gingerol and Neoplasms

Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases in the world. Because of the high death rate associated with cancer and the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, patients require alternative strategies for its treatment. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has enormous medicinal properties and health benefits. In this review, we discuss the basic mechanism by which gingerol (an active component of ginger) modulates a variety of cell signaling pathways linked to cancer, including Nuclear Factors (NF-κB), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), Activator Protein-1 (AP-1), β-catenin, Growth Factors Receptors (EGFR, VEGFR); Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) and pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and COX-2). Both in vitro and in vivo studies support the role of gingerol in cancer. The efficacy of gingerol by clinical trials has also been reported. Importantly, natural agents are already in clinical trials against various kinds of cancer. An effort has been made through this comprehensive review to highlight the recent developments and milestones achieved in cancer therapies via studies based on different cell lines using gingerol.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Catechols; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Fatty Alcohols; Humans; Neoplasms

Curcumin (CU), an edible natural pigment from Curcuma Longa, has demonstrated extensive anti-tumor effect in vivo and in vitro. With the property of reversing drug resistance and low toxicity, CU has been considered to develop a new adjuvant chemotherapy protocol of cancer. However, the poor stability, solubility, in vivo bioavailability and weak activity of CU greatly limit its clinical application. Therefore, CU analogues have been extensively studied. Starting from the study of natural CU analogues, multiple approaches are being sought to obtain more stable, soluble and effective analogues of CU. This review focuses on the progress of these approaches to more potent CU analogues.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Cell Proliferation; Curcumin; Humans; Neoplasms

Numerous studies have been performed in understanding the development of cancer. Though, the mechanism of action of genes in the development of cancer remains to be explained. The current mode of treatment of cancer shows adverse effects on normal cells and also alter the cell signalling pathways. However, ginger and its active compound have fascinated research based on animal model and laboratories during the past decade due to its potentiality in killing cancer cells. Ginger is a mixture of various compounds including gingerol, paradol, zingiberene and shogaol and such compounds are the main players in diseases management. Most of the health-promoting effects of ginger and its active compound can be attributed due to its antioxidant and anti-tumour activity. Besides, the active compound of ginger has proven its role in cancer management through its modulatory effect on tumour suppressor genes, cell cycle, apoptosis, transcription factors, angiogenesis and growth factor. In this review, the role of ginger and its active compound in the inhibition of cancer growth through modulating cell signalling pathways will be reviewed and discussed.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Catechols; Cell Cycle; Fatty Alcohols; Humans; Neoplasms; Plant Extracts; Signal Transduction; Zingiber officinale

Natural dietary agents have attracted considerable attention due to their role in promoting health and reducing the risk of diseases including cancer. Ginger, one of the most ancient known spices, contains bioactive compounds with several health benefits. [6]-Gingerol constitutes the most pharmacologically active among such compounds. The aim of the present work was to review the literature pertaining to the use of ginger extract and [6]-gingerol against tumorigenic and oxidative and inflammatory processes associated with cancer, along with the underlying mechanisms of action involved in signaling pathways. This will shed some light on the protective or therapeutic role of ginger derivatives in oxidative and inflammatory regulations during metabolic disturbance and on the antiproliferative and anticancer properties. Data collected from experimental (in vitro or in vivo) and clinical studies discussed in this review indicate that ginger extract and [6]-gingerol exert their action through important mediators and pathways of cell signaling, including Bax/Bcl2, p38/MAPK, Nrf2, p65/NF-κB, TNF-α, ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK, ROS/NF-κB/COX-2, caspases-3, -9, and p53. This suggests that ginger derivatives, in the form of an extract or isolated compounds, exhibit relevant antiproliferative, antitumor, invasive, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Catechols; Cell Line, Tumor; Fatty Alcohols; Humans; Inflammation; Neoplasms; Plant Extracts; Signal Transduction; Zingiber officinale

The effect of diet on cancer formation and prevention of carcinogenesis has attracted considerable attention for years and is the subject of several studies. Some components of the daily diet, such as resveratrol, curcumin, genistein, gingerol, can significantly reduce the risk of cancer or affect the rate of tumor progression. Cancer chemoprevention assumes the use of natural or synthetic biologically active substances in order to prevent, inhibit or reverse the progression of cancer. There are many biologically active compounds in several natural products, i.e. garlic, ginger, soy, curcuma, tomatoes, cruciferous plants or green tea. Their chemopreventive activity is based on the inhibition of processes underlying carcinogenesis (inflammation, transformation and proliferation), but also affects the final phase of carcinogenesis - angiogenesis and metastasis. Despite the relatively low toxicity of chemopreventive agents, their molecular targets often coincide with the objectives of the currently used cancer therapies. The widespread use of chemopreventive agents may contribute to reduction of the rate of cancer incidence, and increase the effectiveness of conventional cancer therapies. In the present study, selected molecular mechanisms of the chemopreventive activity have been discussed, especially their involvement in the regulation of signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metastasis and angiogenesis. The role of chemopreventive agents in the inflammatory process, the metabolism of xenobiotics and multidrug resistance has been also characterized.

