gadolinium dtpa has been researched along with Extravasation of Contrast Media in 40 studies
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 9 (22.50) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 24 (60.00) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 7 (17.50) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Benveniste, H; Feng, T; Iliff, JJ; Lee, H; Logan, J; Nedergaard, M; Yu, M | 1 |
| Chen, GS; Chung, IF; Huang, SY; Ko, CE; Yang, FY | 1 |
| Ayers, GD; Moots, PL; Quarles, CC; Skinner, JT | 1 |
| Blinman, T; Muir, A; Otero, H; Wen, J | 1 |
| Bonzano, L; Levrero, F; Mancardi, GL; Roccatagliata, L; Sardanelli, F | 1 |
| Degani, H; Eyal, E; Furman-Haran, E; Hassid, Y; Margalit, R | 1 |
| Jerosch-Herold, M; Li, X; Springer, CS | 1 |
| Fan, ZM; Lin, K; Lu, B; Sun, JY; Zhang, ZQ | 1 |
| Aronova, MA; Griffiths, GL; Kanevsky, AS; Leapman, RD; Sarin, H; Sousa, AA; Vo, HQ; Wilson, CM; Wu, H | 1 |
| Campbell, M; Dhubhghaill, SN; Farrar, GJ; Humphries, M; Humphries, P; Kenna, PF; Kiang, AS; Nguyen, AT; Tam, L | 1 |
| Araki, H; Hamasaki, O; Kurisu, K; Nakahara, T; Ogami, R | 1 |
| Algin, O; Hakyemez, B; Karaoglanoglu, M; Taskapilioglu, O; Zan, E | 1 |
| Berchtenbreiter, C; Brüning, R; Essig, M; Knopp, MV; Meurer, M; Scholdei, R; Wenz, F | 1 |
| Ludemann, L; Wurm, R; Zimmer, C | 1 |
| Benjamin, LE; Bhujwalla, ZM; Dafni, H; Israely, T; Neeman, M | 1 |
| Hilger, T; Hoehn, M; Hossmann, KA; Niessen, F | 1 |
| Huh, YM; Kim, DH; Kim, EJ; Lee, SH; Song, HT; Suh, JS | 1 |
| Auh, YH; Gagner, M; Margulis, AR | 1 |
| Hynynen, K; Jolesz, FA; McDannold, N; Sheikov, NA; Vykhodtseva, N | 1 |
| Artemov, D; Bhujwalla, ZM; Jackson, DG; Neeman, M; Pathak, AP; Ward, BD | 1 |
| Chen, CJ; Hsu, HL | 1 |
| Grieger, W; Lüdemann, L; Wurm, R; Wust, P; Zimmer, C | 1 |
| Brasch, RC; Fu, Y; Raatschen, HJ; Shames, DM; Wendland, MF | 1 |
| Annapragada, AV; Bockhorst, KH; Ghaghada, KB; Mukundan, S; Narayana, PA | 1 |
| Chan, KH; Swarts, JD; Tan, L | 1 |
| Gribenko, V; Grist, TM; Kelcz, F; Lee, FT; Montalbano, JM; Rappe, AH; Weiss, JW | 1 |
| Finkenstaedt, M; Naul, LG | 1 |
| George, V; Haughton, VM; Nguyen-Minh, C; Perlewitz, TJ; Riley, LH | 1 |
| Muraki, M; Tomida, M; Uemura, K; Yamasaki, K | 1 |
| Eisenberg, LB; Hasegawa, S; Semelka, RC | 1 |
| Andersen, C; Jensen, FT | 1 |
| Kanal, E; Shellock, FG | 1 |
| Greenberg, SB; Magram, G | 1 |
| Naitoh, M; Noguchi, N; Shinonaga, M; Takanashi, Y | 1 |
| Brenner, ML; Carrino, JA; Howard, RF; Meier, P; Morrison, WB; Nusser, CA; Sanders, TG | 1 |
| Bakker, CJ; van Osch, MJ; Viergever, MA; Vonken, EP | 1 |
| Kramann, B; Schneider, G; Seidel, R; Uder, M; Wagner, D; Weinmann, HJ | 1 |
| Shinonaga, M; Takanashi, Y | 1 |
| Dai, G; Deslauriers, R; Lindsay, WG; Mark, J; Sun, J; Tian, G; Xiang, B | 1 |
| Beam, CA; Cohan, RH; Dunnick, NR; Hedlund, LW; Herzberg, AJ; Leder, RA; Nadel, SN; Wheeler, CT | 1 |
2 review(s) available for gadolinium dtpa and Extravasation of Contrast Media
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Middle ear mucosal inflammation: an in vivo model.
