Page last updated: 2024-09-04

gadolinium dtpa and Osteoarthritis

gadolinium dtpa has been researched along with Osteoarthritis in 41 studies

Research

Studies (41)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	13 (31.71)	18.2507
2000's	19 (46.34)	29.6817
2010's	9 (21.95)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Carlson, K; Fleck, AKM; Kruger, U; Lucas Lu, X; McCallum, SA; Waltz, C; Wan, LQ	1
Antoch, G; Bittersohl, B; Eichner, M; Gehrmann, S; Mori, V; Oezel, L; Sawicki, LM; Schaarschmidt, BM; Schleich, C; Sewerin, P	1
Binks, DA; Foster, RJ; Hodgson, RJ; McGonagle, D; Radjenovic, A; Ries, ME; Smye, SW	1
Dahlberg, LE; Hawezi, ZK; Lammentausta, E; Roos, EM; Svensson, J; Tiderius, CJ	1
Burstein, D; Dudda, M; Hughes, T; Kim, YJ; Mamisch, TC	1
Balke, Z; Essig, M; Rammelsberg, P; Schmitter, M; Schröder, J; Seneadza, V	1
Arvidsson, LZ; Flatø, B; Larheim, TA; Smith, HJ	1
Jellus, V; Kröpil, P; Lanzman, RS; Mamisch, TC; Miese, FR; Ostendorf, B; Quentin, M; Reichelt, DC; Scherer, A; Schneider, M; Wittsack, HJ; Zilkens, C	1
Diederichs, G; Schmidt, C; Settles, M; Weirich, G; Wiener, E	1
Darrah, TH; Ellen Campbell, M; Hannigan, RE; Hauschka, PV; Poreda, RJ; Prutsman-Pfeiffer, JJ	1
Crema, MD; El-Khoury, GY; Felson, DT; Guermazi, A; Lewis, CE; Lynch, JA; Marra, MD; Niu, J; Roemer, FW; Zhang, Y	1
Laurent, D; O'Byrne, E; Pellas, T; Rudin, M; Wasvary, J	1
Jurvelin, JS; Laasanen, MS; Lappalainen, R; Nieminen, MT; Nissi, MJ; Rieppo, J; Saarakkala, S; Töyräs, J	1
Dahlberg, L; Eckstein, F; Gray, ML; Kim, YJ; Peterfy, C; Sorensen, AG	1
Burstein, D; Kimelman, T; McKenzie, C; Prasad, P; Storey, P; Vu, A	1
Laurent, D; O'Byrne, E; Pellas, TC; Wasvary, J	1
Burstein, D; Finnell, M; Hori, M; McKenzie, C; Prasad, PV; Sharma, L; Tiderius, C; Williams, A	1
Burstein, D; Gray, ML	1
Burstein, D; McKenzie, CA; Prasad, PV; Williams, A	1
Duer, A; Hørslev-Petersen, K; Vallø, J; Østergaard, M	1
Emery, P; Farrant, JM; Grainger, AJ; McGonagle, D; O'Connor, PJ; Tan, AL; Tanner, S	1
Blumenkrantz, G; Majumdar, S	1
Burstein, D; Gray, ML; Kim, YJ; Maroudas, A	1
Li, W; Prasad, PV; Scheidegger, R; Vu, A; Wu, Y	1
Burstein, D; Day, CS; McKenzie, C; Shetty, SK; Williams, A	1
Chang, ED; Chun, KA; In, Y; Lee, SM	1
Bradley, YC; Chandnani, VP; Gagliardi, JA; Reeves, TQ	1
Gieseke, J; Hansis, M; Keller, E; Schild, H; Schmidt, A; Sommer, T; Steuer, K; Vahlensieck, M; Wischer, T	1
Cortsen, M; Court-Payen, M; Gideon, P; Henriksen, O; Lorenzen, I; Ostergaard, M; Wieslander, S	1
Assheuer, J; Castro, WH; Jerosch, J; Müller, U	1
Genant, HK; Lang, P; Peterfy, CG; Schild, HH; Schlippert, U; Sommer, T; Vahlensieck, M; Wischer, T	1
Adam, G; Bühne, M; Günther, RW; Nolte-Ernsting, CC; Prescher, A	1
Bashir, A; Burstein, D; Gray, ML	2
Jensen, CH; Lorenzen, I; Løvgreen-Nielsen, P; Ostergaard, M; Stoltenberg, M; Volck, B	1
Ostergaard, M	1
Biesold, M; Gründer, W; Wagner, M; Werner, A	1
Lorenzen, I; Løvgreen-Nielsen, P; Ostergaard, M; Sonne-Holm, S; Stoltenberg, M; Volck, B	1
Huber, M; Imhof, H; Mlynárik, V; Trattnig, S; Zembsch, A	1
Gründer, W; Wagner, M; Werner, A	1
Hyodoh, K; Sugimoto, H; Takeda, A	1

