gamma-linolenic-acid and Polycystic-Ovary-Syndrome

There was inconsistent evidence about the benefit of vitamin D plus evening primrose oil (EPO) supplement intake on lipid profiles and reduced oxidative stress among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The current study was performed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D plus EPO supplementation on lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in vitamin D-deficient women with PCOS.. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed among 60 vitamin D-deficient women with PCOS. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive either 1000 IU vitamin D3 plus 1000 mg EPO (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks. Metabolic profiles were quantified at baseline and after the 12-week intervention.. Compared with the placebo group, women in vitamin D and EPO co-supplementation group had significant increases in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (+10.7 ± 8.4 vs. -0.5 ± 1.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and plasma total glutathione (GSH) (+62.7 ± 58.0 vs. -0.7 ± 122.7 µmol/L, p = 0.01), while there were significant decreases in triglycerides (-7.3 ± 23.8 vs. +6.9 ± 26.3 mg/dL, p = 0.03), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol levels (-1.5 ± 4.7 vs. +1.4 ± 5.3 mg/dL, p = 0.03), total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (-0.3 ± 0.4 vs. -0.02 ± 0.4, p = 0.02), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (-0.4 ± 0.4 vs. +0.5 ± 1.8 µmol/L, p = 0.008).. Overall, vitamin D and EPO co-supplementation for 12 weeks among vitamin D-deficient women with PCOS significantly improved triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol, GSH, and MDA levels.

Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Cholecalciferol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, VLDL; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Glutathione; Humans; Hypolipidemic Agents; Linoleic Acids; Malondialdehyde; Oenothera biennis; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Oxidative Stress; Plant Oils; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Triglycerides; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Young Adult

In recent years, female infertility from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) has gained scientific interest. PCOS alters the metabolic and endocrine functioning in females. The elevation in androgens can damage the androgen receptors present on the kidney giving rise to renal disorders like Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) in the ovary is activated by activin for Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) secretion and in the kidney by thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) for cell growth and apoptosis. Studies show that gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) effectively treats breast cancer, eczema, inflammatory conditions and PCOS.. The study aimed to find out the possibility of FSGS development in PCOS and to understand the effect of GLA on FSGS via the TGF-β pathway.. To carry out the study, the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) induced PCOS model was used. Three groups namely vehicle control, DHEA, and DHEA+GLA, were used with six animals in each. TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TSP1 genes were studied using real-time PCR.. The study showed an increase in the level of renal fibrosis biomarker, TSP1, in the DHEA group, which was further decreased by an anti-inflammatory agent, GLA. The TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 genes associated with the TGF-β pathway were seen to be increased in DHEA-induced PCOS rats which showed a possible relation between the two conditions.. The study shows a possible development of renal fibrosis in the DHEA-induced PCOS model. The GLA might act as a ligand to regulate TGF-β signaling in glomerulosclerosis in a DHEA-induced PCOS model.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Female; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction; Transforming Growth Factor beta

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), a major endocrine disorder, affects the reproductive function of a woman, along with an association with metabolic conditions like insulin resistance and inflammation. The inflammatory nature of PCOS is much debated over, owing to numerous cases of elevation in cytokine levels. Studies have shown the beneficiary effect of Gamma-Linolenic acid (GLA) in reducing inflammation related to many conditions such as atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, arterial disease, obesity, and even PCOS. The study aims at assessing the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the ovary and Peri-ovarian adipose tissue (POAT) of the Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) induced PCOS rat model. Further, this study also evaluates the effect of γ-linolenic Acid (GLA) on these cytokines in POAT. Female Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected with 60 mg/kg DHEA daily for 28 days. These PCOS-induced rats were then orally administered with 50 mg/kg GLA for 14 days. The gene expression of cytokines was assessed by Real Time-PCR. The study showed an increase in the expression of cytokines in the ovary and POAT of the DHEA group. This suggests the role of ovarian adipose in adding to the pro-inflammatory state of PCOS. Moreover, the administration of GLA to the PCOS-induced rats resulted in a reduction of cytokine expression from the POAT, indicating that the compound was successful in reducing the associated inflammation. The study throws light on the possibility of using GLA as a supplementary or naturalistic alternative in ameliorating ovarian adipose-associated inflammation that accompanies PCOS.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Female; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Humans; Inflammation; Ovary; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Rats

