1
Minervini, G	2
Maffioli, P	1
Derosa, G	1
Nauck, MA	3
Langkilde, AM	1
Sugg, J	1
Hu, C	1
Lv, A	2
Dong, Y	2
Zhou, Z	2
Tang, W	2
Zhao, J	2
Cui, L	2
Zou, D	2
Wang, D	2
Liu, C	2
Wu, G	2
Shen, J	2
Zhu, D	2
Shen, W	2
Liu, XH	1
Li, XM	1
Han, CC	1
Fang, XF	1
Ma, L	1
Camisasca, R	1
Cook, W	1
Bryzinski, B	1
Hirshberg, B	1
Mogensen, UM	1
Andersson, C	1
Fosbøl, EL	1
Schramm, TK	1
Vaag, A	1
Scheller, NM	1
Torp-Pedersen, C	1
Gislason, G	1
Køber, L	1
Simpson, SH	2
Lee, J	1
Choi, S	1
Vandermeer, B	1
Abdelmoneim, AS	2
Featherstone, TR	1
Maffei, L	1
Theuerkauf, A	1
Parikh, S	1
Colomo, N	1
Todd, JN	1
Fernandez, M	1
Lanier, A	1
Barbato, C	1
Bui, R	1
Garber, L	1
Stolerman, ES	1
Moore, AF	1
Harden, M	1
Huang, P	1
Wexler, D	1
Xiao, CC	1
Ren, A	1
Ye, SD	1
Xing, XN	1
Li, SM	1
Chen, C	1
Chen, RP	1
Matsuda, R	1
Li, Z	3
Zheng, X	1
Hage, DS	1
Kurani, P	1
Steenkamp, D	1
Romley, JA	1
Gong, C	1
Jena, AB	1
Goldman, DP	1
Williams, B	1
Peters, A	1
Chaudhari, P	1
Chiang, C	1
Li, L	1
Chan, JC	3
Scott, R	1
Arjona Ferreira, JC	2
Sheng, D	3
Gonzalez, E	1
Davies, MJ	3
Stein, PP	3
Kaufman, KD	5
Amatruda, JM	2
Williams-Herman, D	2
Sadikot, SM	1
Mogensen, CE	1
Ratner, RE	2
Cannon, CP	1
Gerstein, HC	1
Nesto, RW	2
Serruys, PW	2
Van Es, GA	1
Kolatkar, NS	2
Kravitz, BG	2
Zalewski, A	1
Fitzgerald, PJ	1
Glatstein, MM	1
Djokanovic, N	1
Garcia-Bournissen, F	1
Finkelstein, Y	1
Koren, G	1
Garber, SM	1
Pound, MW	1
Miller, SM	1
Mu, J	2
Petrov, A	1
Eiermann, GJ	1
Woods, J	2
Zhou, YP	2
Zycband, E	2
Feng, Y	2
Zhu, L	2
Roy, RS	2
Howard, AD	2
Li, C	2
Thornberry, NA	2
Zhang, BB	2
Agrawal, A	1
Bao, YQ	1
Zhou, J	1
Cheng, YJ	1
Lu, W	1
Pan, XP	1
Tang, JL	1
Lu, HJ	1
Jia, WP	1
Kelesidis, T	1
Canseco, E	1
Pantalone, KM	3
Kattan, MW	3
Yu, C	3
Wells, BJ	3
Arrigain, S	3
Jain, A	3
Atreja, A	3
Zimmerman, RS	3
Seck, T	2
Sunga, S	1
Hurren, KM	1
Bartley, EP	1
O'Neill, JL	1
Ronis, DL	1
Basu, A	2
Basu, R	1
Pattan, V	1
Rizza, RA	2
Jensen, MD	2
Tirkkonen, T	1
Heikkilä, P	1
Huupponen, R	2
Laine, K	1
Eriksson, J	2
Yang, X	1
So, WY	1
Ma, RC	1
Yu, LW	1
Ko, GT	1
Kong, AP	1
Ng, VW	1
Luk, AO	1
Ozaki, R	1
Tong, PC	1
Chow, CC	2
Kasabri, V	1
Afifi, FU	1
Hamdan, I	1
García-García, HM	1
Garg, S	1
Brugaletta, S	1
Morocutti, G	1
Miller, DM	1
Patel, RB	1
Patel, GN	1
Patel, HR	1
Patel, MM	1
Seck, TL	1
Engel, SS	1
Williams-Herman, DE	1
Sisk, CM	2
Golm, GT	2
Wang, H	1
Goldstein, BJ	5
Hasenbank, SE	1
Seubert, JM	1
Brocks, DR	1
Light, PE	1
Nutter, B	1
Erhardt, W	1
Bergenheim, K	1
Duprat-Lomon, I	1
McEwan, P	1
Gallagher, EJ	1
Courgi, R	1
Heiba, S	1
Tamler, R	1
Patel, MB	1
Elmore, LK	1
Edgerton, LP	1
Whalin, LM	1
Krobot, KJ	1
Ferrante, SA	1
Meininger, GE	1
Kaur, R	1
Afzal, M	1
Kazmi, I	1
Ahamd, I	1
Ahmed, Z	1
Ali, B	1
Ahmad, S	1
Anwar, F	1
Plosker, GL	2
Marre, M	1
Barzilai, N	1
Guo, H	1
Rosak, C	1
Forst, T	1
Cozma, LS	1
Luzio, SD	1
Dunseath, GJ	1
Langendorg, KW	1
Pieber, T	1
Owens, DR	1
Edwards, IJ	1
Terry, JG	2
Bell-Farrow, AD	1
Cefalu, WT	2
Schneider, DJ	1
Carlson, HE	1
Migdal, P	1
Gan Lim, L	1
Izon, MP	1
Kapoor, A	1
Bell-Farrow, A	1
Sobel, BE	1
Carroll, MF	2
Izard, A	1
Riboni, K	1
Burge, MR	2
Schade, DS	4
Nzerue, CM	1
Thomas, J	1
Volcy, J	1
Edeki, T	1
Osei, K	3
Rhinesmith, S	2
Gaillard, T	2
Schuster, D	2
Samuel, J	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effect of Acarbose and Vildagliptin on Visceral Fat Distribution in Overweight and Obesity Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Control Study[NCT02999841]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Recruiting
Effects of Bashan,a Vegetable Plant Based Compound Drink , on Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Its Related Mechanisms[NCT05333822]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-01	Active, not recruiting
Study to Understand the Genetics of the Acute Response to Metformin and Glipizide in Humans[NCT01762046]	Phase 1	1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Active, not recruiting
A 52-Week International, Multi-centre, Randomised, Parallel-group, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Phase III Study With a 156-Week Extension Period to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Combination With Metformin Compared With Sulphonyl[NCT00660907]	Phase 3	1,217 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
A 52-Week International, Multi-centre, Randomized, Parallel-group, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Phase III Study With a 52-Week Extension Period to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Saxagliptin in Combination With Metformin Compared With Sulphonylure[NCT00575588]	Phase 3	891 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Completed
A Study of the Effects of Dapagliflozin on Ambulatory Aortic Pressure, Arterial Stiffness and Urine Albumin Excretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes[NCT02887677]	Phase 4	85 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Terminated (stopped due to On February 2019 Astra-Zeneca Greece decided to stop the financial support of the study.)
Effectiveness of the Treatment With Dapagliflozin and Metformin Compared to Metformin Monotherapy for Weight Loss on Diabetic and Prediabetic Patients With Obesity Class III[NCT03968224]	Phase 2/Phase 3	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-07-07	Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Saxagliptin Added to Insulin Monotherapy or to Insulin in Combination With Metformin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on Ins[NCT00757588]	Phase 3	455 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Active-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Saxagliptin in Combination With Metformin IR as Initial Therapy Compared to Saxagliptin Monotherapy and to Metformin IR Monotherapy in Subjects[NCT00327015]	Phase 3	1,306 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-05-31	Completed
Prospective, Parallel Goups Study, Aimed to Evaluating Possible Benefits of the Treatment of New Generation Hypoglycaemic Drugs Compared to Sulphonylureas for the Tratment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus[NCT04272359]		138 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2019-05-06	Recruiting
Sitagliptin Study in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Renal Insufficiency[NCT00095056]	Phase 3	91 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-10-31	Completed
A Phase III, 18 Month, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial to Compare Rosiglitazone Versus Glipizide on the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease (APPROACH)[NCT00116831]	Phase 3	672 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
Comparison of Diabetes Retinopathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Treated With Different Regimens: a Multicentre Randomized Parallel-group Clinical Trial[NCT02587741]	Early Phase 1	600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Recruiting
A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Addition of MK0431 Compared With Sulfonylurea Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With Inadequate Glycemic Control on Metformin Monotherapy[NCT00094770]	Phase 3	1,172 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-09-30	Completed
Effect of Anti-diabetic Drugs on Glycemic Variability. A Comparison Between Gliclazide MR (Modified Release) and Dapagliflozin on Glycemic Variability Measured by Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Patients With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes[NCT02925559]	Phase 4	135 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
Use of Dapagliflozin to Reduce Burden of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation of Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation (DAPA-AF) Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Trial[NCT04792190]	Phase 4	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-07-27	Completed
Short-term Effects of Dapagliflozin on Fasting and Postprandial Glucose Homeostasis in Male Type 1 Diabetes Patients.[NCT02211742]	Phase 4	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
Phase 4 Study on the Prognosis and Effect of Anti-diabetic Drugs on Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus With Coronary Artery Disease[NCT00513630]	Phase 4	304 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-06-30	Completed
A Randomized Phase 3 Trial of Metformin in Patients Initiating Androgen Deprivation Therapy as Prevention and Intervention of Metabolic Syndrome: The Prime Study[NCT03031821]	Phase 3	168 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-12	Terminated (stopped due to Manufacturer discontinued the production of study drugs.)
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Sitagliptin Versus Glipizide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Renal Insufficiency Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control[NCT00509262]	Phase 3	426 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-10-09	Completed
[NCT02620813]	Early Phase 1	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
The Effects of Co-administration of Colesevelam and Sitagliptin on Glucose Metabolism in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes[NCT01092663]		61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
ORAL ANTIDIABETICS EFFECT ON VISCERAL FAT MEASURED BY BIOIMPEDANCE IN TYPE 2 DIABETES PATIENTS. Pilot Study.[NCT05032001]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-01	Enrolling by invitation
Glycemic Control Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Hemodialyzed Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Treated Via the Basal-Bolus Detemir-Aspart Insulin Regimen: A Pilot Study[NCT01828970]	Phase 4	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness Analysis of a Telemonitoring Program on Lifestyle for People With Type 2 Diabetes at Home. Study Based on a Health Network in Diabetology.[NCT01955031]		282 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