Reviews

5 review(s) available for gadolinium dtpa and Osteoarthritis

Article	Year
Quantitative parametric MRI of articular cartilage: a review of progress and open challenges. The British journal of radiology, 2013, Volume: 86, Issue:1023 Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Cattle; Chondroitin Sulfates; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Ligaments; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Patella; Sheep; Sodium; Tendons	2013
Toward imaging biomarkers for osteoarthritis. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 2004, Issue:427 Suppl Topics: Biomarkers; Gadolinium DTPA; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Radionuclide Imaging	2004
Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. European cells & materials, 2007, May-15, Volume: 13 Topics: Cartilage, Articular; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Radiography	2007
2007 Elizabeth Winston Lanier Award Winner. Magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage glycosaminoglycan: basic principles, imaging technique, and clinical applications. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 2008, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Awards and Prizes; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Electrochemistry; Gadolinium DTPA; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Biological; Osmolar Concentration; Osteoarthritis; Sodium; Tissue Distribution	2008
MRI techniques in early stages of cartilage disease. Investigative radiology, 2000, Volume: 35, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Collagen; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Time Factors	2000

Trials

1 trial(s) available for gadolinium dtpa and Osteoarthritis

Article	Year
MR imaging of erosions in interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis: is all osteoarthritis erosive? Skeletal radiology, 2007, Volume: 36, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Contrast Media; Disease Progression; Female; Finger Joint; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Enhancement; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Observer Variation; Osteoarthritis; Predictive Value of Tests; Radiography; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index	2007

Article

Year

MR imaging of erosions in interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis: is all osteoarthritis erosive?

Skeletal radiology, 2007, Volume: 36, Issue:8

Topics: Aged; Contrast Media; Disease Progression; Female; Finger Joint; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Enhancement; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Observer Variation; Osteoarthritis; Predictive Value of Tests; Radiography; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index