Topics: Anticarcinogenic Agents; Apoptosis; Catechols; Chemoprevention; Curcumin; Fatty Alcohols; Humans; Neoplasms; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Resveratrol; Signal Transduction; Stilbenes

Multidrug resistance is a principal mechanism by which tumors become resistant to structurally and functionally unrelated anticancer drugs. Resistance to chemotherapy has been correlated with overexpression of p-glycoprotein (p-gp), a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of membrane transporters. P-gp mediates resistance to a broad-spectrum of anticancer drugs including doxorubicin, taxol, and vinca alkaloids by actively expelling the drugs from cells. Use of specific inhibitors/blocker of p-gp in combination with clinically important anticancer drugs has emerged as a new paradigm for overcoming multidrug resistance. The aim of this paper is to review p-gp regulation by dietary nutraceuticals and to correlate this dietary nutraceutical induced-modulation of p-gp with activity of anticancer drugs.

Topics: Abietanes; Alkaloids; Allyl Compounds; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; Benzodioxoles; beta Carotene; Biflavonoids; Capsaicin; Catechin; Catechols; Curcumin; Dietary Supplements; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Synergism; Fatty Alcohols; Furocoumarins; Humans; Indoles; Limonins; Neoplasms; Phytotherapy; Piperidines; Polyunsaturated Alkamides; Proanthocyanidins; Quercetin; Resveratrol; Stilbenes; Sulfides; Tea; Triterpenes; Xanthophylls

Excessive free radical generation overbalancing the rate of their removal leads to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and other chronic diseases. Antioxidants are compounds that hinder the oxidative processes and thereby delay or suppress oxidative stress. There is a growing interest in natural antioxidants found in plants. Herbs and spices are most important targets to search for natural antioxidants from the point of view of safety. A wide variety of phenolic compounds present in spices that are extensively used as food adjuncts possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and cancer preventive activities. This paper reviews a host of spice compounds as exogenous antioxidants that are experimentally evidenced to control cellular oxidative stress, both in vitro and in vivo, and their beneficial role in preventing or ameliorating oxidative-stress-mediated diseases, from atherosclerosis to diabetes to cataract to cancer. The antioxidative effects of turmeric/curcumin, clove/eugenol, red pepper/capsaicin, black pepper/piperine, ginger/gingerol, garlic, onion, and fenugreek, which have been extensively studied and evidenced as potential antioxidants, are specifically reviewed in this treatise.

Topics: Alkaloids; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antimutagenic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzodioxoles; Capsaicin; Cardiotonic Agents; Catechols; Curcumin; Eugenol; Fatty Alcohols; Garlic; Humans; Neoplasms; Onions; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Piperidines; Polyunsaturated Alkamides; Spices; Trigonella

For many years, ginger or ginger root, the rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale, has been consumed as a delicacy, medicine, or spice. Several studies have been conducted on the medicinal properties of ginger against various disorders, including cancer. Cancer is the second leading cause of death, and chemoprevention is defined as the use of natural or synthetic substances to prevent cancer initiation or progression. Evidence that ginger-derived compounds have inhibitory effects on various cancer cell types is increasingly being reported in the scientific literature. In this review we focused on the cancer chemopreventive effects of [6]-gingerol, the major pungent component of ginger, and its impact on different steps of the metastatic process.