The Study to Investigate the Contribution of Basal and Post-prandial Blood Glucose to Overall Glycaemia in Subjects With Normal Glycaemic Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes[NCT02648685]		337 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-11-30	Completed
Phase 1 Study To Determine the Effects of Short Term Near-infrared Light (NIR) Therapy on Anatomic and Functional Abnormalities of Diabetic Macular Edema, and Assess Safety of Short Term Near-infrared Light Therapy in Eyes With Diabetic Macular Edema.[NCT00846092]	Phase 1	4 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-11-30	Completed
Carbohydrate Days as Simple and Efficient Therapy for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Resistance: Oatmeal and Insulin Resistance (OMA-IR).[NCT00401453]	Phase 3	15 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
Time in Glucose Hospital Target (TIGHT) - A Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Use of CGM to Achieve a Mean Glucose Target of 90 to 130 mg/dL Without Hypoglycemia in Hospitalized Adults With Type 2 Diabetes[NCT05135676]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-10	Recruiting
A Multicentre Observational Study to Investigate the Improvement in Glucose FLuctuation of Sufficient Acarbose Therapy on Type 2 Diabetes Patient With High Blood Glucose Fluctuation[NCT03805191]		900 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-01-01	Recruiting
The Effectiveness of Nurse Practitioner Led Group Visits in Improving Compliance With Diabetic Preventative Services and Modifying Vascular Risk[NCT00204282]		150 participants	Interventional	2003-08-31	Completed
Effects and Safety of GUideline Algorithm Based Intervention on CaRdiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Elderly Diabetic Patients With High Cardiovascular Risk in the Community- A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (GUARD-Community Study)[NCT05349955]		5,600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-21	Recruiting
Comparative Effects of Empagliflozin Versus Glimepiride After 26-weeks of Treatment Add on Metformin on Myocardial Metabolic Rate of Glucose Estimated Through 18FDG-PET in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes[NCT04183868]	Phase 4	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-30	Completed
Randomized Trial to Assess the Effect of Using Alternate Site Blood Glucose Testing Versus Finger-Tip Testing on Long-Term Glycemic Control.[NCT00207207]	Phase 1	174 participants	Interventional	2003-07-31	Completed
GLUCOSE : Glucose Lowering by Usual Care Or Specialized Endocrinology Team[NCT00248352]		212 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
The Impact of Liraglutide on Glucose Tolerance and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women With Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus[NCT01795248]	Phase 4	105 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Completed
"The Effect of Rehabilitation of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Versus Standard Outpatient Care. A Randomized Controlled Trial."[NCT00284609]		180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
Effect of Different Doses of Salacinol Extract on Glycemic and Insulinemic Response in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes[NCT00306072]	Phase 1/Phase 2	82 participants	Interventional	2005-06-30	Completed
Effectiveness and Tolerability of Novel, Initial Triple Combination Therapy With Xigduo (Dapagliflozin Plus Metformin) and Saxagliptin vs. Conventional Stepwise add-on Therapy in Drug-naïve Patients With Type 2 Diabetes[NCT02946632]	Phase 3	104 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Not yet recruiting
PRecisiOn MEdicine to Target Frailty of Endocrine-metabolic Origin[NCT04856683]		1,100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-08-10	Recruiting
A 16-wk, Uni-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel, Phase 3b Trial to Evaluate Efficacy of Saxagliptin + Dapagliflozin vs.Dapagliflozin With Regard to EGP in T2DM With Insufficient Glycemic Control on Metformin+/-Sulfonylurea Therapy[NCT02613897]		56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
Efficacy of a Virtual Care Clinic in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus[NCT02681185]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-01	Terminated (stopped due to enrollment not satisfied)
Investigating if an Internet-Based Glucose Monitoring System is as Effective as Medication at Reducing HbA1c Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus[NCT02185755]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
The Effect of a Checklist on the Quality of Education During Insulin Initiation by Trained Medical Students: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02313805]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Recruiting
Intravitreal Injections of Ziv-aflibercept for Macular Diseases: Diabetic Macular Edema, Wet AMD and Macular Edema Secondary to Vein Occlusons[NCT02556723]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
Differences in Hemoglobin Glycation Rate in Diabete Mellitus Patients[NCT01213277]		25 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Suspended (stopped due to a pilot study of 7 patients did not reveal a temperature dependent difference in glycation rates)
HbA1c as an Early Serologic Marker for the Hemodynamic Progression of Stage A Heart[NCT04450576]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-12-20	Active, not recruiting
From Clinic to Community: Using Peer Support as a Transition Model for Improving Long-term Diabetes-related Health Outcomes[NCT02804620]	Early Phase 1	228 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Recruiting
Research on Human Insulin rDNA (Insuget) Safety and Efficacy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus[NCT05161741]	Phase 4	238 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Completed
Does Glycated Hemoglobin Variability in Type 2 Diabetes Differ Depending on the Diabetes Treatment Threshold Used in the Qatari Population: Implication on Diabetes Complication Risk?[NCT02879409]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Internet Therapeutic Intervention on A1C Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Monotherapy[NCT01044368]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Suspended (stopped due to To focus on a similar study NCT01175408 prior to recruiting participants.)
STAMPEDE: Surgical Therapy And Medications Potentially Eradicate Diabetes Efficiently[NCT00432809]		150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-02-28	Completed
Variability of Glucose Assessed in a Randomized Trial Comparing the Initiation of A Treatment Approach With Biosimilar Basal Insulin Analog Or a Titratable iGlarLixi combinatioN in Type 2 Diabetes Among South Asian Subjects (VARIATION 2 SA Trial)[NCT03819790]	Phase 4	119 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-02	Completed
A Multi-centre, Open-labeled, Randomized, Parallel Study on Liver Fat Content and Visceral Fat Mass in Overweight and Obese Type 2 Diabetes Patients After 26 Weeks Treatment With Insulin Detemir Once Daily Versus Insulin NPH Once Daily[NCT01310452]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Active, not recruiting
The Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Elderly Diabetic Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study[NCT04544527]		10,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-09-01	Recruiting
Protocol: Comparing the Effect of Using an Internet-Based Glucose Monitoring System Versus the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System on HbA1c Levels in Type 2 DM[NCT01162694]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Suspended (stopped due to Study was expanded and included in another study.)
Effect of Internet Therapeutic Intervention on A1C Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Combination Oral Therapy[NCT01060241]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Suspended (stopped due to Other projects warranted more attention)
Blood Monitoring and Data Acquisition and Utilization in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Insulin[NCT01175408]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Completed
Addition of Liraglutide to Overweight Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Multiple Daily Insulin Injections (MDI) With Inadequate Glycaemic Control[NCT02113332]	Phase 2	124 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
SEMAGLUTIDE VERSUS GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. EFFECTIVENESS , SAFETY AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS 2. OBSERVATIONAL, PROSPECTIVE AND MULTICENTER STUDY. SEVERAL STUDY.[NCT05136287]		140 participants (Actual)	Observational	2022-02-01	Active, not recruiting
A Prospective Consortium Evaluating the Long-term Follow-up of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Enrolled In a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Bariatric Surgery Versus Medical Management[NCT02328599]		302 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-04-10	Enrolling by invitation
Health Benefits of Aerobic and Resistance Training in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes[NCT00458133]		262 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Victoza Efficacy in the Regression of Cardiovascular Dysfunction In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus[NCT01761318]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