Topics: Animals; Capillary Permeability; Chinchilla; Contrast Media; Dexamethasone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ear, Middle; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Histamine; Humans; Hydroxyzine; Inflammation; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mucous Membrane; Organometallic Compounds; Otitis Media; Pentetic Acid; Ranitidine; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasomotor System | 1994 |
Safety of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.
Topics: Animals; Contrast Media; Drug Hypersensitivity; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Heterocyclic Compounds; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Organometallic Compounds; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Safety | 1999 |
4 trial(s) available for gadolinium dtpa and Extravasation of Contrast Media
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
First-pass dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with extravasating contrast reagent: evidence for human myocardial capillary recruitment in adenosine-induced hyperemia.
Topics: Adenosine; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Capillary Permeability; Computer Simulation; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Heart; Humans; Hyperemia; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Cardiovascular; Myocardium; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity | 2009 |
Low injection rate for 3D moving-table bolus-chase MR angiography: initial experience with 3-T imaging to allay venous contamination in the calf.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Enhancement; Injections, Intravenous; Leg; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Male; Middle Aged; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Pilot Projects; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Veins | 2008 |
Dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced echo-planar imaging of cerebral gliomas. Effect of contrast medium extravasation.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Contrast Media; Echo-Planar Imaging; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Glioma; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Middle Aged | 2002 |
Magnetic resonance imaging for surgical consideration of acute head injury.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Contrast Media; Craniocerebral Trauma; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Predictive Value of Tests; Tomography, X-Ray Computed | 2001 |
34 other study(ies) available for gadolinium dtpa and Extravasation of Contrast Media
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Brain; Cluster Analysis; Contrast Media; Extracellular Fluid; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuroimaging; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tissue Distribution | 2013 |
Pharmacokinetic changes induced by focused ultrasound in glioma-bearing rats as measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.
Topics: Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Neoplasms; Contrast Media; Evans Blue; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Glioma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Rats, Inbred F344; Sonication; Ultrasonics; Ultrasonography | 2014 |
On the Use of DSC-MRI for Measuring Vascular Permeability.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Artifacts; Biophysical Phenomena; Brain Neoplasms; Capillary Permeability; Contrast Media; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Glioma; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Middle Aged | 2016 |
Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Hepatobiliary-Specific Contrast Agent for Precise Localization of a Bile Duct Leak.
Topics: Anastomotic Leak; Bile Duct Diseases; Bile Ducts; Biliary Atresia; Biliary Tract; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Imino Acids; Infant; Ligaments; Liver; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Portoenterostomy, Hepatic; Tissue Distribution | 2016 |
In vitro investigation of poor cerebrospinal fluid suppression on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images in the presence of a gadolinium-based contrast agent.
Topics: Cerebrospinal Fluid; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 2008 |
Non-invasive imaging of barriers to drug delivery in tumors.
Topics: Algorithms; Animals; Biological Transport; Capillaries; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Cell Line, Tumor; Collagenases; Extracellular Fluid; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Injections, Intravenous; Lung Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mice; Mice, Nude; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Neoplasms, Experimental; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pressure; Transplantation, Heterologous | 2008 |
Physiologic upper limit of pore size in the blood-tumor barrier of malignant solid tumors.