2007

Other Studies

35 other study(ies) available for gadolinium dtpa and Osteoarthritis

Article	Year
Zonal variation of MRI-measurable parameters classifies cartilage degradation. Journal of biomechanics, 2017, Dec-08, Volume: 65 Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Cattle; Collagen; Contrast Media; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Discriminant Analysis; Gadolinium DTPA; Glycosaminoglycans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multivariate Analysis; Osteoarthritis; Proteoglycans	2017
Differences of radiocarpal cartilage alterations in arthritis and osteoarthritis using morphological and biochemical magnetic resonance imaging without gadolinium-based contrast agent administration. European radiology, 2019, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Arthritis; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Prospective Studies; Young Adult	2019
Regional dGEMRIC analysis in patients at risk of osteoarthritis provides additional information about activity related changes in cartilage structure. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987), 2016, Volume: 57, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Exercise; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Enhancement; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Risk	2016
Comparison of delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) using inversion recovery and fast T1 mapping sequences. Magnetic resonance in medicine, 2008, Volume: 60, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Enhancement; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Osteoarthritis; Phantoms, Imaging; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity	2008
Prevalence of clinical and radiographic signs of osteoarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint in an older persons community. Dento maxillo facial radiology, 2010, Volume: 39, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Cohort Studies; Contrast Media; Facial Pain; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Germany; Humans; Image Enhancement; Joint Dislocations; Longitudinal Studies; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Osteoarthritis; Prospective Studies; Range of Motion, Articular; Temporomandibular Joint Disc; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tomography, X-Ray	2010
Temporomandibular joint findings in adults with long-standing juvenile idiopathic arthritis: CT and MR imaging assessment. Radiology, 2010, Volume: 256, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Arthritis, Juvenile; Chi-Square Distribution; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Norway; Osteoarthritis; Synovitis; Temporomandibular Joint; Tomography, X-Ray Computed	2010
[Cartilage quality in finger joints: delayed Gd(DTPA)²-enhanced MRI of the cartilage (dGEMRIC) at 3T]. RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin, 2010, Volume: 182, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Feasibility Studies; Female; Finger Joint; Gadolinium DTPA; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Metacarpophalangeal Joint; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity	2010
The influence of collagen network integrity on the accumulation of gadolinium-based MR contrast agents in articular cartilage. RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin, 2011, Volume: 183, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Cattle; Collagen; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Patella; Proteoglycans	2011
Incorporation of excess gadolinium into human bone from medical contrast agents. Metallomics : integrated biometal science, 2009, Volume: 1, Issue:6 Topics: Bone and Bones; Case-Control Studies; Contrast Media; Diagnostic Imaging; Femur Head; Fractures, Bone; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Heterocyclic Compounds; Humans; Organometallic Compounds; Osteoarthritis; Tissue Distribution	2009
Peripatellar synovitis: comparison between non-contrast-enhanced and contrast-enhanced MRI and association with pain. The MOST study. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2013, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Arthralgia; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Patella; Sensitivity and Specificity; Synovial Membrane; Synovitis	2013
In vivo assessment of macromolecular content in articular cartilage of the goat knee. Magnetic resonance in medicine, 2003, Volume: 49, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Goats; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Papain; Proteoglycans	2003
Proteoglycan and collagen sensitive MRI evaluation of normal and degenerated articular cartilage. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 2004, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Cattle; Collagen; Gadolinium DTPA; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Proteoglycans	2004
Three-dimensional T1 mapping for dGEMRIC at 3.0 T using the Look Locker method. Investigative radiology, 2006, Volume: 41, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Phantoms, Imaging	2006
In vivo MRI of cartilage pathogenesis in surgical models of osteoarthritis. Skeletal radiology, 2006, Volume: 35, Issue:8 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Goats; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Proteoglycans; Rabbits	2006
dGEMRIC as a function of BMI. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2006, Volume: 14, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Obesity; Osteoarthritis; Reproducibility of Results	2006
Is MRI fulfilling its promise for molecular imaging of cartilage in arthritis? Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2006, Volume: 14, Issue:11 Topics: Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis	2006
Three-dimensional delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) at 1.5T and 3.0T. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 2006, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Feasibility Studies; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Phantoms, Imaging	2006
Magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of unclassified arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2008, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Bone and Bones; Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Joint Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Metacarpophalangeal Joint; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Rheumatic Diseases; Sensitivity and Specificity	2008