To assess the effect of dapagliflozin plus metformin compared to glipizide plus metformin on body weight after 52 weeks double-blind treatment. (NCT00660907)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 52

Adjusted Mean Change in HbA1c Levels

Intervention	kg (Least Squares Mean)
Dapagliflozin Plus Metformin	-3.22
Glipizide Plus Metformin	1.44

To assess the effect of dapagliflozin plus metformin compared to glipizide plus metformin on the absolute change from baseline in HbA1c level after 52 weeks double-blind treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control on 1500 mg/day or higher doses of metformin therapy alone. (NCT00660907)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 52

Proportion of Participants With at Least One Episode of Hypoglycemia

Intervention	percent (Least Squares Mean)
Dapagliflozin Plus Metformin	-0.52
Glipizide Plus Metformin	-0.52

To assess the effect of dapagliflozin plus metformin treatment compared to glipizide plus metformin on the occurrence of hypoglycemic events. Least Squares Mean represents the percent of participants adjusted for HbA1c baseline value. (NCT00660907)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 52

Proportion of Participants With Body Weight Reduction of at Least 5%

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Least Squares Mean)
Dapagliflozin Plus Metformin	3.5
Glipizide Plus Metformin	40.8

To evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin plus metformin compared to glipizide plus metformin on body weight assessed by a reduction after 52 weeks of at least 5% compared to baseline. Least Squares Mean represents the percent of participants adjusted for baseline value. (NCT00660907)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 52

Mean Slope of the Regressions of Change From Week 24 to Week 104 in HbA1c

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Least Squares Mean)
Dapagliflozin Plus Metformin	33.3
Glipizide Plus Metformin	2.5

Mean slopes of regression of change from Week 24 to Week 104 in HbA1c for saxagliptin added on to metformin versus glipizide added on to metformin (Full Analysis Set) achieved by fitting a mixed model with subject specific slopes for the time effect (weeks on randomized treatment was utilized). This analysis gives an assessment of the durability of the HbA1c effect. (NCT00575588)
Timeframe: Week 24 to Week 104

Mean Slope of the Regressions of Change From Week 24 to Week 52 in HbA1c

Intervention	Percent (Mean)
Saxagliptin + Metformin	0.0041
Glipizide + Metformin	0.0076

Mean slopes of regression of change from Week 24 to Week 52 in HbA1c for saxagliptin added on to metformin versus glipizide added on to metformin (Per Protocol Analysis Set) achieved by fitting a mixed model with subject specific slopes for the time effect (weeks on randomized treatment was utilized). This analysis gives an assessment of the durability of the HbA1c effect. (NCT00575588)
Timeframe: Week 24 to Week 52

Proportion of Participants Reporting at Least One Episode of Any Hypoglycaemic Event Over 104 Weeks

Intervention	Percent (Mean)
Saxagliptin + Metformin	0.001
Glipizide + Metformin	0.004

Proportion of participants reporting at least one episode of any hypoglycaemic event for saxagliptin added on to metformin versus glipizide added on to metformin over 104 weeks (Safety Analysis Set) (NCT00575588)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104

Proportion of Participants Reporting at Least One Episode of Any Hypoglycaemic Event Over 52 Weeks

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Saxagliptin + Metformin	3.5
Glipizide + Metformin	38.4

Proportion of participants reporting at least one episode of any hypoglycaemic event for saxagliptin added on to metformin versus glipizide added on to metformin over 52 weeks (Safety Analysis Set) (NCT00575588)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Week 52

Body Weight Change From Baseline to Week 104

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Saxagliptin + Metformin	3
Glipizide + Metformin	36.3

Adjusted mean change from baseline in Body Weight achieved with saxagliptin added on to metformin versus glipizide added on to metformin at Week 104. Body Weight is a continuous measure, the change from baseline for each participant is calculated as the Week 104 value minus the baseline value. (NCT00575588)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104

Body Weight Change From Baseline to Week 52

Intervention	kilograms (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 104	Adjusted Change from Baseline to Week 104
Glipizide + Metformin	88.57	89.80	1.29
Saxagliptin + Metformin	88.69	87.47	-1.47

Adjusted mean change from baseline in Body Weight achieved with saxagliptin added on to metformin versus glipizide added on to metformin at Week 52 (Safety Analysis Set). Body Weight is a continuous measure, the change from baseline for each participant is calculated as the Week 52 (LOCF) value minus the baseline value. (NCT00575588)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52 (Last Observation Carried Forward)

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Change From Baseline to Week 104

Intervention	kilogram (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 52	Adjusted Change from Baseline to Week 52
Glipizide + Metformin	88.6	89.7	1.1
Saxagliptin + Metformin	88.7	87.6	-1.1

Adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c achieved with saxagliptin added on to metformin versus glipizide added on to metformin at Week 104 (Full Analysis Set). HbA1c is a continuous measure, the change from baseline for each participant is calculated as the Week 104 value minus the baseline value. (NCT00575588)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Change From Baseline to Week 52

Intervention	Percent (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 104	Adjusted Change from Baseline to Week 104
Glipizide + Metformin	7.65	7.27	-0.35
Saxagliptin + Metformin	7.65	7.27	-0.41

Adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c achieved with saxagliptin added on to metformin versus glipizide added on to metformin at Week 52 (Per Protocol Analysis Set). HbA1c is a continuous measure, the change from baseline for each participant is calculated as the Week 52 value minus the baseline value. (NCT00575588)
Timeframe: Baseline to 52 Weeks

Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in A1C Levels (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])

Intervention	Percent (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 52	Adjusted Change from Baseline to Week 52
Glipizide + Metformin	7.53	6.71	-0.80
Saxagliptin + Metformin	7.46	6.74	-0.74

Change from baseline: post-pre. Adjusted for baseline (value and metformin use). ANCOVA model: difference between week t and baseline values=baseline values + treatment + metformin use (NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 24

Change From Baseline in 120-minute PPG Values During an MTT

Intervention	Percentage of change (Mean)
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	-0.73
Placebo + Insulin	-0.32

An MTT is a 2-part test that measures glucose and insulin levels after an overnight fast and before ingesting a meal consisting of a nutritional drink and power bar and again at prespecified times (30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes) after the start of ingestion of the meal. (NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 24

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose Values

Change From Baseline in Mean Total Daily Dose of Insulin (MTDDI) (LOCF)

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	-27.2
Placebo + Insulin	-4.2

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	-10.1
Placebo + Insulin	-6.1