Topics: Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Apoptosis; Catechols; Cell Movement; Fatty Alcohols; Humans; Neoplasms; Reactive Oxygen Species; Zingiber officinale

The rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as ginger, is one of the most widely used spice and condiment. It is also an integral part of many traditional medicines and has been extensively used in Chinese, Ayurvedic, Tibb-Unani, Srilankan, Arabic, and African traditional medicines, since antiquity, for many unrelated human ailments including common colds, fever, sore throats, vomiting, motion sickness, gastrointestinal complications, indigestion, constipation, arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, cramps, hypertension, dementia, fever, infectious diseases, and helminthiasis. The putative active compounds are nonvolatile pungent principles, namely gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone. These compounds are some of the extensively studied phytochemicals and account for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, and gastroprotective activities. A number of preclinical investigations with a wide variety of assay systems and carcinogens have shown that ginger and its compounds possess chemopreventive and antineoplastic effects. A number of mechanisms have been observed to be involved in the chemopreventive effects of ginger. The cancer preventive activities of ginger are supposed to be mainly due to free radical scavenging, antioxidant pathways, alteration of gene expressions, and induction of apoptosis, all of which contribute towards decrease in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. This review provides concise information from preclinical studies with both cell culture models and relevant animal studies by focusing on the mechanisms responsible for the chemopreventive action. The conclusion describes directions for future research to establish its activity and utility as a human cancer preventive and therapeutic drug. The above-mentioned mechanisms of ginger seem to be promising for cancer prevention; however, further clinical studies are warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of ginger.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antiemetics; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Carcinogens; Catechols; Cell Cycle; Cell Line, Tumor; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fatty Alcohols; Guaiacol; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Neoplasms; Plant Extracts; Protein Carbonylation; Rhizome; Signal Transduction; Spices; Transcription Factors; Zingiber officinale

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasing rapidly in developed countries, which is already in use as traditional medicines in various Asian countries. The Indian system of medicine, named as Ayurveda has an edge in this field. Many plant products are in use as herbal medicine, as food supplement or as spices, in every day cooking. Some of them have been well studied in various experimental models of cancer, both in vivo and in vitro models. They have shown significant inhibition of cell proliferation. Some of them are in the phase of clinical trial or already available as food supplement. Cancer patients are specially exploring the use of CAM, because of the high risk of mortality and long-term morbidity associated with surgical procedures of cancer management and high side effects of chemotherapy. This paper reviews different class of phytomedicines, used in Indian system of medicine, and also in Europe, which have shown positive results in preventing cancer progression. It also covers the role of vitamins, minerals, dietary fat in relation to cancer control. The mechanisms of action of these phytomolecules have also been discussed.

Topics: Antioxidants; Capsaicin; Carotenoids; Catechin; Catechols; Complementary Therapies; Curcumin; Fatty Alcohols; Flavones; Genistein; Herbal Medicine; Humans; Isoflavones; Lycopene; Minerals; Neoplasms; Phytoestrogens; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Vitamins

Recently, considerable attention has been focused on identifying naturally occurring chemopreventive substances capable of inhibiting, retarding, or reversing the multi-stage carcinogenesis. A wide array of phenolic substances, particularly those present in dietary and medicinal plants, have been reported to possess substantial anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic activities. The majority of these naturally occurring phenolics retain antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties which appear to contribute to their chemopreventive or chemoprotective activity. Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), a pungent ingredient of hot chili pepper, protects against experimentally-induced mutagenesis and tumorigenesis. It also induces apoptosis in various immortalized or malignant cell lines. Plants of ginger family (Zingiberaceae) have been frequently and widely used as spices and also, in traditional oriental medicine. Curcumin, a yellow ingredient from turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae), has been extensively investigated for its cancer chemopreventive potential. Yakuchinone A [1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-3-heptanone] and yakuchinone B [1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenylhept-1-en-3-one] present in Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel (Zingiberaceae) have inhibitory effects on phorbol ester-induced inflammation and skin carcinogenesis in mice, and oxidative stress in vitro. These diarylheptanoids suppress phorbol ester-induced activation of ornithine decarboxylase and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1alpha and their mRNA expression. They also nullified the phorbol ester-stimulated induction of activator protein 1 (AP-1) in cultured human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. In addition, both yakuchinone A and B induced apoptotic death in HL-60 cells. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) contains such pungent ingredients as [6]-gingerol and [6]-paradol, which also have anti-tumor promotional and antiproliferative effects. Resveratrol (3, 5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a phytoalexin found in grapes and other dietary and medicinal plants, and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a major antioxidative green tea polyphenol, exert striking inhibitory effects on diverse cellular events associated with multi-stage carcinogenesis. In addition, these compounds have ability to suppress proliferation of human cancer cells via induction of apoptosis.