Accuracy of T1 measurement with 3-D Look-Locker technique for dGEMRIC. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 2008, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cartilage, Articular; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Knee; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis	2008
Delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) of the first carpometacarpal (1CMC) joint: a feasibility study. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 2008, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Carpometacarpal Joints; Contrast Media; Disease Progression; Feasibility Studies; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Thumb	2008
Lipoma arborescens of the glenohumeral joint: a possible cause of osteoarthritis. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA, 2008, Volume: 16, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Arthroscopy; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Joint Diseases; Lipomatosis; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Osteoarthritis; Shoulder Joint; Synovectomy	2008
Partial thickness supraspinatus tears: diagnosis by magnetic resonance arthrography. Australasian radiology, 1995, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Arthrography; Contrast Media; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Joint Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Organometallic Compounds; Osteoarthritis; Pentetic Acid; Shoulder Injuries; Tendon Injuries; Weight Lifting	1995
[Indirect MR-arthrography: optimized method and initial clinical experiences in early degenerative damage of the ankle joint]. RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin, 1995, Volume: 162, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ankle Joint; Arthrography; Contrast Media; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Organometallic Compounds; Osteoarthritis; Pentetic Acid; Time Factors	1995
Ultrasonography in arthritis of the knee. A comparison with MR imaging. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987), 1995, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Organometallic Compounds; Osteoarthritis; Pentetic Acid; Popliteal Cyst; Synovial Membrane; Ultrasonography	1995
[Does intravenous gadolinium-DTPA administration have advantages in magnetic resonance imaging of acute injuries or chronic damage to the knee joint?]. Sportverletzung Sportschaden : Organ der Gesellschaft fur Orthopadisch-Traumatologische Sportmedizin, 1994, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Anterior Cruciate Ligament; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Athletic Injuries; Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Knee Injuries; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Menisci, Tibial; Organometallic Compounds; Osteoarthritis; Pentetic Acid; Synovial Membrane; Synovitis; Tibial Meniscus Injuries	1994
Indirect MR arthrography: optimization and clinical applications. Radiology, 1996, Volume: 200, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Arthroscopy; Contrast Media; Female; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Joint Diseases; Joints; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Organometallic Compounds; Osteoarthritis; Pentetic Acid; Physical Exertion; Rotator Cuff; Rotator Cuff Injuries; Tibial Meniscus Injuries; Wounds and Injuries	1996
MRI of degenerative bone marrow lesions in experimental osteoarthritis of canine knee joints. Skeletal radiology, 1996, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Bone Cysts; Bone Marrow; Contrast Media; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Organometallic Compounds; Osteoarthritis; Pentetic Acid; Radiography	1996
Gd-DTPA2- as a measure of cartilage degradation. Magnetic resonance in medicine, 1996, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Cartilage; Cattle; Contrast Media; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Theoretical; Organometallic Compounds; Osteoarthritis; Pentetic Acid; Sodium	1996
Magnetic resonance imaging-determined synovial membrane and joint effusion volumes in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: comparison with the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the synovium. Arthritis and rheumatism, 1997, Volume: 40, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Arthroscopy; Exudates and Transudates; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Synovial Membrane; Synovitis	1997
Different approaches to synovial membrane volume determination by magnetic resonance imaging: manual versus automated segmentation. British journal of rheumatology, 1997, Volume: 36, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Reproducibility of Results; Synovial Membrane; Wrist Joint	1997
Improved nuclear magnetic resonance microscopic visualization of joint cartilage using liposome entrapped contrast agents. Investigative radiology, 1998, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Chlorides; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Liposomes; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Manganese Compounds; Osteoarthritis; Rabbits; Swine	1998
Quantification of synovistis by MRI: correlation between dynamic and static gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and microscopic and macroscopic signs of synovial inflammation. Magnetic resonance imaging, 1998, Volume: 16, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Biopsy; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Photomicrography; Synovial Membrane; Synovitis	1998
The role of relaxation times in monitoring proteoglycan depletion in articular cartilage. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 1999, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Hip Joint; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Proteoglycans	1999
Visualization of collagenase-induced cartilage degradation using NMR microscopy. Investigative radiology, 1999, Volume: 34, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Collagenases; Contrast Media; Gadolinium DTPA; Liposomes; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Osteoarthritis; Swine	1999
Early-stage rheumatoid arthritis: prospective study of the effectiveness of MR imaging for diagnosis. Radiology, 2000, Volume: 216, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthralgia; Arthritis, Infectious; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Contrast Media; Decision Making; False Positive Reactions; Female; Finger Joint; Follow-Up Studies; Gadolinium DTPA; Hand; Humans; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Metacarpophalangeal Joint; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Prospective Studies; Wrist Joint	2000