Based on information recorded in the participant's daily diary. The MTDDI was calculated at every visit using the values patients recorded since the last regularly scheduled visit (minimum of 80% of days with a value). At every visit, the MTDDI was compared with the participant's baseline MTDDI (measured during a 4-week lead-in period) to identify any changes in insulin use at that visit compared with insulin use at baseline. (NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 24

Change From Baseline in Postprandial Glucose (PPG) Area Under the Curve (AUC) Response to an Meal Tolerance Test (MTT)

Intervention	Units (Mean)
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	1.71
Placebo + Insulin	5.01

Number of Participants With Abnormal Changes From Baseline in Electrocardiogram (ECG) Results

Intervention	mg*min/dL (Mean)
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	-4548.5
Placebo + Insulin	-718.8

"ECG abnormalities included those in nonspecific other categories (Other nonspecific ST/T, Other intraventricular conduction defect, Other, and Other rhythm abnormalities)and nonspecific findings, such as sinus bradycardia, sinus arrythmia, sinus tachycardia, poor R-wave progression, and ventricular premature contractions." (NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 52

Percentage of Participants Achieving a Therapeutic Glycemic Response

Intervention	Participants (Number)
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	15
Placebo + Insulin	11

Therapeutic glycemic response is defined as an A1C<7%. Significance was not interpreted with a p value. (NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 24

Mean Changes From Baseline in Heart Rate

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	17.3
Placebo + Insulin	6.7

(NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 36, 44, and 52

Mean Changes From Baseline in Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Readings

Intervention	Beats per minute (Number)
	Week 2 (n=294, 147)	Week 4 (n=293, 144)	Week 6 (n=280, 141)	Week 8 (n=290, 142)	Week 12 (n=286, 144)	Week 16 (n=278, 139)	Week 20 (n=276, 137)	Week 24 (n=273, 134)	Week 28 (n=264, 132)	Week 36 (n=261, 129)	Week 44 (n=250, 125)	Week 52 (n=246, 125)
Placebo + Insulin	-0.7	-1.0	-0.9	-0.7	0.2	-0.6	0.4	-1.0	-0.6	-0.0	-0.7	0.2
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	-0.5	-0.5	-0.5	-0.0	0.3	-1.0	-0.5	0.0	-1.0	0.0	0.2	-0.3

(NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 36, 44, and 52

Number of Participants With at Least 1 Adverse Event (AE), at Least 1 Treatment-related AE, Death as Outcome, at Least 1 Serious Adverse Event (SAE), at Least 1 Treatment-related SAE, Discontinuations Due to SAEs, and Discontinuations Due to AEs

Intervention	mm Hg (Number)
	Systolic blood pressure (Week 2) (n=294, 147)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 4) (n=293, 144)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 6) (n=280, 141)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 8) (n=290, 142)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 12) (n=286, 144)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 16) (n=278, 139)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 20) (n=276, 137)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 24) (n=273, 134)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 28) (n=264, 132)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 36) (n=261, 129)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 44) (n=250, 125)	Systolic blood pressure (Week 52) (n=246, 125)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 2) (n=294, 147)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 4) (n=293, 144)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 6) (n=280, 141)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 8) (n=290, 142)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 12) (n=286, 144)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 16) (n=278, 139)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 20) (n=276, 137)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 24) (n=273, 134)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 28) (n=264, 132)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 36) (n=261, 129)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 44) (n=250, 125)	Diastolic blood pressure (Week 52) (n=246, 125)
Placebo + Insulin	2.3	0.0	1.0	2.4	2.2	1.1	1.3	-0.1	1.8	3.6	2.6	1.0	1.4	1.8	0.3	2.1	1.0	1.3	1.1	0.5	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.1
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	-1.0	-1.2	-0.8	-0.8	-1.7	-1.2	-0.6	-1.5	-1.4	-0.7	-0.6	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	-0.5	-0.8	-1.1	-0.7	-1.7	-1.6	-1.2	-0.3	-0.5

An AE is any new untoward medical occurrence or worsening of a preexisting medical condition that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An SAE is any untoward medical event that at any dose: results in death, persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or drug dependency or abuse; is life-threatening, an important medical event, or a congenital anomaly/birth defect; requires inpatient hospitalization; or prolongs existing hospitalization. Treatment-related=possibly, probably, or certainly related to and of unknown relationship to study treatment. (NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 52, continuously

Number of Participants With Marked Laboratory Abnormalities During the 24-Week ST + 52-Week LT Treatment Period

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	At least 1 AE	At least 1 treatment-related AE	Deaths	At least 1 SAE	At least 1 treatment-related SAE	Discontinuations due to SAEs	Discontinuations due to AEs
Placebo + Insulin	108	34	0	13	0	0	3
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	202	56	2	25	3	4	9

"Marked abnormality=a laboratory value lying outside the predefined criteria and more extreme (farther from the limit)on-treatment than at baseline. ULN=upper limit of normal; LLN=lower limit of normal; prx=pre-RX=pretreatment.~Criteria 1: if prx=0 use >=2, if prx=0.5 or 1 use >=3, if prx=2 use 4." (NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline and during and up to 14 days after last dose of study drug (in Week 52)

Percentage of Participants With Reported and Confirmed Hypoglycemia

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Hemoglobin <8 g/dL (n=300; 150)	Hematocrit <0.75*prx (n=300; 150)	Platelets <50*10^9 c/L (n=297; 145)	Platelets >1.5*ULN (n=297; 145)	Leukocytes <2*1000 c/uL (n=300; 150)	Neutrophils <1*1000 c/uL (n=296; 150)	Eosinophils >0.9*1000 c/uL (n=296; 150)	Lymphocytes <=0.75*1000 c/uL (n=296; 150)	Alkaline phosphatase >3*prx & >ULN (n=302; 150)	Alkaline phosphatase >1.5 ULN (n=302; 150)	Aspartate aminotransferase >3* ULN (n=298; 148)	Aspartate aminotransferase>5* ULN (n=298; 148)	Aspartate aminotransferase >10*ULN (n=298; 148)	Aspartate aminotransferase >20*ULN (n=298; 148)	Alanine transaminase >3*ULN (n=300; 148)	Alanine transaminase >5*ULN (n=300; 148)	Alanine transaminase >10*ULN (n=300; 148)	Alanine transaminase >20*ULN (n=300; 148)	Bilirubin, total >2 mg/dL (n=301; 150)	Bilirubin, total >1.5*ULN (n=301; 150)	Bilirubin, total >2*ULN (n=301; 150)	Blood urea nitrogen >2*prx & >ULN (n=302; 150)	Creatinine >2.5 mg/dL (n=303; 150)	Glucose, serum fasting <50 mg/dL (n=0; 0)	Glucose, serum fasting >500 mg/dL (n=0; 0)	Glucose, serum unspecified <50 mg/dL (n=0; 0)	Glucose, serum unspecified >500 mg/dL (n=0; 0)	Glucose, plasma fasting <50 mg/dL (n=301;150)	Glucose, plasma fasting >500 mg/dL (n=301;150)	Glucose, plasma unspecified <50 mg/dL (n=272; 133)	Glucose, plasma unspecified >500 mg/d (n=272; 133)	Sodium, serum <0.9*prx & <=130 mEq/L (n=302; 150)	Sodium, serum >1.1*prx & >=150 mEq/L (n=302; 150)	Potassium, serum <0.8 prx &<=3.2 mEq/L(n=300; 148)	Potassium, serum >1.2*prx&>= 6.0 mEq/L(n=300; 148)	Chloride, serum <90 mEq/L (n=302; 150)	Chloride, serum >120 mEq/L (n=302; 150)	Albumin <0.9*LLN; if prx	Creatine kinase >5*ULN (n=301, 148)	Uric acid >1.5*ULN; if prx >ULN, >2 (n=0,0)	Protein urine (see criteria 1) (n=297,146)	Blood urine (see criteria 1) (n=297; 146)	Red blood cells urine (see criteria 1) (n=53; 31)	White blood cells urine (see criteria 1)(n=115;53)
Placebo + Insulin	0	2	0	0	1	0	7	2	1	5	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	1	0	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	8	0	0	0	2	0	3	2	3	10
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	2	2	0	0	0	1	9	3	2	10	2	1	0	0	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	5	1	1	0	3	8	1	0	1	6	0	8	14	8	35