Topics: Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Neoplasms; Contrast Media; Dendrimers; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Glioma; Half-Life; Infusions, Intravenous; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Microvessels; Molecular Weight; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Polyamines; Porosity; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Staining and Labeling; Time Factors | 2009 |
Reversible and size-selective opening of the inner Blood-Retina barrier: a novel therapeutic strategy.
Topics: Animals; Benzimidazoles; Blood-Retinal Barrier; Claudin-5; Cryoultramicrotomy; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Eye Diseases; Gadolinium DTPA; Injections; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Molecular Weight; Perfusion; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering | 2010 |
Cerebrospinal fluid enhancement on fluid attenuated inversion recovery images after carotid artery stenting with neuroprotective balloon occlusions: hemodynamic instability and blood-brain barrier disruption.
Topics: Aged; Balloon Occlusion; Blood Pressure; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Stenosis; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Stents | 2011 |
Detection of CSF leaks with magnetic resonance imaging in intracranial hypotension syndrome.
Topics: Adult; Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak; Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Intracranial Hypotension; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Syndrome | 2011 |
Pharmacokinetic modeling of Gd-DTPA extravasation in brain tumors.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Neoplasms; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Child; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged | 2002 |
Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 drives peritumor interstitial convection and induces lymphatic drain: magnetic resonance imaging, confocal microscopy, and histological tracking of triple-labeled albumin.
Topics: Albumins; Animals; Biotin; Capillary Permeability; Contrast Media; Endothelial Growth Factors; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Glioma; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Lymphatic System; Lymphokines; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Mice; Mice, Nude; Microscopy, Confocal; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors | 2002 |
Differences in clot preparation determine outcome of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment in experimental thromboembolic stroke.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Elasticity; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Fibrin; Gadolinium DTPA; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Intracranial Thrombosis; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Recombinant Proteins; Reperfusion; Stroke; Thrombin; Thrombolytic Therapy; Time Factors; Tissue Plasminogen Activator; Treatment Outcome | 2003 |
Simultaneous acquisition of perfusion and permeability from corrected relaxation rates with dynamic susceptibility contrast dual gradient echo.
Topics: Algorithms; Blood Vessels; Blood Volume; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Models, Biological; Perfusion; Permeability; Phantoms, Imaging | 2004 |
Oral use of gadopentetate dimeglumine for anastomotic leak in patients with iodine sensitivity.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Anastomosis, Surgical; Contrast Media; Drug Hypersensitivity; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Iodine Compounds; Postoperative Complications; Radiography | 2004 |
Local and reversible blood-brain barrier disruption by noninvasive focused ultrasound at frequencies suitable for trans-skull sonications.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Contrast Media; Echoencephalography; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Necrosis; Rabbits | 2005 |
Characterizing extravascular fluid transport of macromolecules in the tumor interstitium by magnetic resonance imaging.
Topics: Albumins; Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Glycoproteins; Humans; Lymphatic System; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, SCID; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton | 2005 |
Extensive cerebrospinal fluid enhancement following gadolinium chelate administration: possible pathogenesis.
Topics: Artifacts; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Child, Preschool; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Oligodendroglioma | 2005 |
Quantitative measurement of leakage volume and permeability in gliomas, meningiomas and brain metastases with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Volume; Body Fluid Compartments; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Child; Contrast Media; Diffusion; Extracellular Fluid; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Glioma; Humans; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Meningioma; Middle Aged | 2005 |
Magnetic resonance imaging enhancement of normal tissues and tumors using macromolecular Gd-based cascade polymer contrast agents: preclinical evaluations.