The inflammatory responses associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may play a significant role in the severity of the disease. Emerging evidence report states that the polyunsaturated fatty acids are capable of ameliorating the PCOS condition. The therapeutic effects of γ-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid, in various inflammatory diseases have been reported. Yet, its role in PCOS associated inflammatory response remains unexplored. The aim of the study was to decipher the effects of GLA in PCOS and its role in the PPAR-γ pathway. In our study, female Wistar rats were stimulated with daily subcutaneous injections of DHEA (60 mg/kg per day) for 28 days to induce PCOS. Daily doses of GLA(10, 20, and 50 mg/kg) and Pioglitazone (P)(30 mg/kg) were administered orally for 14 days after PCOS induction. The levels of DHEA, leptin, PPAR-γ were measured by ELISA. The gene expression levels of leptin, TNF-α, IL-33, PPAR-γ, C/EBP-β, SREBP-1were determined by Real Time-PCR. We observed that the GLA significantly attenuated the DHEA and leptin levels. GLA treatment also upregulated PPAR-γ expression, when compared to the DHEA group. Further, GLA treatment showed a significant reduction in DHEA induced TNF-α, IL-33, C/EBP-β, and SREBP-1 levels in Wistar rat polycystic ovary tissue samples. The present findings could indicate that GLA is able to reduce the inflammatory response due to DHEA stimulation and thereafter potentially attenuate PCOS via the PPAR-γ pathway.

Topics: Animals; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Female; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Gene Expression; Inflammation; Peroxidase; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; PPAR gamma; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction

The aetiology and pathogenesis polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remain uncertain and thus the relative studies are still crucial.. Our aim was to analyse the fatty acids profiles of the main phospholipids species in serum from women with PCOS classified into phenotypes, and to diagnose women more susceptible to the occurrence of inflammatory state.. PCOS screening tests were performed in The Clinic of Gynecology and Urogynecology of Pomeranian Medical University in the 2014-2015 years.. The study are designed for general community and a primary care or referral center.. 39 patients with PCOS, diagnosed according to Rotterdam's criteria, and 14 healthy women, as a control group, participated in this study. Fatty acid profiles were investigated using gas chromatography. A total of 36 fatty acids and their derivatives were identified and quantified.. Changes in fatty acids profile in plasma from women with PCOS phenotypes are not identical.. The analyses showed lowered level of total SFA, increase in the concentration of caprylic acid and the activation of palmitic and oleic acids pathways. The level of nervonic acid was several times higher than in the control group, and the levels of behenic and tricosanoic acids were reduced.. In both phenotypes the alternative metabolic pathways of oleic acid were activated, but they were more pronounced in women with proper level of androgens. Gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3n6) can be a factor protecting hyperandrogenic women.

Topics: Adult; Androgens; Female; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Oleic Acid; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

This study examines the effect of a 6 month dietary supplement of either gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the synthesis of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha by the endometrium of women with regular menstrual cycles. Samples of endometrium, obtained pre- and post-treatment, were incubated in vitro for 2 h and the prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha released into the medium measured by radioimmunoassay. The ability of the tissue to take up 14C-arachidonic acid before and after treatment was also examined. Both GLA and EPA caused a marked decrease in the synthesis of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha (P < 0.001) but under the experimental conditions used, there was no consistent effect on arachidonic acid uptake. Body mass index, serum testosterone, fasting insulin and serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations did not change during the 6 month treatment period. An effect of GLA and EPA on arachidonic acid uptake into endometrial tissue explants was demonstrated in vitro. In the presence of both GLA and EPA, uptake into phospholipids (particularly phosphatidylcholine) decreased while uptake into triglycerides increased. Free 14C-arachidonic acid levels (that which could not be removed from the tissue by washing) also increased. Suppression of endometrial prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha synthesis following GLA or EPA supplementation can be explained as direct competition between these fatty acids and arachidonic acid (the precursor of 2-series prostaglandins) for incorporation into membrane phospholipids. The amount of arachidonic acid available for 2-series prostaglandin synthesis will therefore be reduced. However, other mechanisms may exist which need to be investigated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Adult; Arachidonic Acid; Biological Transport; Dietary Fats; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Endometrium; Female; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Humans; Insulin; Membrane Lipids; Organ Culture Techniques; Phospholipids; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; Testosterone; Triglycerides