Confirmed hypoglycemia=fingerstick glucose measurement of ≤50 mg/dL with associated symptoms/ (NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 52

Shift in Absolute Lymphocyte Counts From Baseline to Selected Visits (LOCF)

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
	Reported	Confirmed
Placebo + Insulin	24.5	6.6
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	19.4	7.6

Absolute lymphocyte count=value*10^3 c/uL (NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 24 and 52

Shift in Platelet Counts From Baseline to Selected Visits (LOCF)

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Baseline <= 0.75; Week 24 <= 0.75	Baseline <= 0.75; Week 24 >0.75- <= 5.00	Baseline <= 0.75; Week 24 >5.00	Baseline >0.75- <= 5.00; Week 24 <= 0.75	Baseline >0.75- <= 5.00; Week 24 >0.75- <= 5.00	Baseline >0.75- <= 5.00; Week 24 >5.00	Baseline >5.00; Week 24 <= 0.75	Baseline >5.00; Week 24 >0.75- <= 5.00	Baseline >5.00; Week 24 >5.00	Baseline <= 0.75; Week 52 <= 0.75	Baseline <= 0.75; Week 52 >0.75- <= 5.00	Baseline <= 0.75; Week 52 >5.00	Baseline >0.75- <= 5.00; Week 52 <= 0.75	Baseline >0.75- <= 5.00; Week 52 >0.75- <= 5.00	Baseline >0.75- <= 5.00; Week 52 >5.00	Baseline >5.00; Week 52 <= 0.75	Baseline >5.00; Week 52 >0.75- <= 5.00	Baseline >5.00; Week 52 >5.00
Placebo + Insulin	0	2	0	0	148	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	147	1	0	0	0
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	0	0	0	1	293	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	295	0	0	0	1

Platelet count=value*10^9 c/L (NCT00757588)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 24 and 52

Percentage of Participants Achieving A1C < 7% at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Baseline <= 100; Week 24 <= 100	Baseline <= 100; Week 24 >100 - <= 600	Baseline <= 100; Week 24 >600	Baseline >100 - <= 600; Week 24 <= 100	Baseline >100 - <= 600; Week 24 >100 - <= 600	Baseline >100 - <= 600; Week 24 >600	Baseline >600; Week 24 <= 100	Baseline >600; Week 24 >100 - <= 600	Baseline >600; Week 24 >600	Baseline <= 100; Week 52 <= 100	Baseline <= 100; Week 52 >100 - <= 600	Baseline <= 100; Week 52 >600	Baseline >100 - <= 600; Week 52 <= 100	Baseline >100 - <= 600; Week 52 >100 - <= 600	Baseline >100 - <= 600; Week 52 >600	Baseline >600; Week 52 <= 100	Baseline >600; Week 52 >100 - <= 600	Baseline >600; Week 52 >600
Placebo + Insulin	0	0	0	1	143	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	144	0	0	0	0
Saxagliptin, 5 mg + Insulin	0	0	0	1	296	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	295	0	0	0	0

Percentage of participants achieving A1C < 7%, the American Diabetes Association's defined goal for glycemia, at each dose of saxagliptin plus metformin versus metformin alone at Week 24. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Week 24

Percentage of Participants Achieving A1C < 7% at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	60.3
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	59.7
Metformin	41.1

Percentage of participants achieving A1C < 7%, the American Diabetes Association's defined goal for glycemia, at each dose of saxagliptin plus metformin versus saxagliptin alone at Week 24. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Week 24

Percentage of Participants Achieving A1C ≤6.5% at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	60.3
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	59.7
Saxagliptin 10 mg	32.2

Percentage of participants achieving A1C ≤6.5%, at each dose of saxagliptin plus metformin versus metformin alone at Week 24. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Week 24

Percentage of Participants Achieving A1C ≤6.5% at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	45.3
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	40.6
Metformin	29.0

Percentage of participants achieving A1C ≤6.5%, at each dose of saxagliptin plus metformin versus saxagliptin alone at Week 24. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Week 24

Percentage of Participants Requiring Rescue or Discontinuation at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	45.3
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	40.6
Saxagliptin 10 mg	20.3

Percentage of participants requiring rescue for failing to achieve pre-specified glycemic targets or discontinuing for lack of efficacy within the 24-week treatment period at each dose of saxagliptin plus metformin versus metformin alone. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Week 24

Percentage of Participants Requiring Rescue or Discontinuation at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	7.5
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	5.9
Metformin	10.1

Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	7.5
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	5.9
Saxagliptin 10 mg	21.2

Mean change from baseline in A1C at Week 24, adjusted for baseline value. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy

Intervention	percent (Mean)
	Baseline Mean	Week 24 Mean	Adjusted Mean Change from Baseline
Metformin	9.43	7.48	-1.99
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	9.53	7.02	-2.49
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	9.41	6.93	-2.53

Mean change from baseline in FPG at Week 24, adjusted for baseline value. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	Baseline Mean	Week 24 Mean	Adjusted Mean Change from Baseline
Metformin	199.1	152.7	-47.3
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	204.3	140.1	-62.2
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	198.9	140.2	-59.8

Mean change from baseline in FPG at Week 24, adjusted for baseline value. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	Baseline Mean	Week 24 Mean	Adjusted Mean Change from Baseline
Saxagliptin 10 mg	200.9	169.9	-30.9
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	204.3	140.1	-62.2
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	198.9	140.2	-59.8

Mean change from baseline in A1C at Week 24, adjusted for baseline value. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

Changes From Baseline in Postprandial Glucose (PPG) Area Under the Curve (AUC) Response to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy

Intervention	percent (Mean)
	Baseline Mean	Week 24 Mean	Adjusted Mean Change from Baseline
Saxagliptin 10 mg	9.61	7.86	-1.69
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	9.53	7.02	-2.49
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	9.41	6.93	-2.53

Mean change from baseline for 0 to 180 minutes PPG AUC at Week 24, adjsuted for baseline value. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

Changes From Baseline in Postprandial Glucose (PPG) Area Under the Curve (AUC) Response to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy

Intervention	mg*min/dL (Mean)
	Baseline Mean	Week 24 Mean	Adjusted Mean Change from Baseline
Metformin	57937	42428	-15005
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	57219	35790	-21336
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	55531	35324	-21080

Mean change from baseline for 0 to 180 minutes PPG AUC at Week 24, adjusted for baseline value. (NCT00327015)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

Safety and Tolerability of Sitagliptin After 12 Weeks of Treatment

Intervention	mg*min/dL (Mean)
	Baseline Mean	Week 24 Mean	Adjusted Mean Change from Baseline
Saxagliptin 10 mg	57584	41229	-16054
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	57219	35790	-21336
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	55531	35324	-21080

Safety and tolerability were measured in terms of the number of patients with clinical adverse experiences (CAEs), serious CAEs, drug-related CAEs, laboratory adverse experiences (LAEs), serious LAEs, and drug-related LAEs. Drug-relationship was assessed by the study investigator according to his/her best clinical judgment. (NCT00095056)
Timeframe: Week 0 through Week 12

Safety and Tolerability of Sitagliptin Over 54 Weeks

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	With CAEs	With drug-related CAEs	With serious CAEs	With LAEs	With drug-related LAEs	With serious LAEs
Placebo	16	1	1	5	0	0
Sitagliptin	41	8	9	9	1	0

Change From Baseline to Month 18 in LDL-c Peak Particle Density Measured by LDL Relative Flotation

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	With CAEs	With drug-related CAEs	With serious CAEs	With LAEs	With drug-related LAEs	With serious LAEs
Placebo	22	5	10	8	0	0
Sitagliptin	50	8	20	15	2	0

From repeated measures analysis model: Change = baseline + visit + sex + region + treatment + prior OAD + cardiac procedure + treatment x visit. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Change From Baseline to Month 18 in LDL-c/HDL-c Ratio

Intervention	Ratio (Mean)
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	0.0040
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	0.0204

From repeated measures analysis model: Change = baseline + visit + sex + region + treatment + prior OAD + cardiac procedure + treatment x visit. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Change From Baseline to Month 18 in Total Cholesterol/HDL-c Ratio

