gastrins and Hyperthyroidism

Topics: Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gastrins; Glucagon; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothalamus; Hypothyroidism; Insulin; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Menopause; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Somatostatin; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Animals; Bipolar Disorder; Catecholamines; Diabetes Insipidus; Female; Gastrins; Glucagon; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lithium; Middle Aged; Pancreas; Rats; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine

To investigate the underlying mechanisms of Berberine-mediated antidiarrheal effects in thyroid hormone-induced diarrhea in rats, gastrointestinal peptides, such as motilin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin from plasma and tissue of hyperthyroid diarrheic rats were measured using radioimmunoassay in healthy control, model, and treated model groups. The number and volume of goblet cells were also observed. Compared with healthy control, hyperthyroid diarrheic rats exhibited a significant reduction in body weight, and increase in plasma concentrations of tri-iodothyronine and free thyroxine along with the increase of wet stool. Both plasma motilin and gastrin were also elevated and reduced remarkably in Berberine-treated subgroup along with the body weight increased and wet stool reduced at the meantime. Significant changes in plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin were not seen. Gastrointestinal peptides trend in tissue samples were similar to those observed in plasma. Morphological data demonstrated an increase in number and/or volume of goblet cells to some extent in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, respectively and decreased by administration of Berberine. The possible underlying mechanisms of antidiarrheal effects of Berberine may be due in partially to the reduction of the number of goblet cells and the amount of mucous secretion through re-balancing gastrointestinal peptides.

Topics: Animals; Antidiarrheals; Berberine; Colon; Diarrhea; Duodenum; Gastrins; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Goblet Cells; Hyperthyroidism; Jejunum; Male; Motilin; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Somatostatin; Thyroid Hormones; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

To evaluate the prevalence of hypergastrinemia in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and to determine whether gastrin-induced hypercalcitonemia could explain the high prevalence of thyroid C-cell hyperplasia among patients with hyperthyroidism.. Concentrations of gastrin and of hCT were determined by commercially available radioimmunoassays.. Elevated serum concentrations of gastrin were found in 17 of 161 (10.5%) patients with manifest hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and in 4 of 37 (10.8%) and 23 of 255 (9.0%) patients with manifest or subclinical hypothyroidism, respectively. Only 2 cases of hypergastrinemia of 255 subclinically hypothyroid patients (0.8%) could not be linked to thyroid autoimmune disease by either biochemical or sonographic criteria. Four patients with Graves' disease presented elevated plasma concentrations of calcitonin, but none of these patients also had an elevated serum gastrin.. The prevalence of hypergastrinemia in autoimmune thyroid disease is about 10%. The determination of gastrin in subclinical hypothyroidism is not cost-effective in the absence of biochemical and/or sonographic markers of autoimmune thyroid disease. The determination of gastrin is of no use to predict the presence of C-cell hyperplasia commonly seen in patients with Graves' disease.

Topics: Aged; Calcitonin; Female; Gastrins; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

A 43 year old man is presented who suffered from the association of a toxic adenoma of the thyroid gland and a Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) due to a metastasizing duodenal gastrinoma. There were no other signs of a multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, type I (MEN-I). The patient presented here shows that the association of ZES and thyroid disease may also occur in patients with sporadic ZES.

Topics: Adenoma; Adult; Duodenal Neoplasms; Gastrectomy; Gastrinoma; Gastrins; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Thyroid Neoplasms; Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Thyroxine modulates the ontogenic changes of animal tissues. In this study, the effects of experimental hyperthyroidism on the adult rat pancreas, small intestine, and serum gastrin were evaluated. Hyperthyroidism was induced by oral feeding of thyroxine (T4) in increasing dosages (150-450 micrograms/kg body weight; 3 weeks) and controlled by measurements of the circulating hormones. The increase of thyroid hormones in blood (T4 ng/dl: thyroxine-treated rats 10.8 vs. controls 3.3; p less than 0.01; given are means) was accompanied by hypergastrinemia (IR-gastrin pg/ml: T4-treated rats 169 vs. controls 25; p less than 0.05). The T4-treated animals consumed more food but lost about 20 g of their initial body weight. Pancreatic wet weight (g: T4-treatment 1.72 vs. controls 1.42; p less than 0.05), DNA (micrograms/g body weight: T4-treatment 2.42 vs. controls 1.5; p less than 0.05), and protein (micrograms/g body weight: T4-treatment 131.7 vs. controls 63.5; p less than 0.05) were increased, whereas no pronounced influence on pancreatic amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin was found. The gut wet weight after thyroxine administration (18.1 g vs. 15.4 g of controls; p less than 0.05) was elevated, but length, DNA, protein, and brush border enzyme activities remained unaltered. Our data demonstrate in adult rats a small but significant trophic response of pancreas and gut to repeated oral thyroxine administration.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; DNA Replication; Enzymes; Gastrins; Hyperthyroidism; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Pancreatic Function Tests; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thyroid Hormones