Topics: Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Cells, Cultured; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Image Enhancement; Kidney; Liver; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Polyethylene Glycols; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reference Values | 2006 |
High-resolution vascular imaging of the rat spine using liposomal blood pool MR agent.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Arteries; Artifacts; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Image Enhancement; Liposomes; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spinal Nerve Roots; Spine; Veins; Vena Cava, Inferior | 2007 |
Magnetic resonance imaging detection of extraluminal enterally administered gadopentetate dimeglumine in a rat model of intestinal ischemia.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Capillary Permeability; Contrast Media; Drug Combinations; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Intestines; Ischemia; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Meglumine; Mesenteric Arteries; Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion; Organometallic Compounds; Pentetic Acid; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 1996 |
Extensive cerebrospinal fluid enhancement with gadopentetate dimeglumine in a primitive neuroectodermal tumor.
Topics: Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Child; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Hypothalamic Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive; Subarachnoid Space | 1997 |
Effect of molecular weight on the diffusion of contrast media into cartilage.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Contrast Media; Diffusion; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Injections, Intravenous; Intervertebral Disc; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Molecular Weight; Muscle, Skeletal; Polylysine; Rabbits; Tissue Distribution | 1997 |
Postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging to predict progression of traumatic epidural and subdural hematomas in the acute stage.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Contrast Media; Disease Progression; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Glasgow Coma Scale; Head Injuries, Closed; Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial; Hematoma, Subdural; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed | 1998 |
Active intrahepatic gadolinium extravasation following TIPS.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Angiography; Budd-Chiari Syndrome; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Follow-Up Studies; Gadolinium DTPA; Hematoma; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; Postoperative Hemorrhage | 1998 |
Differences in blood-tumour-barrier leakage of human intracranial tumours: quantitative monitoring of vasogenic oedema and its response to glucocorticoid treatment.
Topics: Brain Edema; Brain Neoplasms; Capillary Permeability; Contrast Media; Dexamethasone; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Kinetics; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Meningeal Neoplasms; Meningioma; Treatment Outcome | 1998 |
Magnetic resonance cystography with gadopenetate dimeglumine of a cystic craniopharyngioma in a child - a technical note.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Contrast Media; Craniopharyngioma; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Iohexol; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pituitary Neoplasms | 2000 |
Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium DTPA enhancement in patients with acute head injury.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Contrast Media; Craniocerebral Trauma; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gadolinium DTPA; Glasgow Coma Scale; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Tomography, X-Ray Computed | 2000 |
Direct MR arthrography of the shoulder: is exercise prior to imaging beneficial or detrimental?
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Image Enhancement; Injections, Intra-Articular; Joint Capsule; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Exertion; Retrospective Studies; Rotator Cuff; Rotator Cuff Injuries; Scapula; Shoulder Injuries; Shoulder Joint; Single-Blind Method | 2000 |
Simultaneous quantitative cerebral perfusion and Gd-DTPA extravasation measurement with dual-echo dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Contrast Media; Echo-Planar Imaging; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Glioblastoma; Humans; Image Enhancement; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Sensitivity and Specificity | 2000 |
In vivo microscopic evaluation of the microvascular behavior of FITC-labeled macromolecular MR contrast agents in the hamster skinfold chamber.
Topics: Animals; Capillary Permeability; Contrast Media; Cricetinae; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; Fluorescent Dyes; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Heterocyclic Compounds; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Melanoma, Amelanotic; Melanoma, Experimental; Microcirculation; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Organometallic Compounds; Random Allocation; Skin Neoplasms; Time Factors; Video Recording | 2000 |
Contrast agent distribution in microvascular damage of infarcted pig myocardium.
Topics: Animals; Contrast Media; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium DTPA; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Myocardial Infarction; Polylysine; Swine; Tissue Distribution | 2001 |
Extravascular toxicity of two magnetic resonance contrast agents. Preliminary experience in the rat.
Topics: Animals; Contrast Media; Diatrizoate Meglumine; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; Gadolinium; Gadolinium DTPA; Heterocyclic Compounds; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Organometallic Compounds; Osmolar Concentration; Pentetic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains | 1991 |