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	-0.365
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	-0.226

From repeated measures analysis model: Change = baseline + visit + sex + region + treatment + prior OAD + cardiac procedure + treatment x visit. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Model Adjusted Change From Baseline in Atheroma Area to Month 18

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	-0.495
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	-0.377

IVUS-derived endpoints measured within the same segment (in non-intervened coronary arteries) from Baseline to Month 18. Model Adjusted Change (MAC) = Baseline + Region + Sex + Treatment + Cardiac Procedure + Prior OAD Medication. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Model Adjusted Change From Baseline in Atheroma Volume to Month 18

Intervention	millimeters square (mm2) (Mean)
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	0.03
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	-0.10

Model Adjusted Change From Baseline in Lumen Area to Month 18

Intervention	millimeters cubed (mm3) (Mean)
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	0.98
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	-3.60

Model Adjusted Change From Baseline in Lumen Volume to Month 18

Intervention	millimeters square (mm2) (Mean)
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	-0.14
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	-0.11

Model Adjusted Change From Baseline in Normalized Atheroma Volume

IVUS-derived endpoints measured within the same segment (in non-intervened coronary arteries) from Baseline to Month 18. Normalized atheroma volume is defined as mean atheroma area x median segment length in cohort. Model Adjusted Change = Baseline + Region + Sex + Treatment + Cardiac Procedure + Prior OAD Medication. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Model Adjusted Change From Baseline in Percent Atheroma Volume (PAV) to Month 18

Model Adjusted Change (MAC) = Baseline + Region + Sex + Treatment + Cardiac Procedure + Prior Oral Anti-Hyperglycemic Diabetic Medications(s) (OAD). (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Model Adjusted Change From Baseline in Vessel Area to Month 18

Model Adjusted Change From Baseline in Vessel Volume to Month 18

Model Adjusted Change in Atheroma Area Within the 10 mm of the Non-intervened Vessel Segment With the Greatest Atheroma Volume at Baseline

IVUS-derived endpoints measured within the same 10 mm segment of non-intervened coronary arteries with the greatest degree of atheroma volume at Baseline, from Baseline to Month 18, including the nominal change in atheroma volume and atheroma area. Model Adjusted Change = Baseline + Region + Sex + Treatment + Cardiac Procedure + Prior OAD Medication. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Model Adjusted Change in Atheroma Volume Within the 10 mm of the Non-intervened Vessel Segment With the Greatest Atheroma Volume at Baseline

Model Adjusted Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) From Baseline to Month 18

From repeated measures analysis model: Change = Baseline + visit + sex + region + treatment + prior OAD + cardiac procedure + treatment x visit. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Model Adjusted Change in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) From Baseline to Month 18

From repeated measures analysis model: Change = Baseline + visit + sex + region + treatment + prior Oral Anti-Hyperglycemic Diabetic Medications(s) (OAD) + cardiac procedure + treatment x visit. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Number of Participants With the Indicated Treatment Emergent Major Cardiovascular Events (MACE) for All-cause Death, Non-fatal MI, Non-fatal Stroke, Coronary Revascularization, or Hospitalization for Recurrent Myocardial Ischemia (MACE Composite 1)

This was 1 of 2 MACE composite endpoints and was a secondary efficacy endpoint. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 21

Number of Participants With the Indicated Treatment Emergent Major Cardiovascular Events (MACE) for Cardiovascular Death, Nonfatal MI, or Nonfatal Stroke (MACE Composite 2)

This was 1 of 2 MACE composite endpoints and was a secondary efficacy endpoint. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 21

Change From Baseline in Atheroma, Vessel, and Lumen Area to Month 18

IVUS-derived endpoints measured within the same segment (in non-intervened coronary arteries) from Baseline to Month 18 (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Change From Baseline in Atheroma, Vessel, and Lumen Volume to Month 18

IVUS-derived endpoints measured within the same segment (in non-intervened coronary arteries) from Baseline to Month 18 (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Change From Baseline in Normalized Atheroma Volume

Change From Baseline in Percent Atheroma Volume (PAV) to Month 18

The primary efficacy endpoint was change in PAV (defined as total atheroma volume divided by total vessel volume x 100) within a 40 mm segment in non-intervened coronary arteries from Baseline to Month 18, based upon Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) assessment. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Change in Atheroma Area Within the 10 mm of the Non-intervened Vessel Segment With the Greatest Atheroma Volume at Baseline

Change in Atheroma Volume Within the 10 mm of the Non-intervened Vessel Segment With the Greatest Atheroma Volume at Baseline

Model Adjusted Percent Change in Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) From Baseline to Month 18

It was measured as ratio to baseline as percentage change based on log-transformed data : 100 x (exp(Mean change on log scale) - 1). Model Adjusted change based on ANCOVA: Log(value) - log(Baseline) = log(Baseline) + sex + region + treatment + prior OAD + cardiac procedure. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Number of Other Cardiovascular Events

This was one of the secondary endpoints of the study. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 21

Percent Change From Baseline to Month 18 in Apoprotein B (apoB)

Repeated measures analysis model: Log(value) - log (Baseline) = log(Baseline) + visit + sex + region + treatment + prior OAD + cardiac procedure + treatment x visit. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Percent Change From Baseline to Month 18 in Free Fatty Acids (FFA)

Percent Change From Baseline to Month 18 in HDL-2

Percent Change From Baseline to Month 18 in HDL-3

Percent Change From Baseline to Month 18 in High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-c)

Percent Change From Baseline to Month 18 in Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-c)

Percent Change From Baseline to Month 18 in Total Cholesterol (TC)

Percent Change From Baseline to Month 18 in Triglycerides (TG)

Percent Change in Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) From Baseline to Month 18

It was measured as ratio to baseline as percentage change based on log-transformed data : 100 x (exp(Mean change on log scale) - 1)It was measured as ratio to baseline as percentage change based on log-transformed data : 100 x (exp(Mean change on log scale) - 1). Ratio to baseline as %change mean (%) was used as the estimation parameter for both groups. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Repeated Measures Analysis of Percent Change in hsCRP From Baseline to Month 18

Changes in cardiovascular biomarkers from Baseline to Month 18, such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) . Repeated measures analysis model: Log(value) - log(baseline) = log(baseline) + visit + sex + region + treatment + prior OAD + cardiac procedure + treatment x visit. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Repeated Measures Analysis of Percent Change in MMP 9 From Baseline to Month 18

Changes in cardiovascular biomarkers from Baseline to Month 18, such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Repeated measures analysis model: Log(value) - log(baseline) = log(baseline) + visit + sex + region + treatment + prior OAD + cardiac procedure + treatment x visit. (NCT00116831)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 18

Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 104

Change from baseline at Week 104 is defined as Week 104 minus Week 0. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 104

Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 52

Change from baseline at Week 52 is defined as Week 52 minus Week 0. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 104

HbA1c is measured as percent. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 104 HbA1c percent minus the Week 0 HbA1c percent. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 104

Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 52

HbA1c is measured as percent. Thus, this change from baseline reflects the Week 52 HbA1c percent minus the Week 0 HbA1c percent. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Number of Participants With Drug-related LAEs at Week 104

Participants with drug-related (as assessed by an investigator who is a qualified physician according to his/her best clinical judgment) LAEs. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 104

Hypoglycemic Events at Week 104

Number of participants who reported 1 or more episodes of the adverse experience of hypoglycemia. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 104

Hypoglycemic Events at Week 52

Number of participants who reported 1 or more episodes of the adverse experience (AEs) of hypoglycemia. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 52

Number of Participants With Clinical Adverse Experiences (CAEs) at Week 104

An adverse experience (AE) is defined as any unfavorable and unintended change in the structure, function, or chemistry of the body temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR'S product, whether or not considered related to the use of the product. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 104

Number of Participants With Drug-related CAEs at Week 104

Participants with drug-related (as assessed by an investigator who is a qualified physician according to his/her best clinical judgment) CAEs. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 104

Number of Participants With Laboratory Adverse Experiences (LAEs) at Week 104

A laboratory adverse experience (LAE) is defined as any unfavorable and unintended change in the chemistry of the body temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR'S product, whether or not considered related to the use of the product. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 104

