ginsenoside-rg3 and Adenocarcinoma

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a troublesome disease with high morbidity and mortality. Ginsenoside Rg3 possesses anti-cancer properties. Colon Cancer Associated Transcript 1 (CCAT1) participates in the genesis, development, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer. In our study, we explored the effects of Rg3 on CRC cell line Caco-2 by regulating CCAT1.. CRC tissue was obtained from hospital and Caco-2 cells were purchased. Caco-2 cells were treated with Rg3 and/or transfected with pc- CCAT1 or pcDNA3.1. The group without Rg3 treatment was treated as control. Cell viability, cell apoptosis, cell migration and invasion were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry and Transwell chamber migration/invasion assay, respectively. The expression of CyclinD1, apoptosis related proteins (p53, Bcl-2, Bax, pro-/Cleaved-Caspase-3), migration and invasion related proteins (MMP-9 and vimentin), and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) related proteins (p/t-PI3K, p/t-AKT) were examined by western blot. The expression of CCAT1 was measured by quantitative real time RCR (qRT-PCR).. Rg3 significantly decreased cell viability, migration and invasion, and promoted apoptosis. Meanwhile, the expression of Cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and vimentin was downregulated. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins p53, Bax, and Cleaved-Caspase-3 were upregulated while Bcl-2 was downregulated by the treatment of Rg3 compared with control. Furthermore, CCAT1 was upregulated in CRC tissue and Rg3 negatively regulated CCAT1 expression. Transfection with pc-CCAT1 led to the opposite results as compared with transfection with pcDNA3.1 in Rg3 treated cells. In addition, Rg3 decreased the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT.. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits migration and invasion, and promotes apoptosis of Caco-2 cells by suppression expression of LncRNA CCAT1.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; Cell Division; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Colorectal Neoplasms; Down-Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Ginsenosides; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Proteins; Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; Phosphorylation; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Neoplasm; Signal Transduction

Lung cancer is recognized as the most prevalent type of cancer with high death rate. Ginsenoside Rg3 isolated from Traditional Chinese Medicine Panax Ginseng has significant anticancer effects on many tumors. In this study, the effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on cells viability, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in lung cancer cells were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the viability of lung cancer cell lines A549，H23 was examined by CCK-8 kits; The proportion of cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. The expression of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt was evaluated with Western blot. In vivo, A549，H23 cells were subcutaneously injected into the nude mice. Histopathological analysis was stained with HE, and TUNEL assay was used to detect cell apoptosis. The results showed that Rg3 obviously inhibited cell viability, induced apoptosis and inhibited PI3K/Akt signalling pathway on A549, H23 cells in vitro and in vivo. Rg3 effectively inhibited the volume and weight of tumor in xenografts model, which may be related with inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Cell Line, Tumor; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gene Expression Regulation; Ginsenosides; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Mice; Mice, Nude; Neoplasms, Experimental; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phytotherapy; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Signal Transduction

Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), a pharmacologically active compound from red ginseng, has been reported to induce cell death in various cancer cell lines, although the specific mechanisms have not been well established. In the present study, Rg3 treatment to A549 human lung adenocarcinoma led to cell death via not only apoptotic pathways but also the downregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We used cross-linker and cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to show that Rg3 inhibited EGFR dimerization by EGF stimulation and caused EGFR internalization from the cell membrane. Among several important phosphorylation sites in cytoplasmic EGFR, Rg3 increased the phosphorylation of tyrosine 1045 (pY1045) and serine 1046/1047 (pS1046/1047) for EGFR degradation and coincidently, attenuated pY1173 and pY1068 for mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. These effects were amplified under EGF-pretreated Rg3 stimulation. In vivo experiments showed that the average volume of the tumors treated with 30 mg/kg of Rg3 was significantly decreased by 40% compared with the control. Through immunohistochemistry, we detected the fragmentation of DNA, the accumulation of Rg3, and the reduction of EGFR expression in the Rg3-treated groups. Here, we provide the first description of the roles of Rg3 in the reduction of cell surface EGFR, the attenuation of EGFR signal transduction, and the eventual activation of apoptosis in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma of Lung; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Down-Regulation; ErbB Receptors; Ginsenosides; Humans; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Panax; Protein Multimerization; Proteolysis

Ginsenosides play a role in a number of physiological and pharmacological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to clarify the potential role for transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channels in ginsenoside Rg3-inhibited growth and survival of AGS cells, the most common human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line. The AGS cells were treated with varying concentrations of Rg3. Sub-G1 analysis, caspase-3 activity and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage analysis were conducted to determine whether AGS cell death occurs by apoptosis. TRPM7 channel blockers (La(3+) or 2-APB) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used in this study to confirm the role of TRPM7 channels. Furthermore, TRPM7 channels were over-expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells to identify the role of TRPM7 channels in AGS cell growth and survival. The addition of Rg3 to the culture medium inhibited AGS growth and survival. Experimental results showed sub-G1 was markedly increased, caspase-3 activity was elevated, and degree of PARP cleavage was increased. TRPM7 channel blockade, either by La(3+) or 2-APB or by suppressing TRPM7 expression with siRNA, blocked the Rg3-induced inhibition of cell growth and survival. Furthermore, TRPM7 channel over-expression in HEK 293 cells exacerbated Rg3-induced cell death. These findings indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits the growth and survival of gastric cancer cell which is because of the blockade of TRPM7 channel activity. Therefore, TRPM7 channels may play an important role in the survival of gastric cancer.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Ginsenosides; Humans; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Stomach Neoplasms; TRPM Cation Channels