Topics: Adult; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Female; Gastrins; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Time Factors; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Eating; Fasting; Female; Gastrins; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Middle Aged; Reference Values

The extrinsically denervated and vascularly perfused stomach of the hyperthyroid rat exhibits an increased basal gastrin release and an exaggerated response to stimulation with the b-agonist isoproterenol. The b-blocker propranolol does not inhibit the increased basal release of gastrin, but completely blocks the effect of isoproterenol. Vagal stimulation is not different between hyperthyroid and euthyroid rats. We conclude, that there are two mechanisms which are responsible for the increased release of gastrin in hyperthyroidism: firstly a direct effect of thyroid hormones on gastrin cells, and secondly an increase in sensitivity of gastrin cells towards b-adrenergic stimulation.

Topics: Animals; Electric Stimulation; Gastrins; Hyperthyroidism; Isoproterenol; Male; Propranolol; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Gastrins; Gastritis; Gastritis, Atrophic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating; Male; Middle Aged; Parietal Cells, Gastric

Using a quantitative immunocytochemical technique, antral gastrin cell populations in the rat were studied in various states of thyroid function. Simultaneous determinations of circulating serum gastrin were made by RIA. Rats made hypothyroid by ingestion of methimazole (0.01% solution in drinking water for 30 days) demonstrated a significant 32% decrease in gastrin cell density (306 +/- 9/cm vs. 207 +/- 11/cm for controls) associated with a significant 50% decrease in serum gastrin (143 +/- 12 vs. 307 +/- 20 pg/ml for controls). Induction of hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism by surgical thyroparathyroidectomy resulted in similarly significant decreases in gastrin cell numbers (229 +/- 12/cm) and serum gastrin (169 +/- 14 pg/ml). Animals that underwent thyroparathyroidectomy followed by T4 replacement (2.5 micrograms/100 g X day, ip) for 30 days had a mean gastrin cell density that was not significantly different from that of controls; serum gastrin was decreased to 207 +/- 11 pg/ml. The administration of excess T4 (200 micrograms/100 g X day, ip) for either 15 or 30 days was associated with a significant increase in gastrin cell numbers (413 +/- 23/cm at 15 days; 352 +/- 21/cm at 30 days). Mean serum gastrin was increased by 82% after 15 days of T4 administration (558 +/- 51 pg/ml) and by 65% at 30 days (506 +/- 36 pg/ml). We conclude that T4 is trophic for gastrin cells in the rat.

Topics: Animals; Calcium; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrins; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Methimazole; Pyloric Antrum; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine

To study the gastrointestinal hormones involved in hyperthyroidism and the interrelationship with the thyroid hormones, the preprandial serum concentrations of gastrin, motilin and secretin were measured by radioimmunoassay in 33 normal subjects and in 104 patients before and after treatment. The following results were obtained. 1) Serum gastrin concentrations in hyperthyroid patients were significantly higher than that of the control, and when the patients reached euthyroidism or hypothyroidism after treatment, the gastrin concentrations in the serum decreased to the normal level. There was a positive correlation between thyroid hormones and serum gastrin. 2) The changes in serum motilin concentrations in hyperthyroidism before and after treatment did not show any significant differences from that of the control. There was a slightly negative relationship between motilin and gastrin and also between T4 and motilin. 3) The mean serum secretin level rose significantly in hypothyroid patients after treatment for hyperthyroidism, but there was no individual correlation between serum secretin and thyroid hormone.