Topics: Animals; Capsaicin; Catechin; Catechols; Curcumin; Diet; Fatty Alcohols; Humans; Mice; Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Experimental; Phenols; Plants, Edible; Plants, Medicinal; Resveratrol; Stilbenes

6-Gingerol is a natural compound extracted from ginger. Preclinical studies demonstrated that 6-gingerol has an anti-emetic activity by inhibiting neurokinin-1, serotonin, and dopamine receptors. Several clinical trials examined crude ginger powder for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), but none of them was conducted with a standardized bioactive compound. Patients who received moderately to highly emetogenic adjuvant chemotherapy were randomized to receive 6-gingerol 10 mg or placebo orally twice daily for 12 weeks. Ondansetron, metoclopramide, and dexamethasone were given to all patients. The primary endpoint was complete response (CR) rate defined as no emesis or rescue treatment at any time. Eighty-eight patients were randomized to receive 6-gingerol (N = 42) or placebo (N = 46). Most patients received highly emetogenic chemotherapy (93%). Overall CR rate was significantly higher in 6-gingerol group as compared with that of the placebo (77 vs. 32%; P < 0.001). The difference in means of appetite score was significant (P = 0.001) and more noticeable over time. Mean FACT-G score indicating quality of life was significantly higher (86.21) in 6-gingerol group at 64 days as compared with that of placebo group (72.36) (P < 0.001). No toxicity related to 6-gingerol was observed. Patients treated with 6-gingerol reported significantly less grade 3 fatigue (2 vs. 20%; P = 0.020). 6-Gingerol significantly improved overall CR rate in CINV, appetite and quality of life in cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. A phase III randomized study of 6-gingerol is warranted to confirm these results.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anthracyclines; Antiemetics; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Catechols; Double-Blind Method; Fatty Alcohols; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nausea; Neoplasms; Organoplatinum Compounds; Vomiting; Young Adult

Using small molecules to inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is an important approach in cancer immunotherapy. Natural compounds such as capsaicin, zucapsaicin, 6-gingerol and curcumin have been proposed to have anticancer immunologic functions by downregulating the PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 dimerization promoted by small molecules was recently reported to be a potential mechanism to inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. To clarify the molecular mechanism of such compounds on PD-L1 dimerization, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed. The results evidenced that these compounds could inhibit PD-1/PD-L1 interactions by directly targeting PD-L1 dimerization. Binding free energy calculations showed that capsaicin, zucapsaicin, 6-gingerol and curcumin have strong binding ability with the PD-L1 dimer, where the affinities of them follow the trend of zucapsaicin > capsaicin > 6-gingerol ≈ curcumin. Analysis by residue energy decomposition, contact numbers and nonbonded interactions revealed that these compounds have a tight interaction with the C-sheet, F-sheet and G-sheet fragments of the PD-L1 dimer, which were also involved in the interactions with PD-1. Moreover, non-polar interactions between these compounds and the key residues Ile54, Tyr56, Met115 and Ala121 play a key role in stabilizing the protein−ligand complexes in solution, in which the 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl group and the carbonyl group of zucapsaicin, capsaicin, 6-ginger and curcumin were significant for the complexation of small molecules with the PD-L1 dimer. The conformational variations of these complexes were further analyzed by free energy landscape (FEL) and principal component analysis (PCA) and showed that these small molecules could make the structure of dimers more stable. This work provides a mechanism insight for food-derived small molecules blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway via directly targeting the PD-L1 dimerization and offers theoretical guidance to discover more effective small molecular drugs in cancer immunotherapy.

Topics: B7-H1 Antigen; Capsaicin; Curcumin; Dimerization; Humans; Immunotherapy; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Neoplasms; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor

[6]-Gingerol, one of the components of the rhizome of Ginger, has a variety of biological activities such as anticoagulant, antioxidative, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and so forth. However, as one of the homologous phenolic ketones, [6]-gingerol is insoluble in water which limits its applications. Herein, we prepared [6]-gingerol proliposomes through modified thin-film dispersion method, which was spherical or oval, and physicochemically stable with narrow size distribution. Surprisingly, in vitro release of [6]-gingerol loaded proliposome compared with the free [6]-gingerol was significantly higher and its oral bioavailability increased 5-fold in vivo. Intriguingly, its antitumor effect was enhanced in the liposome formulation. Thus, our prepared [6]-gingerol proliposome proved to be a novel formulation for [6]-gingerol, which significantly improved its antitumor effect.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Biological Availability; Catechols; Cell Survival; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Liberation; Fatty Alcohols; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Liposomes; Male; Neoplasms; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used as an anti cancer drug and is known to cause severe diarrhea. Recently we suggested that levels of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and neutrophil recruitment in the colonic mucosa were drastically increased by the 5-FU administration in mice. Hange-shashin-to (HST) is prescribed in Japan for treat gastritis, stomatitis, and inflammatory diarrhea. We therefore examined the effects of HST and its active ingredients on 5-FU-induced CXCL1 upregulation in cultured colon tissue, and also examined the effects of HST on 5-FU-induced diarrhea development in the mouse. The distal colon isolated from the mouse was incubated with 5-FU and HST. Mice were given 5-FU (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) daily for four days. HST (300 mg/kg, per os (p.o.)) was administered 30 min before mice received 5-FU. mRNA levels of CXCL1 in the colon were examined using quantitative RT-PCR. 5-FU enhanced CXCL1 mRNA in the colon but the effect by 5-FU was markedly suppressed by application of HST and its active ingredients, baicalein and 6-gingerol. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was activated by 5-FU treatment in cultured colon tissue, which was also suppressed by HST and the combination of baicalein and 6-gingerol. Furthermore, HST reduced 5-FU-induced diarrhea development. Under such experimental condition, CXCL1 gene, protein levels of neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase upregulation induced by 5-FU in the colon was attenuated by HST. These findings suggest that HST, especially baicalein and 6-gingerol, prevent the development of neutrophil recruitment and diarrhea by the inhibition of NF-κB activity.

Topics: Animals; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Catechols; Chemokine CXCL1; Colon; Diarrhea; Disease Models, Animal; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fatty Alcohols; Flavonoids; Fluorouracil; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Japan; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neoplasms; NF-kappa B; RNA, Messenger; Up-Regulation

Twenty-nine phenolic compounds were isolated from the root bark of fresh (Yunnan) ginger and their structures fully characterized. Selected compounds were divided into structural categories and twelve compounds subjected to in-vitro assays including DPPH radical scavenging, xanthine-oxidase inhibition, monoamine oxidase inhibition, rat-brain homogenate lipid peroxidation, and rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell and primary liver cell viability to determine their antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. Isolated compounds were also tested against nine human tumor cell lines to characterize anticancer potency. Several diarylheptanoids and epoxidic diarylheptanoids were effective DPPH radical scavengers and moderately effective at inhibiting xanthine oxidase. An enone-dione analog of 6-shogaol (compound 2) was isolated and identified to be most effective at protecting PC12 cells from H₂O₂-induced damage. Almost all tested compounds inhibited lipid peroxidation. Three compounds, 6-shogaol, 10-gingerol and an enone-diarylheptanoid analog of curcumin (compound 6) were identified to be cytotoxic in cell lines tested, with KB and HL60 cells most susceptible to 6-shogaol and the curcumin analog with IC₅₀<10 μM. QSAR analysis revealed cytotoxicity was related to compound lipophilicity and chemical reactivity. In conclusion, we observed distinct compounds in fresh ginger to have biological activities relevant in diseases associated with reactive oxygen species.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechols; Curcumin; Cytoprotection; Fatty Alcohols; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; KB Cells; Lipid Peroxidation; Neoplasms; PC12 Cells; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Xanthine Oxidase; Zingiber officinale

6-Gingerol, a major pungent component of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae), has been reported to have antitumor activities. However, the metabolic fate of 6-gingerol and the contribution of its metabolites to the observed activities are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the biotransformation of 6-gingerol in different cancer cells and in mice, purified and identified the major metabolites from human lung cancer cells, and determined the effects of the major metabolites on the proliferation of human cancer cells. Our results show that 6-gingerol is extensively metabolized in H-1299 human lung cancer cells, CL-13 mouse lung cancer cells, HCT-116 and HT-29 human colon cancer cells, and in mice. The two major metabolites in H-1299 cells were purified and identified as (3R,5S)-6-gingerdiol (M1) and (3S,5S)-6-gingerdiol (M2) based on the analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR data. Both metabolites induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells after 24 h, with M1 having a comparable effect to 6-gingerol in H-1299 cells.

Topics: Animals; Catechols; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Fatty Alcohols; Humans; Mice; Molecular Structure; Neoplasms; Plant Extracts; Zingiber officinale

Topics: Animals; Catechols; Fatty Alcohols; Lythraceae; Mice; Mice, Nude; Neoplasms; Plant Extracts; Skin Neoplasms; Zingiber officinale