Number of Participants With Serious CAEs at Week 104

Serious CAEs are any AEs occurring at any dose that; Results in death; or Is life threatening; or Results in a persistent or significant disability/incapacity; or Results in or prolongs an existing inpatient hospitalization; or Is a congenital anomaly/birth defect; or Is a cancer; or Is an overdose. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 104

Number of Participants With Serious LAEs at Week 104

Serious LAEs are any LAEs occurring at any dose that: results in death; or is life threatening; or results in a persistent or significant disability/incapacity; or results in or prolongs an existing inpatient hospitalization; or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect; or is a cancer; or is an overdose. (NCT00094770)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 104

Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 54

Percentage of Participants With Hypoglycemic Events

Percentage of participants with at least one symptomatic hypoglycemic adverse event, excluding data after initiation of glycemic rescue therapy. (NCT00509262)
Timeframe: Baseline up to 28 days following the last dose of study therapy

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 54

Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) Levels at Week 54

A1C represents percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin. (NCT00509262)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 54

Appearance Rate of Oral Glucose

Change from baseline in appearance rate of oral glucose after 12 weeks of colesevelam alone or colesevelam plus sitagliptin treatments (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Fasting Active Plasma Glucagon Like-Peptide 1 (GLP-1)

To evaluate the effect of treatments on plasma GLP-1 concentrations. (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Fasting Endogenous Glucose Production

Change from baseline in fasting endogenous glucose production after 12 weeks of colesevelam alone or colesevelam plus sitagliptin treatment (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Fasting Gluconeogenesis

Change from baseline in fasting gluconeogenesis after 12 weeks of colesevelam alone or colesevelam plus sitagliptin treatment (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Fasting Glycogenolysis

Change from baseline in fasting glycogenolysis after 12 weeks of colesevelam alone or colesevelam plus sitagliptin treatment (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Fasting Insulin

To evaluate the effect of treatments on fasting insulin concentrations (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Fasting Plamsa Glucagon

To evaluate the effect of treatments on plasma glucagon concentrations. (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Fasting Plasma C-peptide

To evaluate the effect of treatments on plamsa C-peptide concentrations. (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose concentrations after 12 weeks of colesevelam or colesevelam plus sitagliptin treatments. (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Fasting Plasma Glucose Clearance

Change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose clearance after 12 weeks of colesevelam alone or colesevelam plus sitagliptin treatments. (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Fasting Plasma Total Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)

To evaluate the effect of treatments on plasma Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) concentrations. (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Hemoglobin A1C

Change from baseline in hemoglobin A1C after 12 weeks of colesevelam or colesevelam plus sitagliptin treatments (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Postprandial Active GLP-1 (AUC)

To evaluate the effects of treatments on postprandial active GLP-1 (AUC) (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Postprandial C-peptide (AUC)

To evaluate the effect of treatments on postprandial C-peptide (AUC) (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Postprandial Endogenous Glucose Production

"Change from baseline in postprandial endogenous glucose production after 12 weeks of colesevelam alone or colesevelam plus sitagliptin treatments~Mean value was calculated using all results measured between 10 and 300 min post meal." (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Postprandial Glucagon (AUC)

To evaluate the effects of treatment on postprandial glucagon (AUC) (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Postprandial Glucose (AUC)

Comparison between baseline and 12 weeks values of postrandial glucose (AUC). (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Postprandial Insulin (AUC)

To evaluate the effect of treatments on postprandial insulin (AUC) (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Postprandial Rate of Total Glucose Disposal Area Under the Curve (AUC)

"Change from baseline in postprandial rate of total glucose disposal (AUC) after 12 weeks of colesevelam alone or colesevelam plus sitagliptin treatments~AUC was calculated by the trapezoid method using all results measured between 0 and 300 min during the meal tolerance test." (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Postprandial Total GIP (AUC)

To evaluate the effects of treatment on postprandial total GIP (AUC) (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

Whole-body Glycolytic Disposal of Oral Glucose

Change in baseline in whole-body glycolytic disposal of oral glucose after 12 weeks of colesevelam alone or colesevelam plus glucose treatments (NCT01092663)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Change in BMI

Change in BMI (body mass index) from study start to 16 weeks (NCT02613897)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 16 weeks

Change in Body Weight

Change in body weight from baseline to 16 weeks (NCT02613897)
Timeframe: Baseline to 16 weeks

Change in Fasting Plasma Glucagon (FPG)

A measure of the change in fasting plasma glucagon from study start to 16 weeks (NCT02613897)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 16 weeks

Change in Free Fatty Acids (FFA)

Measure of change in Free Fatty Acids from study start to 16 weeks (NCT02613897)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 16 weeks

Change in Glucose Oxidation

Change in percentage of glucose oxidation from study start to 16 weeks (NCT02613897)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 16 weeks

Change in Lipid Oxidation

Change in lipid oxidation percentage from baseline to 16 weeks (NCT02613897)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 16 weeks

HBA1c

Change in blood glucose level measured over a 3 month period from study start to 16 weeks (NCT02613897)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 16 weeks

Mean Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Measure of change in OGTT from study start to 16 weeks (NCT02613897)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 16 weeks

Change in Endogenous Glucose Production (EGP)

All subjects received a Double-Tracer Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) with 75g of glucose containing 14C-glucose together with intravenous primed-continuous infusion of 3(3H)-glucose for 240 minutes, at baseline (prior to) and after 16 weeks of therapy. Blood and urine samples were obtained during the OGTT to determine EGP. (NCT02613897)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body Mass Index (BMI) at 12 months measured as kg/m2 (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Body Weight

Body weight in kilograms (kg) measured at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Cardiovascular Medications - Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE Inhibitor) or Angiotensin-receptor Blocker (ARB)

Number of participants taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE Inhibitor) or Angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Cardiovascular Medications - Anticoagulants

Number of participants taking anticoagulants at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Cardiovascular Medications - Beta Blocker

Number of participants taking Beta Blockers at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Cardiovascular Medications - Lipid Lowering Agents

Number of participants taking Lipid lowering agents at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Change in Body Mass Index (BMI)

Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) at 12 months, measured in kg/m2 (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Change in Body Weight From Baseline

Mean change in body weight from baseline measured in kilograms (kg) (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Change in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Change in glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)from baseline in percentage points / percent change (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year - baseline

Change in High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Percent change in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Change in High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP)

Median percent change in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)from baseline at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Change in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

Change in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Change in Triglycerides

Median percent change in triglycerides at 12 months from baseline measure (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Diabetes Medication - Use of Biguanides

Number of participants taking Biguanides at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Diabetes Medication - Use of Incretin Mimetics

Diabetes Medication - Use of Insulin

Number of participants taking insulin at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Diabetes Medication - Use of Secretagogue

Number of participants taking Secretagogues at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Diabetes Medication - Use of Thiazolidinedione

Number of participants using thiazolidinedione at 12 months (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) at 12 months for each of the 3 groups, in percentage points (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Success Rate of Biochemical Resolution of Diabetes at 12 Months as Measured by HbA1c ≤ 6% With no Diabetes Medications

The proportion of subjects with a glycated hemoglobin level of 6% or less(without diabetes medications) 12 months after randomization. (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Success Rate of Biochemical Resolution of Diabetes at 12 Months as Measured by HbA1c ≤ 6%.