Topics: Adult; Female; Gastrins; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Motilin; Secretin; Vagus Nerve

Fasting serum gastrin levels measured by radioimmunoassay were found to be elevated in patients with hyperthyroidism and low in patients with hypothyroidism. The oral administration of beef extracts resulted in more increase of serum gastrin in hyperthyroid patients than in normal subjects. After restoration of the euthyroid state by treatment, no more increase in serum gastrin levels was observed. Slight correlation between gastrin levels and serum T3 levels was observed in pretreated hyperthyroid patients (r = 0.40), but significant correlation between them was found after restoration of the euthyroid state by treatment (r = 0.50). However, it seemed to be able to divide into two groups in the pretreated patients. One was a patient group whose gastrin levels correlated closely to serum T3 levels (r = 0.83, p less than 0.01). The other was a group whose serum gastrin levels remained in low even in high T3 levels (r = 0.81, p less than 0.01). Different sensitivity to thyroid hormone in the G-cells of gastrointestinal tract may exist in these two groups, because patients age and duration of their illness were not different between them.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Gastrins; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroid Diseases; Triiodothyronine

Histochemical and electron microscopy identification revealed five types of endocrine cells (A-like, ECL, G, D, EC) in the gastric fundal and pyloric mucosa. Quantitative positive correlation was found between the revealed ECL, G cells and HCl secretion after the 10-day L-thyroxin administration. The correlation became negative after a longer administration. The ultrastructural changes of A-like ECL and G-cells (L-thyroxin for 10 days) proved their increased functional activity. After a longer period of L-thyroxin administration the ultrastructural characteristics of EC, D-cells suggested their degranulation. The majority of A-like, ECL and G-cells existed in the storing phase due to blocking of the extrusion phase.

Topics: Animals; Chromaffin System; Enterochromaffin Cells; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrins; Histamine Release; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serotonin; Somatostatin; Thyroxine

The radioimmunoassay technique, first developed for the determination of hormones, has been applied to many substances of biologic interest by clinical and research laboratories around the world. It has had an enormous effect in medicine and biology as a diagnostic tool, a guide to therapy, and a probe for the fine structure of biologic systems. For instance, the assays of insulin, gastrin, secretin, prolactin, and certain tissue-specific enzymes have been invaluable in patient care. Further refinements of current methods, as well as the emergence of new immunoassay techniques, are expected to enhance precision, specificity, reliability, and convenience of the radioimmunoassay in both clinical and research laboratories.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Amylases; Animals; Cimetidine; Creatine Kinase; Dogs; Female; Gastrins; Hexosaminidases; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Insulin; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Middle Aged; Pancreatic Elastase; Pepsinogens; Peptic Ulcer; Peptides; Pituitary Neoplasms; Prolactin; Radioimmunoassay; Secretin; Species Specificity; Swine; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

To study the gastrointestinal hormones in hyperthyroidism and the interrelations with the thyroid hormones, the preprandial serum gastrin and motilin were measured by radioimmunoassay in 104 patients before and after the treatments. The following results were obtained: 1) Serum gastrin concentration in hyperthyroidism was significantly higher than that of the control, and when the patients reached euthyroidism or hypothyroidism after the treatments, the gastrin concentrations in the serum decreased to the normal level. There was a positive correlation between the thyroid hormones and the serum gastrin. 2) Serum motilin concentration in hyperthyroidism was slightly lower than that of the control. As the patients reached the euthyroid or hypothyroid state after the treatments, an increasing tendency of motilin was observed, though the change was not significant. There was a slightly negative correlation in gastrin versus motilin and also in T4 versus motilin.

Topics: Adult; Female; Gastrins; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Motilin; Radioimmunoassay; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

A decrease in MAO by gastrin stimulation was observed in 13 of 20 hyperthyroid patients. Five of these 13 cases had achlorhydria. The decrease in gastric acid secretion had no relation to the duration of symptoms, serum T3 and T4 levels, serum antithyroglobulin antibody levels and serum antithyroid microsomal antibody levels. Gastroscopy with biopsy was performed in 17 cases. In patients with achlorhydria, macroscopic and histological atrophy was not observed in the body, and parietal cells were present and their succinic dehydrogenase activity was normal. Electron microscopy of the parietal cells of patients with achlorhydria showed that their cells were similar to those in the resting state of healthy subjects with the ability to secrete normal amounts of gastric acid. These findings demonstrate that the decrease in gastric acid secretion in hyperthyroidism is not caused by any structural changes in the gastric mucosa but by functional suppression. In the present experiment, this suppression was found resistant to gastrin. A rise in serum gastrin level was observed in 8 cases. Either achlorhydria or marked hypoacidity was found in 6 cases with the level more than 400 pg/ml. The HCl administration temporarily lowered elevated gastrin levels, and feedback inhibition by HCl was found to be maintained. A rise in gastric pH was considered to be one of the prerequisites for an increase in serum gastrin level.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Gastric Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrins; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Middle Aged