To study the effect of 20( R)-ginsenoside Rg3 on the expressions of angiogenesis factors proteins (VEGF,bFGF, MMP-2) in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and HUVEC304 cell.. The cell lines of A549 and HUVEC304 were cultured with 20(R)- Rg3. The gray scale and positive rate of VEGF, bFGF, MMP-2 were detected by immunohistochemistry. The differential expressions of genes were studied by DNA microarray.. The positive rate of VEGF protein in A549 cell decreased significantly as compared with the control group ( P = 0.03). The gray scales of VEGF, Flt, KDT proteins in both A549 cell lines and HUVEC 304 cell lines decreased ( P = 0.05). Gray scale of MMP-2 also decreased in A549 cell lines. The result of differential expressions of genes of A549 cell lines showed that 14 genes were down-regulated and 10 genes were up-regulated.. The Chinese materia medica of 20( R)-Rg3 can inhibit the expression of angiogenesis factors proteins via several target genes in both tumour cell and vascular endothelial cell.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cell Line, Tumor; Endothelial Cells; Gene Expression Profiling; Ginsenosides; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Panax; Umbilical Veins; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

To determine the effect of ginsenoside on the cellular proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycles in LC A549 and HUVEC 304 cell lines.. A549 and HUVEC 304 cell lines were cultured with different concentrations of ginsenoside. Cellular proliferation was detected with MTT, apoptosis and cell cycles were checked with Flow Cytometer, and change of microstructure was observed by transmission electron microscope.. The apoptosis rate was 29.8% in A549 cell lines after being interfered with ginsenoside at 3 x 10(-6) mol/L, significantly higher than that in the control group ( P < 0.05). No change was observed in the cell cycles after being interfered with ginsenoside. The inhibitive rate of ginsenoside was 12.53% for HUVEC 304 cell line at 1 x 10(-4) mol/L (P < 0.05 ). The cells induced by conditioned medium could be inhibited by ginsenoside, and apoptotic body could be found in cells induced by conditioned medium at 10(-6) mol/L.. The proliferation of vascular endothelial cell could be inhibited by ginsenoside, and apoptosis could also be found in both tumor cells and cells induced by conditioned medium after being interfered with ginsenoside.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; Cell Cycle; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Endothelial Cells; Ginsenosides; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Umbilical Veins

The effects of concomitant use of bombesin and ginsenoside Rg3 on the incidence of peritoneal metastasis of intestinal adenocarcinomas induced by azoxymethane were investigated in male inbred Wistar rats. From the start of the experiment, rats were given weekly s.c. injections of azoxymethane (7.4 mg/kg body weight) for 10 weeks and s.c. injection of bombesin (40 microg/kg body weight) every other day, and from week 20, s.c. injections of ginsenoside Rg3 (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg body weight) every other day until the end of the experiment in week 45. Bombesin significantly increased the incidence of intestinal tumors and cancer metastasis to the peritoneum in week 45. It also significantly increased the labeling index of intestinal cancers. Although administration of a higher dose of ginsenoside Rg3 with bombesin had little or no effect on the enhancement of intestinal carcinogenesis by bombesin, the location, histologic type, depth of involvement, infiltrating growth pattern, labeling and apoptotic indices and tumor vascularity of intestinal cancers, it significantly decreased the incidence of cancer metastasis. These findings indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits cancer metastasis through activities that do not affect the growth or vascularity of intestinal cancers.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Azoxymethane; Bombesin; Carcinogens; Ginsenosides; Intestinal Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Metastasis; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Saponins

The effect of plant glycosides on tumor cell invasion was examined. Among the glycosides tested, ginsenoside Rg3 was found to be a potent inhibitor of invasion by rat ascites hepatoma cells (MM1), B16FE7 melanoma cells, human small cell lung carcinoma (OC10), and human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PSN-1) cells, when examined in a cell monolayer invasion model. Structurally analogous ginsenosides, Rb2, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg2 and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (a stereoisomer of Rg3), showed little inhibitory activity. Neither Rh1, Rh2, 20(R)-ginsenosides Rh1, Rb1, Rc nor Re had any effect. The effective ginsenoside, Rg3, tended to inhibit experimental pulmonary metastasis by highly metastatic mouse melanoma B16FE7 cells as well. Taking account of our previous finding that 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic add (LPA) induced invasion by MM1 cells in the monolayer invasion model, the effect of Rg3 on molecular events associated with the invasion induced by LPA was analyzed in order to understand the mechanism of the inhibition. Rg3, which suppressed the invasion induced by LPA, dose-dependently inhibited the LPA-triggered rise of intracellular Ca2+. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation triggered by LPA was not inhibited by Rg3.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Carbohydrate Sequence; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Ginsenosides; Humans; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Lung Neoplasms; Lysophospholipids; Melanoma, Experimental; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Molecular Sequence Data; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Proteins; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Phosphorylation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Saponins; Tyrosine