The proportion of subjects with a glycated hemoglobin level of 6% or less(with or without diabetes medications) 12 months after randomization (baseline measure). (NCT00432809)
Timeframe: 1 year

Intervention	millimeters squared (mm2) (Mean)
	Atheroma Area, Baseline	Atheroma Area, Month 18	Change from Baseline in Atheroma Area	Vessel Area, Baseline	Vessel Area, Month 18	Change from Baseline in Vessel Area	Lumen Area, Baseline	Lumen Area, Month 18	Change from Baseline in Lumen Area
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	5.918	5.928	0.010	14.364	14.261	-0.102	8.447	8.335	-0.113
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	5.748	5.634	-0.114	14.166	13.977	-0.189	8.419	8.344	-0.075

Intervention	millimeters cubed (mm3) (Mean)
	Atheroma Volume, Baseline	Atheroma Volume, Month 18	Change from Baseline in Atheroma Volume	Vessel Volume, Baseline	Vessel Volume, Month 18	Change from Baseline in Vessel Volume	Lumen Volume, Baseline	Lumen Volume, Month 18	Change from Baseline in Lumen Volume
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	249.747	249.625	-0.123	609.378	603.088	-6.290	359.726	353.513	-6.213
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	222.431	218.576	-3.854	555.062	547.186	-7.876	332.688	328.676	-4.012

Intervention	millimeters cubed (mm3) (Mean)
	Baseline	Month 18	Change from Baseline
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	232.772	233.153	0.381
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	226.075	221.599	-4.476

Intervention	percent change (Number)
	Adjusted Geometric Mean + Standard Error	Adjusted Geometric Mean	Adjusted Geometric Mean - Standard Error
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	-4.865	-11.388	-17.465
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	24.576	15.720	7.499

Intervention	Number of events (Number)
	All-cause death	Cardiovascular death	Non-fatal myocardial infarction	Non-fatal stroke	Coronary revascularization	Hospitalization for recurrent myocardial ischemia	Non-MACE congestive heart failure
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	7	3	6	1	27	7	3
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	8	4	7	5	26	11	8

Intervention	percent change (Number)
	Mean + Standard Error	Mean	Mean - Standard Error
Glipizide (GLP) 5 mg	1.141	-6.608	-13.764
Rosiglitazone (RSG) 4 mg	30.189	20.582	11.683

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Participants with one or more Hypoglycemic AEs	Total number of Hypoglycemic episodes	Participants with no Hypoglycemic AEs
Glipizide	199	805	385
Sitagliptin 100 mg	31	57	557

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	With CAES	Without CAES
Glipizide	480	104
Sitagliptin 100 mg	452	136

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	With drug related CAEs	Without drug related CAEs
Glipizide	193	391
Sitagliptin 100 mg	97	491

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	With serious CAEs	Without serious CAEs
Glipizide	73	511
Sitagliptin 100 mg	64	524

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	With serious LAEs	Without serious LAEs
Glipizide	0	584
Sitagliptin 100 mg	0	588

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	Baseline	Change from Baseline at Week 54
Glipizide	143.9	-20.2
Sitagliptin	148.6	-16.7

Intervention	Kg/m^2 (Mean)
DAPA/SAXA (Dapagliflozin Plus Saxagliptin)	-0.8
DAPA (Dapagliflozin Plus Placebo)	-0.66
PCB (Placebo Plus Placebo)	0.16

Intervention	Kg (Mean)
DAPA/SAXA (Dapagliflozin Plus Saxagliptin)	-2.28
DAPA (Dapagliflozin Plus Placebo)	-1.76
PCB (Placebo Plus Placebo)	0.26

Intervention	mg/dl (Mean)
DAPA/SAXA (Dapagliflozin Plus Saxagliptin)	-28.52
DAPA (Dapagliflozin Plus Placebo)	26.89
PCB (Placebo Plus Placebo)	6.88

Intervention	mEq/L (Mean)
DAPA/SAXA (Dapagliflozin Plus Saxagliptin)	-0.06
DAPA (Dapagliflozin Plus Placebo)	-0.01
PCB (Placebo Plus Placebo)	0.00

Intervention	percentage of oxidation (Mean)
DAPA/SAXA (Dapagliflozin Plus Saxagliptin)	-22.07
DAPA (Dapagliflozin Plus Placebo)	-46.54
PCB (Placebo Plus Placebo)	4.65

Intervention	percentage of oxidation (Mean)
DAPA/SAXA (Dapagliflozin Plus Saxagliptin)	-11.87
DAPA (Dapagliflozin Plus Placebo)	22.02
PCB (Placebo Plus Placebo)	-6.69

Intervention	percentage change in blood glucose level (Mean)
DAPA/SAXA (Dapagliflozin Plus Saxagliptin)	-1.67
DAPA (Dapagliflozin Plus Placebo)	-1.46
PCB (Placebo Plus Placebo)	0.44

Intervention	mg/dl (Mean)
DAPA/SAXA (Dapagliflozin Plus Saxagliptin)	-49.62
DAPA (Dapagliflozin Plus Placebo)	-44.24
PCB (Placebo Plus Placebo)	20.26

Intervention	mg/kg*min (Mean)
	Baseline Measurement	16 weeks
DAPA (Dapagliflozin Plus Placebo)	2.56	2.8
DAPA/SAXA (Dapagliflozin Plus Saxagliptin)	2.45	2.4
PCB (Placebo Plus Placebo)	1.95	2.15

Intervention	kg/m2 (Mean)
Medical Therapy	-1.9
Gastric Bypass	-10.2
Sleeve Gastrectomy	-9.0

Intervention	kg (Mean)
Medical Therapy	-5.4
Gastric Bypass	-29.4
Sleeve Gastrectomy	-25.1

Article	Year
Systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head trials comparing sulfonylureas and low hypoglycaemic risk antidiabetic drugs. BMC endocrine disorders, 2022, Oct-19, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; Dipeptidyl-Peptida	2022
Reflections on the sulphonylurea story: A drug class at risk of extinction or a drug class worth reviving? Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2019, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; Dose-Response Rela	2019
Effects and patient compliance of sustained-release versus immediate-release glipizides in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of evidence-based medicine, 2011, Volume: 4, Issue:4 Topics: Blood Glucose; Delayed-Action Preparations; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glipizide; Humans; Hypoglycem	2011
Mortality risk among sulfonylureas: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 2015, Volume: 3, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glipizide; Humans;	2015
Use of hypoglycemic drugs during lactation. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2009, Volume: 55, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Breast Feeding; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adver	2009
Variations in tissue selectivity amongst insulin secretagogues: a systematic review. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2012, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Carbamates; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cricetinae; Cyclohe	2012
Dapagliflozin: a review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs, 2012, Dec-03, Volume: 72, Issue:17 Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glipizide; Glucosides; H	2012
Dapagliflozin: a review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs, 2012, Dec-03, Volume: 72, Issue:17 Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glipizide; Glucosides; H	2012
Dapagliflozin: a review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs, 2012, Dec-03, Volume: 72, Issue:17 Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glipizide; Glucosides; H	2012
Dapagliflozin: a review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs, 2012, Dec-03, Volume: 72, Issue:17 Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glipizide; Glucosides; H	2012
[Glycosuria with SGLT-2 inhibitors--a new treatment approach for type 2 diabetes mellitus]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2012, Dec-17, Volume: 154 Suppl 4 Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Canagliflozin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Thera	2012
Combination agents for diabetes. Advance for nurse practitioners, 2003, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Combinations; Female; Glipizide; Glyburide; Humans; Hypoglyce	2003
NIDDM in the cat: treatment with the oral hypoglycemic medication, glipizide. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 1995, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glipizide; Hypoglycemi	1995
[The role of glipizide in the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes]. Przeglad lekarski, 1996, Volume: 53, Issue:9 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glipizide; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents	1996
[Pharmacokinetics of hypoglycemic sulfonamides: Ozidia, a new concept]. Diabetes & metabolism, 1997, Volume: 23 Suppl 4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Circadian Rhythm; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glipizide; Humans; Hypoglycemic A	1997
[Quality of life and non-insulin-dependent diabetes]. Diabetes & metabolism, 1997, Volume: 23 Suppl 4 Topics: Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; France; Glipizide; Humans; Hyperglycemia;	1997
[Timing of administration of sulfonyl urea derivatives]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 2000, Jun-17, Volume: 144, Issue:25 Topics: Biological Availability; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administr	2000
Glipizide. A review of the pharmacoeconomic implications of the extended-release formulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. PharmacoEconomics, 2000, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Delayed-Action Preparations; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Economics, Pharmaceutical; Glipizide; Humans	2000
[The effect of improved glycemic control on quality of life in patients with type I and type II diabetes]. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 2001, Volume: 54, Issue:11-12 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glipizide; Humans;	2001
Oral sulfonylureas for the treatment of type II diabetes: an update. Southern medical journal, 1986, Volume: 79, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Chlorpropamide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Hypersensitivity; Glipizide; G	1986
Sulfonylureas in the treatment of diabetes mellitus--1985. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 1985, Volume: 60, Issue:7 Topics: Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Therapy, Comb	1985