Experimental hyperthyroidism was produced in rats by thyroxin injection, and changes in gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin level were determined to analyze the relation between these changes and hyperthyroidism. Administration of thyroxin to two groups of rats-20 micrograms per 100 g of body weight for 20 days and 75 micrograms for 7 days-brought about significant increases in serum T3 level, gastric pH and serum gastrin level. An increase in gastric pH took place later than that in serum T3 level; this time lag implies that a decrease in acid secretion was not caused by an direct effect of thyroxin on the parietal cell but by its secondary effect. In the T4-injected rats with decreased gastric acid secretion, the parietal cell remained normal in form and succinic dehydrogenase activity was also normal. The electron microscopical observations showed nothing abnormal in the parietal cells. These findings suggest that a decrease in acid secretion was not due to any structural changes in the gastric mucosa but to functional suppression. The serum gastrin level rose in correlation with an increase in gastric pH and fell by HCl administration to the stomach. Feedback inhibition by pH remained in the G cell.

Topics: Animals; Gastric Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrins; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

In a number of hyperthyroid patients the serum gastrin level exceeds the normal range. Administration of beta-blocking agents results in a decrease of the hypergastrinaemia. The fall in the serum gastrin levels is unrelated to the effect of beta-blocking agents on peripheral thyroxine metabolism, but is associated with a decline of the plasma cAMP levels. It is suggested that, though beta adrenergic sensitivity is one of the factors of hypergastrinaemia in hyperthyroidism, other factors may be involved in its production, too.

Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Cyclic AMP; Gastrins; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Propranolol; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Triiodothyronine, Reverse

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Gastrins; Gastritis; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Isoproterenol; Male; Middle Aged; Propranolol; Receptors, Adrenergic; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta

Serum gastrin concentrations were measured in 22 untreated and 10 treated thyrotoxic patients. In contrast to similar studies carried out in Japan, serum gastrin levels were normal in hyperthyroid subjects. The mean value in hyperthyroid subjects (94.8 +/- 34.5 pg/ml) was higher than that in the treated patients (73.6 +/- 33.2 pg/ml), but the difference was not significant (P greater than 0.05).

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Gastrins; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Middle Aged

Hypergastrinaemia was found in 11 out of 24 untreated hyperthyroid patients (Graves' disease or nodular goitre). Seven patients had a co-existent (autoimmune) atrophic gastritis. In the remaining 17 patients plasma T3 was positively related to plasma gastrin, and negatively to gastric acid output; there was no relation between gastrin levels and acid output. Acid instillation into the stomach revealed a normal negative feedback of acid upon gastrin release. Sixteen hyperthyroid patients were restudied when euthyroid. Plasma gastrin decreased from 171 (51-1188) ng/l before treatment to 69 (39-392 ng/l after treatment (P < 0.002), and maximal acid output increased from 1.55 (0.00-22.75) to 8.03 (0.00-26.60) mmol H+/h (P < 0.01) (median values; range in brackets). However, in 4 patients with complete achlorhydria before and after treatment plasma gastrin decreased to the same extent as in the patients with gastric acid secretion. We conclude that thyrotoxic hypergastrinaemia cannot be fully explained by the low gastric acid output in hyperthyroidism.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Gastric Acid; Gastrins; Gastritis; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroid Hormones

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anorexia Nervosa; Blood Glucose; Female; Gastrins; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Insulin; Male; Middle Aged

Topics: Antigens; Diabetes Mellitus; Gastrins; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Insulin; Tolbutamide

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Fasting; Female; Gastrectomy; Gastrins; Glycine; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroid Diseases

Topics: Adrenal Gland Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Erythrocytes; Female; Gastrins; Gynecomastia; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hyperplasia; Hyperthyroidism; Hypoglycemia; Male; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Metabolic Diseases; Neoplasms; Neurologic Manifestations; Polycythemia; Prognosis; Puberty, Precocious; Vasopressins